二苯醚类除草剂的创制经纬

二苯醚类化合物的作用机理是抑制光合作用 ,因此作用速度快 ,且稍有药害 ,但通常不影响作物产量 ,对后茬作物安全。是通过随机筛选 ,然后进行结构优化而得 ,发现史如下 :ＲＣＯ２ＣＨＣＯ２ＣＨ３ＣＯＮＨＳＯ２ＣＨ３ⅨⅩＣＦ３ ＮＯ２ＯＣｌＣＦ３ ＮＯ２ＯＣｌＣＯ２ＨＣＦ３ ＮＯ２ＯＣｌＣＦ３ ＮＯ２ＯＣｌ ＯＣ２Ｈ５Ⅷ ⅦⅥＯ ＮＯ２ＣｌＣｌＣＯ２ＨⅣＣｌＣｌＮＯ２ＯＲⅤＦＣｌＮＯ２ＯＣｌⅢ ⅡⅠＣｌ ＮＯ２ＯＣｌＣｌＯ ＮＯ２ＣｌＣｌＮＯ２ＯＲＮＯ２ＲＯＨＣｌ＋　　罗门哈斯公司科研人员在做酚类与氯代硝基苯反应时得到化…     

芳氧苯氧丙酸酯类除草剂

芳氧苯氧丙酸类除草剂是在 2 ,4 -滴的基础上 ,通过进一步优化发现的。其发现史如下 :ＯＯＣＨＣＯ２ＣＨ３ＣＨ３ＮＣＦ３Ｃｌｈａｌｏｘｙｆｏｐ－ｍｅｔｈｙｌ（１９８１）２，４－Ｄ（１９４２） Ｄｏｗｃｏ２３３（１９７３）ＯＣＨ２ＣＯ２ＨＣｌＣｌＣｌＮ ＣｌＣｌＯＯＣＨ２ＣＯ２ＣＨ３ ｄｉｃｌｏｆｏｐ－ｍｅｔｈｙｌ（１９７４）ＣｌＣｌ ＯＣＨ２ＣＯ２ＨＣｌＣｌＯＯＯＣ２Ｈ５ＣＨ３ｑｕｉｚａｌｏｆｏｐ－ｅｔｈｙｌ（１９８３）ＯＮＮＣＨ３ＯＣ２Ｈ５ＯＯＯＮＯｆｅｎｏｘａｐｒｏｐ－ｅｔｈｙｌ（１９８２）ｆｌｕａｚ…     

嘧啶氧(硫)苯甲酸类除草剂的创制经纬

嘧啶氧 (硫 )苯甲酸类除草剂也称嘧啶水杨酸类除草剂是由日本组合化学公司发现的。其研制的过程是随机筛选与模拟合成的结合。发现史如下 :ⅢＨＯＮＮＣＨ３ＣＯ２ＣＨ３ⅣＣＯ２ＣＨ３ＮＮ ＨⅤＣＯ２ＲＸＹⅡＮＯ２ＣＯ２ＣＨ３ＯＣＦ３ＣｌⅠＯＣｌＣＦ３ＯＮＮＯＣＨ３ＯＣＨ３ＣＯ２ＲＲ＝ｌｏｗｅｒａｌｋｙｌ，ＨＸ＝ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎ－ｗｉｔｈｄｒａｗｉｎｇｇｒｏｕｐＮＮＮＮⅧＡｃｔｉｖｅＣｌＣＯ２ＣＨ３ＯＯＣＨ３Ｗｅａｋｌｙａｃｔｉｖｅ ⅦⅥｌｎａｃｔｉｖｅＯＣＨ３ＯＣＯ２ＣＨ３ ＣｌＯＣＦ３ＯＣＦ３ＣＯ２ＣＨ３Ｏ…     

一类新型二胺的合成研究

报道了以２种不同的还原体系ＮＨ２ＮＨ２－ＲａｎｅｙＮｉ／Ｃ２Ｈ５ＯＨ和Ａｌ—Ｈｇ／Ｈ２Ｏ,将３－取代－１,５－二（２－硝基苯氧基）－３－氮杂戊烷（Ⅰ～Ⅶ）还原为相应的二胺（Ⅷ～ⅩⅣ）,取代基分别为ＣＨＣＨ２ＣＨ２,ｎ－Ｃ４Ｈ９—,ＣＨ３ＯＣＨ２ＣＨ２—,Ｃ２Ｈ５ＯＣＨ２ＣＨ２—,ｎ－Ｃ４Ｈ９ＯＣＨ２ＣＨ２—,ＣＨ３ＯＣＨ２ＣＨ２ＯＣＨ２ＣＨ２—,ｎ－Ｃ４Ｈ９ＯＣＨ２ＣＨ２ＯＣＨ２ＣＨ２—。产物经元素分析、１ＨＮＭＲ和ＭＳ证实其结构。     

N,N-二辛基甘氨酸萃取铑的机理

报道了Ｎ，Ｎ－二辛基甘氨酸从盐酸体系中萃取铑的机理．结果表明：铑的萃取率随酸度、氯离子浓度、铑离子浓度的增大而降低．采用斜率法测得萃合物组成为：Ｒ２ＮＣＨ２ＣＯＯＨＨＲｈ（Ｈ２Ｏ）２Ｃｌ４．萃取反应方程式为：Ｒ２ＮＣＨ２ＣＯＯＨ．ＨＣｌ（Ｏ）＋Ｒｈ（Ｈ２Ｏ）２Ｃｌ－４（Ａ）＝Ｒ２ＮＣＨ２ＣＯＯＨ．ＨＲｈ（Ｈ２Ｏ）２Ｃｌ４（Ｏ）＋Ｃｌ     

内蒙古天然碱液四元体系的相图研究──150℃Na_2CO_3—NaHCO_3—

本文测定了１５０℃ＮａＨＣＯ＿３─ＮａＣｌ—Ｈ＿２Ｏ、ＮａＨＣＯ＿３—Ｎａ＿２ＳＯ＿４—Ｈ＿２Ｏ两个三元体系及１５０℃Ｎａ＿２ＣＯ＿３—ＮａＨＣＯ＿３—Ｎａ＿２ＳＯ＿４—Ｈ＿２Ｏ、Ｎａ＿２ＣＯ＿３—ＮａＨＣＯ＿３—ＮａＣｌ—Ｈ＿２Ｏ和ＮａＨＣＯ＿２—Ｎａ＿２ＳＯ＿４—ＮａＣｌ—Ｈ＿２Ｏ三个四元体系的相平衡数据，结合前人工作，绘制了上述各体系的相图，并对各相图的构成进行了分析讨论。     

钾长石热分解热力学分析和ΔG°_T计算

利用热力学数据及ＣａＯ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３－ＳｉＯ２、Ｋ２Ｏ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３－ＳｉＯ２体系相图，对钾长石分别添加ＣａＯ、ＣａＳＯ４、ＣａＣｌ２、ＣａＯ＋ＣａＣｌ２和ＣａＯ＋ＣａＳＯ４下的热分解进行了热力学分析，并拟定了５２０个可能反应，在８００～１６００Ｋ范围内计算了各反应的ΔＧＴ，确定了添加ＣａＯ＋ＣａＳＯ４制取Ｋ２ＳＯ４的物料配比范围，并以此指导工艺实验。     

取代的羧基甲氧基丁二酸作缓蚀剂

９４－００８　取代的羧基甲氧基丁二酸作缓蚀剂用取代的羧基甲氧基琥珀酸化合物ＲＣＨ（ＣＯ＿２Ｈ）ＯＣＨ（ＣＯ＿２Ｈ）ＣＨ＿２ＣＯ＿２Ｈ抑制水溶液系统中铁合金的腐蚀，Ｒ＝（ＣＨＯＨ）＿ｎＣＨ＿２ＯＨ，（ＣＨＯＨ）＿ｍＣＯ＿２Ｈ，或（ＣＨＯＨ）＿ｒ（ＣＨＯ...     

化学配方与制备

化学配方与制备聚酯阻燃剂（苯基氧膦基）丙酸酯的制备用乙二醇使ＨＯＰ（Ｏ）（Ｃ６Ｈ５）ＣＨ２ＣＨ２ＣＯ２Ｈ酯化，在８２─８８℃和１．３３３─１．９９９ｋＰａ下蒸馏除去水，得到ＨＯＰ（Ｏ）（Ｃ６Ｈ５）ＣＨ２ＣＨ２ＣＯ２ＣＨ２ＣＨ２ＯＨ，该化合物适于聚酯树...     

乙酸异丁酯合成中无机盐催化作用初探

研究了ＣｕＳＯ４．５Ｈ２Ｏ２、ＣｕＳＯ４、ＦｅＳＯ４、７Ｈ２Ｏ、ＦｅＣｌ３、６Ｈ２Ｏ、ＣｕＣｌ２．２Ｈ２Ｏ等５种盐对异丁醇与乙酸酯化反应的催化性能，结果表明ＦｅＣｌ３．６Ｈ２Ｏ和ＣｕＣｌ２．２Ｈ２Ｏ是较好的催化剂，酯转化率达８６－９３％。     

Residual effects of phosphate fertilizers in relation to phosphate sorptivities of 27 soils

Three different parameters of the long term effects of phosphate fertilizers on perennial clover-based pastures were measured over 3–4 years in 27 experiments on acidic soils in an elevated region of eastern Australia. Recovery of fertilizer P was the difference between herbage P uptake in the presence of fertilizer and uptake in its absence, expressed as a % of the amount of P applied in the first year. Residual value was the size of the response to fertilizer P, applied in the first year, expressed as a percentage of the response to freshly applied P in the second and third years. Effectiveness was the product of the values of the Mitscherlich curvature and response parameters for each response curve, and residual effectiveness was relative to initial effectiveness. Soils varied widely in their P sorptivities, and represented Alfisols, Entisols, and Ultisols of basaltic, granitic and sedimentary origin. Mean P recoveries of 29% in the first year and 49% over 3 years, residual values of 84% in the second year and 60% in the third, and residual effectiveness of 77% in the second year and 47% in the third were high by most standards. Increasing P sorptivity tended to increase fertilizer effectiveness in the first year and residual value in the second year, but it depressed P recovery in the first year and residual effectiveness in later years. The long term effect of increasing P sorptivity on cumulative P recoveries tended to be negative at low to medium rates of fertilizer application and positive at high rates of application. There was a much smaller decline in residual values and effectiveness over the 3 or 4 years than there was in P recovery, and this was attributed to the beneficial effects of P on soil N fertility, via clover N fixation, and the subsequent growth of grasses in the phosphated treatments.     

Changes in the Properties of Synthetic Fibres in Thermal Aging

Thermal aging of complex lavsan, nitron, and anid fibres and lavsan and nitron yarn was investigated in the temperature region above the glass transition temperature (120, 150, 180°C) in the free state and with shrinkage for up to 300 h. It was shown that thermal aging of chemical fibres in the general case includes periods of structural and thermochemical aging. The kinetic characteristics of thermal shrinkage of chemical fibres and yarn in the first period of thermal aging were investigated. An exponential curve of shrinkage in time was obtained and can be used to predict the behavior of fibres and yarn in the first period of aging in the free state. The kinetics of the change in the strength and relative elongation at break was investigated in prolonged thermal aging of chemical fibres and yarn in the free (with shrinkage) and fixed (without shrinkage) states. The exponential dependence of the change in the fibre breaking characteristics on the duration of heat treatment was demonstrated. The change in the properties in prolonged thermal aging in the free and fixed states in the first stage of aging takes place differently. With shrinkage, the strength decreases and the deformability increases as a result of relaxation phenomena in the first stage, followed by a symbatic decrease in the strength and deformability as a result of thermal degradation processes in the second stage. In heat treatment in the fixed state, the change in the mechanical properties in the first stage is slight, while the strength and deformability simultaneously decrease in time as a result of thermal aging in the second stage. The quantitative characteristics found can be used to predict the change in the mechanical properties of chemical fibres and yarn in conditions of prolonged exposure to heat.     

Intake of dietary fiber in the Central American isthmus: nutritional implications

Mean intakes of dietary fiber (DF) were estimated in the population of Central America and Panama, using the results of dietary surveys conducted in 1969 and 1986 both in rural and urban areas, as well as data on the DF content of foods as consumed in the region. Data on preschool children were also estimated. The results indicated that DF intake in urban areas is lower than that of rural areas, particularly in Costa Rica and Panama. In 1969, intake varied from 32g in El Salvador to 15g in Panama in urban areas, while in rural areas intake was from 45g in El Salvador to 13g in Panama. The foods which contributed most to the total intake in Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras were tortillas and beans, while in Costa Rica and Panama, beans provided the largest intake. In preeschool children, intake was 12.5g in El Salvador and 5.4g in Costa Rica in 1969, which is the same tendency as that found for adults. From more recent data on food intake, it was found that DF intake had decreased in the rural areas of El Salvador, Honduras and Costa Rica, being between 4 and 9% in the first two countries and 12% in Costa Rica. In the urban area of the latter, from 1969 to 1986 a decrease in DF intake of around 20% has taken place.     

Possible Role of Crystal-Bearing Cells in Tomato Fertility and Formation of Seedless Fruits

Crystal-bearing cells or idioblasts, which deposit calcium oxalate, are located in various tissues and organs of many plant species. The functional significance of their formation is currently unclear. Idioblasts in the leaf parenchyma and the development of crystal-bearing cells in the anther tissues of transgenic tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicon L.), expressing the heterologous FeSOD gene and which showed a decrease in fertility, were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The amount of calcium oxalate crystals was found to increase significantly in the transgenic plants compared to the wild type (WT) ones in idioblasts and crystal-bearing cells of the upper part of the anther. At the same time, changes in the size and shape of the crystals and their location in anther organs were noted. It seems that the interruption in the break of the anther stomium in transgenic plants was associated with the formation and cell death regulation of a specialized group of crystal-bearing cells. This disturbance caused an increase in the pool of these cells and their localization in the upper part of the anther, where rupture is initiated. Perturbations were also noted in the lower part of the anther in transgenic plants, where the amount of calcium oxalate crystals in crystal-bearing cells was reduced that was accompanied by disturbances in the morphology of pollen grains. Thus, the induction of the formation of crystal-bearing cells and calcium oxalate crystals can have multidirectional effects, contributing to the regulation of oxalate metabolism in the generative and vegetative organs and preventing fertility when the ROS balance changes, in particular, during oxidative stresses accompanying most abiotic and biotic environmental factors.     

污泥生物炭中氮硫行为及环境效应研究进展

污泥生物炭中氮硫元素含量高,其氮硫行为和环境效应对全球气候变化的影响不容忽视。以往的研究中,研究者往往以富碳生物炭作为主要研究对象,关注碳对全球气候变化的行为和功效,而对氮硫元素的作用关注不够。本文从原始污泥基本性质到其热解过程,再到生物炭的老化,逐步对污泥生物炭整个生命周期内氮硫的行为及其环境效应研究进行综述,并对未来应注重开展的研究方向进行展望,为生物炭中氮硫元素固定、释放及与之关联的环境效应和温室气体排放控制研究提供理论基础。分析表明,污泥中氮元素含量普遍高于硫元素,且热解过程中氮比硫更容易转移至气相产物。氮硫元素随热解温度的增加,在三相产物中的分配都是炭中持续减少,油中先增后减,气中一直增加。高温（＞800℃）条件下,气相中的氮含量高于固相,而硫元素则仍然主要存在于固相中。污泥生物炭老化及其环境效应研究表明,污泥生物炭氮硫元素与土壤的相互作用及其温室效应问题在今后的研究中应引起重视。     

Interactions between nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium determine growth and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>-fixation in white clover and ryegrass leys

Variations in yield, N₂ fixation and above-ground accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in white clover and ryegrass grown separately or in mixture were investigated under field conditions over two consecutive years at different supplies of N, P and/or K. Ryegrass-clover mixtures consistently out-yielded the pure stand clover and pure stand ryegrass in terms of dry matter. Improved N supply favoured ryegrass, and ryegrass in mixture with clover accumulated substantially higher amounts of N, P and K than ryegrass in pure stand. Conversely, the growth of white clover in mixture with grass was significantly depressed by N application, particularly when P and K were also applied. Plots of dry matter, N, P and K in white clover versus ryegrass in mixtures followed log-normal relations demonstrating the superior responsiveness of ryegrass to improved availability of N, P and/or K. Although competition for P and/or K reduced the N₂ fixation rate in the mixture, the effect on the total above-ground N accumulation was insignificant. The proportions of P and K in the shoot dry matter of ryegrass in pure stand were only half of those of ryegrass in mixture with clover, while white clover co-cultivated with ryegrass had lower P concentration in dry matter, showing a P deprivation of clover growing in mixture with grass. Na was able to replace K under the competitive conditions in the mixture. In conclusion, the results show that growth and nutrient acquisition of clover and ryegrass interact in a complex manner involving competition, facilitation and complementarity.     

Solubility in and affinity for the bile salt micelle of plant sterols are important determinants of their intestinal absorption in rats

Intestinal absorption of various plant sterols was investigated in thoracic duct-cannulated normal rats. Lymphatic recovery was the highest in campesterol, intermediate in brassicasterol and sitosterol, and the lowest in stigmasterol and sitostanol. Higher solubility in the bile salt micelle was observed in sitosterol, campesterol, and sitostanol than in brassicasterol and stigmasterol. The solubility of the latter two sterols was extremely low. When the affinity of plant sterols for the bile salt micelle was compared in an in vitro model system, which assessed sterol transfer from the micellar to the oil phase, the transfer rate was the highest in brassicasterol, intermediate in campesterol and stigmasterol, and lowest in sitosterol and sitostanol. Although no significant correlations between lymphatic recovery of plant sterols and their micellar solubility or transfer rate from the bile salt micelle were observed, highly positive correlation was obtained between the lymphatic recovery and the multiplication value of the micellar solubility and the transfer rate. These observations strongly suggest that both solubility in and affinity for the bile salt micelle of plant sterols are important determinants of their intestinal absorption in rats.     

Metal availability in contaminated soils: I. Effects of floodingand organic matter on changes in Eh, pH and solubility of Cd, Ni andZn

Soil pH and Eh play an important role in reducing heavy metal solubility in paddy soils. To assess the effects of flooding and organic matter application on changes in Eh, pH and solubility of Cd, Ni and Zn in contaminated soils, a growth chamber experiment with rice plants(Oryza sativa L.) was conducted. Eh values decreased with flooding time in all three soils. The changes of Eh values were more negative in the tannery and alum shale contaminated soils and stabilized after 30 days of submergence. The Eh changes were not so large in the city sewage contaminated soil as in the other two soils. Soil pH increased with flooding time. During the 65 days of submergence, pH increase was about 2, 1 and 0.6units in the tannery, city sewage and alum shale soils, respectively. In all three soils, organic matter treated soil showed lower Eh and higher pH values compared to untreated soil. Concentration of Cd, Ni and Zn in soil solution decreased with flooding time. The solution concentration of Cd and Zn in the city sewage soil and of Ni in the tannery soil was higher than in the alum shale soil. The soluble metal concentration in all three soils was lower inorganic matter treated soils. Reduced solubility of metals in the organic matter treated soils was related to larger changes of Eh and pH values in these soils. Correlation coefficient calculations also showed that metal solubility decreased with decreased Eh and increased pH in the soil solution. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Early Life Events and Maturation of the Dentate Gyrus: Implications for Neurons and Glial Cells

The dentate gyrus (DG), an important part of the hippocampus, plays a significant role in learning, memory, and emotional behavior. Factors potentially influencing normal development of neurons and glial cells in the DG during its maturation can exert long-lasting effects on brain functions. Early life stress may modify maturation of the DG and induce lifelong alterations in its structure and functioning, underlying brain pathologies in adults. In this paper, maturation of neurons and glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) and the effects of early life events on maturation processes in the DG have been comprehensively reviewed. Early postnatal interventions affecting the DG eventually result in an altered number of granule neurons in the DG, ectopic location of neurons and changes in adult neurogenesis. Adverse events in early life provoke proinflammatory changes in hippocampal glia at cellular and molecular levels immediately after stress exposure. Later, the cellular changes may disappear, though alterations in gene expression pattern persist. Additional stressful events later in life contribute to manifestation of glial changes and behavioral deficits. Alterations in the maturation of neuronal and glial cells induced by early life stress are interdependent and influence the development of neural nets, thus predisposing the brain to the development of cognitive and psychiatric disorders.     

Distribution of cholesterol sulfate and its anabolic and catabolic enzymes in various rabbit tissues

Cholesterol sulfate (CS) recently has been shown to be involved in signal transduction pathway. To evaluate its functional significance, we determined the concentration of CS, and the specific activities of cholesterol sulfotransferase and CS sulfatase in various tissues of rabbit, and compared them with the concentration of sulfoglycolipids in rabbit tissues. CS was present in the epithelia and mucosa, but not in the tunica muscularis, of the digestive tract, trachea, uterine endometrium and uterine cervix. It was also present in lung, spleen, kidney, prostate, skin, hair, and nail at relatively high concentrations. Its concentration in the uterine endometrium was nine times higher in pseudopregnant rabbits than in nonpregnant rabbits because of activation of cholesterol sulfotransferase and inhibition of CS sulfatase in the pseudopregnant rabbits. Sulfoglycolipids were not detected in the uterine endometria of either nonpregnant-or pseudopregnant rabbits. However, sulfoglycolipids were detected at relatively high concentrations in the cerebrum, cerebellum, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, testis, and kidney of rabbits and thus the tissues in which both sulfolipids were detected were the gastrointestinal tract and kidney. In the digestive tract, the concentration of CS decreased in the order esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and jejunum, but that of sulfatide increased in the same order, indicating distribution of CS in the squamous epithelium. In addition, both CS and sulfatide were detected in the serum. On the other hand, CS sulfatase activity was detected in all tissues examined, even in hair, from which the enzyme was liberated by brief sonication, and its highest specific activity was deteted in the liver. The specific activity of cholesterol sulfotransferase varied among the tissues examined and was found to be significantly high in the esophageal epithelium and the uterine endometrium of pseudopregnant rabbit, indicating involvement of cholesterol sulfation in the formation of epithelium.