薄包层长周期光纤光栅的研究

报道了在薄包层光纤上用高频CO2激光脉冲写入的长周期光纤光栅(LPFG),并分析了该类薄包层LPFG横截面折射率的分布.结合LPFG的腐蚀实验,通过传输谱图的比较发现:较先写入光栅后腐蚀光纤包层的方法,先腐蚀光纤包层后写入光栅的方法更能有效地调整谐振波长.进一步研究发现薄包层LPFG对环境折射率的敏感度更高.     

Strain Characteristics of CO2-Laser-Carved Long Period Fiber Gratings

Unique strain characteristics of long period fiber gratings (LPFG) fabricated by a focused CO₂ laser beam carving periodic grooves on the fiber are investigated for the first time to our knowledge. Resonant wavelength, transmission attenuation, and polarization dependent loss (PDL) of the CO₂-laser-carved LPFG are found to depend strongly on the tensile strain applied, and their strain sensitivities are dependent on the depth of grooves and/or the initial refractive index modulation. The average strain sensitivity of resonant wavelength for LPFG is increased by 229 times and is up to -102.89 nm/mepsiv by means of carving periodic grooves on the fiber. When a stretching force is applied to the LPFG, the resonant wavelength can "blue" shift by -11.84 nm, the absolute value of peak transmission attenuation and the maximum PDL can be increased by 25.913 and 26.535 dB, respectively. The CO₂-laser-carved LPFG combines the features of the three types of LPFGs reported previously, i.e, the CO ₂-laser-induced LPFGs without physical deformation, the corrugated LPFGs fabricated by hydrofluoric acid etching, and the microbend-induced LPFGs. The mechanisms of refractive index modulation in the CO₂-laser-carved LPFGs under tensile strain are rather complicated and may be regarded as a combination of the stress-relaxation-, the groove-, the strain-, and the microbend-induced refractive index perturbations     

Fabrication of long-period fibre grating by CO/sub 2/ laser-annealing in fibre-drawing process

Long-period fibre grating (LPFG) writing by a CO₂ laser-annealing using a fibre-drawing process is demonstrated. The fibre in the drawing process was irradiated periodically by a CO₂ laser to modify the refractive index. An LPFG with transmission loss of -10 dB and full width at half-maximum of 13 nm has been fabricated. Results show that the refractive index change was induced by stress at the moment of laser annealing     

Novel fiber-optic sensors based on long-period fiber gratings written by high-frequency CO/sub 2/ laser pulses

In this paper, we report a novel long-period fiber grating (LPFG) fabricated by using a new writing technique that is mainly based on the thermal shock effect of focused high-frequency CO/sub 2/ laser pulses at several kilohertz. A number of unique characteristics of such a LPFG, such as bend, torsion, and transverse load, are observed by experiments, for the first time, to our knowledge. Based on these unique features, a novel bend-insensitive LPFG sensor that could solve the problem of cross-sensitivity between bend and other measurands, a novel torsion sensor that can realize absolute measurement of twist rate, and a load sensor that can achieve simultaneous measurement of transverse load and temperature using a single LPFG element are proposed and demonstrated. These unique features of the LPFGs are mainly due to the asymmetrical distribution of the refractive index on the cross section of the LPFG induced by high-frequency CO/sub 2/ laser pulses.     

截面折变非对称型长周期光栅高温应变特性

研究了基于高频CO_2激光脉冲单侧写入的截面折变非对称型长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)高温特性及其在高温环境中的轴向应变特性。理论和实验表明在200～1000℃之间长周期光纤光栅的谐振峰漂移呈线性趋势;同时,在高温环境中其谐振峰随轴向应变也呈线性漂移,且不同谐振峰的温度和应变灵敏度也不同。利用这种新型长周期光纤光栅独特的高温应变特性可用一根光纤光栅实现对高温和应变的同时测量。     

高频CO2激光脉冲写入的新型长周期光纤光栅及其在光通信中的应用

报道了一种利用频率为几千赫兹的高频CO2激光脉冲的热冲击效应制作长周期光纤光栅的新技术。实验中，作者首次发现这种新型的长周期光纤光栅具有一些独特的光学特性，比如弯曲特性和横向负载特性等，这主要是因为用高频CO2激光脉冲写成的长周期光纤光栅的横截面折射率分布不对称所致。基于这种新型长周期光纤光栅，设计了一种用于减小掺铒光纤放大器噪声系数的ASE噪声滤波器和平坦掺铒光纤放大器增益谱的增益均衡器，此外，还利用这种新型长周期光纤光栅独特的弯曲和压力特性，研究设计了两种用于动态平坦掺铒光纤放大器增益谱的动态增益均衡器。     

飞秒写制长周期光纤光栅的液体浓度测量实验研究

利用逐点写入法在去涂敷层的普通单模通信光纤中直接写入了长周期光纤光栅(LPFG),实验获得的LPFG在C波段的谐振波长1 538.8nm,衰减强度达10.63dB。其氯化钠和蔗糖溶液浓度传感特性实验表明,随着盐溶液浓度的增大,LPFG的谐振波长向左线性漂移,盐浓度每增加1%,波长向左漂移约0.05nm;随着糖溶液浓度从0%增大为50%,LPFG的谐振波长向左非线性漂移量高达约8nm。实验结果表明:飞秒激光逐点写入法操作简单,容易控制诱导的周期性折射率微扰在纤芯和或包层的位置,从而制备出对低浓度液体敏感的LPFG化学传感器;同时飞秒激光写制的LPFG具有较高的外界环境灵敏度,有望用在化学浓度传感中。     

LPFG折射率模式响应及其在传感建模中的应用

基于光纤光栅的模式耦合理论,采用严格的数学模型,给出了三层介质长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)的纤芯模和包层模的本征方程,分析了长周期光纤光栅中的纤芯模式和包层模式的有效折射率随外界环境折射率变化的情形,以及外界环境折射率变化对长周期光纤光栅谐振波长的影响.通过在长周期光纤光栅外涂覆折射率对外界环境变化敏感响应的特定薄膜可以显著提高其传感测量的灵敏度.研究结果可为长周期光纤光栅传感器结构参数的优化设计和实际应用提供理论支持.     

A novel tunable gain equalizer based on a long-period fiber grating written by high-frequency CO/sub 2/ laser pulses

A novel tunable gain equalizer based on the long-period fiber grating (LPFG) induced by high-frequency CO/sub 2/ laser pulses is demonstrated, for the first time, to our knowledge. Both the resonant wavelength and the resonant peak amplitude of the novel LPFG have a good linearity with temperature and transverse load, respectively. The wavelength and the peak amplitude of the gain equalizer can be tuned by the means of adjusting temperature and transverse load independently, showing that this tunable equalizer is a practical approach to realizing dynamic gain equalization in erbium-doped fiber amplifier systems.     

高频CO2激光脉冲写入长周期光纤光栅的方法

在国际上首次提出了高频CO₂激光脉冲写入长周期光纤光栅的方法.该方法与低频CO₂激光脉冲写入法或紫外光等其它写入法相比具有许多独特的优点——效率高、成本低,重复曝光容易、激光加热区域的周期性变化通过扫描振镜的偏振来实现而光纤固定不动,因此特别适合于研制具有特殊用途的新型LPFG.详细分析了单侧CO₂激光入射导致LPFG横截面折射率分布不均匀的形成机理并提出了降低LPFG双折射的方法.     

基于周期压力单模光纤长周期光栅的折射率传感特性研究

利用交替放置的两个相同周期性刻槽板,对放置于套管中的单模裸纤和待测媒质施力,形成了具有复合光波导结构的长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)。实验研究了不同折射率待测媒质对LPFG传输谱的影响。结果表明:复合波导光栅的光谱呈现双谐振峰现象,且中心谐振波长随待测媒质折射率增大向短波长方向移动;包层模阶次越高,其中心谐振波长移动量越大。当折射率从1.33变化到1.43时,LP14包层模的中心谐振波长变化了7.2nm,所对应的传感器折射率灵敏度约为2.78×10-4 RIU。     

基于长周期光纤光栅液位传感器的实验研究

利用长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)的基模和包层模间的耦合特性,设计制作了一种基于LPFG的液位传感器。LPFG包层模对环境折射率的响应不同,随着液位的变化,其透射功率发生变化。用该传感器对蒸馏水和乙醇的液位变化进行测量,当液位在0.0～17.5mm范围内变化时,LPFG透射功率分别变化了6.8719dB和13.4360dB,其灵敏度为0.389 6dB/mm和0.7678dB/mm。结果表明,液体的折射率越大,传感器的灵敏度越高,并且具有良好的线性关系。     

新型长周期光纤光栅的扭曲特性研究

发现高频CO2激光脉冲写入的长周期光纤光栅（LPFG）具有独特的扭曲特性：1）扭曲特性具有明硅的扭曲方向相关性——顺时针扭曲时谐振波长发生“红”移，逆时针扭曲时谐振波长发生“蓝”移，无论顺时针还是逆时针扭曲损耗峰幅值都近似线性减小；2）若被扭曲的光纤比被扭曲的长周期光纤光栅长得多，则扭曲时长周期光纤光栅谐振波长和幅值的变化出现周期性的起伏。利用扭曲光栅引起椭圆双折射进而导致偏振态变化的相关理论合理解释了这些独特的扭曲特性。     

飞秒直写长周期光纤光栅及其液体折射率特性研究

利用800 nm飞秒激光在未经载氢处理的HI1060光纤中制作了长周期光纤光栅(LPFG).采用逐线刻写方式实现了谐振波长为1 548.4 nm的LPFG,谐振强度为12 dB,栅区长度小于4 mm.使用不同折射率的氯化钠溶液、蔗糖溶液和酒精溶液分别对LPFG的折射率特性进行了测试和研究.实验中随着三种溶液折射率增加,LPFG的谐振波长发生红移,该LPFG在氯化钠溶液、蔗糖溶液和酒精溶液中的折射率灵敏度分别为175.34、175.31和331.89 nm/RIU.实验结果表明,这种基于飞秒激光制作的LPFG对液体折射率变化有较高的灵敏度,可用于液体折射率传感测试.     

同时测量弯曲曲率和弯曲方向的长周期光纤光栅传感器

通过实验发现了高频CO2激光脉冲制备的长周期光纤光栅（LPFGs）的弯曲特性具有明显的弯曲方向性：即当其向不同的方向弯曲时,其谐振波长和损耗峰值的变化对应的弯曲灵敏度不同,并且在两个弯曲方向上最敏感,而在另外两个弯曲方向最不敏感。本文根据此独特性质,提出了不仅可以测量弯曲曲率而且可以同时判别弯曲方向的传感器,该弯曲传感器由2个具有弯曲方向相关性的LPFG和1个没有弯曲方向相关性的LPFG组成。结果表明,它克服了其它弯曲传感器只能测量弯曲曲率或只能判别弯曲方向的缺点。     

双峰效应光纤光栅薄膜传感器的优化设计

利用双峰谐振效应,通过在长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)包层表面涂覆一层对周围气氛敏感的薄膜,建立了一种新型薄膜传感器,其双峰谐振波长间隔随薄膜折射率的变化而变化.基于三包层光纤光栅物理模型,根据耦合模理论研究了传感器的灵敏度Sn与薄膜光学参数(折射率n3和厚度h3)和光纤光栅结构参数(光栅周期Λ、折变量σ)之间的关系.采用最优化数值方法,确定了最佳的膜层光学参数和光栅结构参数.计算表明,该类型传感器对膜层折射率的测量分辨率高达10-7.     

Infrared optical fibers with vapor-deposited cladding layer

Core-cladding structures constructed for KRS-5 polycrystalline and As₂S₃ glass infrared fibers by means of vapor deposition are discussed. In order to obtain high-numerical-aperture fibers, KRS-6 and AsS₃, respectively, have been used as cladding materials. A CO₂ laser beam of 15-20 W has been successfully transmitted through the KRS-5 fiber. For the As₂S₃ fiber an absorption loss due to Teflon coating has been reduced, and a loss of 0.13 dB/m has been achieved     

单个长周期光纤光栅实现横向负载和温度的同时测量

发现高频CO2 激光脉冲写入的长周期光纤光栅 (LPFG)的谐振波长的横向负载灵敏度具有很强的方向相关性 ,且在两个特定的负载方向上谐振波长对横向负载不敏感 ,而谐振峰幅值与不同方向的横向负载都有很好的线性关系。这种LPFG的谐振波长随温度变化而线性漂移 ,使谐振峰幅值对温度变化不敏感 ,由此提出了用单个LPFG的谐振波长和谐振峰幅值两个参量分别实现对温度和横向负载进行同时独立绝对测量的传感器设计方案 ,可望从根本上解决LPFG在测量中存在的温度和横向负载之间的交叉敏感问题     

大模场抗弯曲全固态光纤的结构设计

提出了一种具有对称结构的大模场面积和低弯曲损耗的新型结构光纤,运用全矢量有限元法结合完美匹配层边界条件分析了光纤特性。该光纤由纤芯中的梯形折射率环和包层中的多层下陷层组成,仿真结果显示该光纤具有低弯曲损耗大模场单模传输的特性。对比分析了梯形谐振环、矩形谐振环、三角形谐振环结构光纤的弯曲损耗以及电场模式分布,实验结果显示梯形折射率环更具优越性。多层下陷层结构将模场限制在纤芯中,下陷层的数量大于2时模场面积基本上保持不变。研究结果表明,在波长为1 550 nm、弯曲半径为20 cm时,基模(FM)弯曲损耗只有0.056 868 dB/m,而高阶模(HOMs)损耗为3.58 dB/m,有效模场面积可达2 313.67μm²。该光纤对弯曲方向不敏感,在高功率光纤激光器放大器等光通信器件领域具有广阔的发展前景。     

FM mode-locked high-pressure CW RF-excited CO2 waveguidelaser

The authors report the results from a study of a FM mode-locked continuous-wave (CW) RF-excited CO₂ waveguide laser operated at 0.25-2 atm gas pressures. It is shown that electrooptic FM modulations can be efficiently used to mode lock a CW CO₂ laser. The combination of a high gas pressure and a high modulation frequency makes it possible to generate pulses which are substantially shorter than those previously reported for CW mode-locked CO₂ lasers. A theoretical approach is used for simulation of the FM mode-locked laser. The experimental pulses of a few hundred picoseconds FWHM are considerably shorter than previously reported for CW mode-locked CO₂ lasers. The experimental results are compared with the results of numerical calculations using a frequency domain simulation model