铸造镍基高温合金K35的高温氧化行为

测定了铸造镍基高温合金K35在850-1000℃温度范围内的氧化动力学曲线；并计算出其氧化激活能Qp1=274kJ／mol，Qp2=315kJ／mo1．其氧化动力学曲线都符合抛物线规律．900℃以下，K35合金属于完全抗氧化级；900-1000℃为抗氧化级．X射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析表明，K35合金的氧化膜分为3个区域：外层是性质疏松的Ti及Cr氧化物混合层，并含有少量尖晶石Nicr2O4与NiAl2O4；中间层是性质致密的Cr2O3氧化层；内层(过渡层)是A12O3．     

Al和C0对K4169合金950℃高温氧化行为的影响

利用热重分析法、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析研究了Al和Co含量对K4169高温合金950℃高温氧化行为的影响,结果表明:合金氧化动力学符合抛物线规律;添加Al和Co的合金氧化产物颗粒比原始成分合金的细小;Al含量的增加增强了合金的高温抗氧化能力,而Co含量的增加降低了合金的高温抗氧化性能.当Al含量为1.45 wt%、Co含量为0.3 wt%时,合金的高温抗氧化性能最好,而原始成分合金的高温抗氧化性能最差.不同Al、Co含量K4169合金氧化膜都分为3层:外层主要是疏松的Cr2O3和TiO2的混合层,还含有少量的NiO和NiCr2O4尖晶石相;中间层是Cr2O3保护层;内氧化物层是Al2O3.     

Al和Co对K4169合金950℃高温氧化行为的影响

利用热重分析法、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析研究了Al和Co含量对K4169高温合金950℃高温氧化行为的影响,结果表明:合金氧化动力学符合抛物线规律;添加Al和Co的合金氧化产物颗粒比原始成分合金的细小;Al含量的增加增强了合金的高温抗氧化能力,而Co含量的增加降低了合金的高温抗氧化性能。当Al含量为1.45 wt%、Co含量为0.3 wt%时,合金的高温抗氧化性能最好,而原始成分合金的高温抗氧化性能最差。不同Al、Co含量K4169合金氧化膜都分为3层:外层主要是疏松的Cr2O3和TiO2的混合层,还含有少量的NiO和NiCr2O4尖晶石相;中间层是Cr2O3保护层;内氧化物层是Al2O3。     

预氧化对Co-Al-W基高温合金高温氧化和热腐蚀行为的影响

将900℃常氧分压(900-PreO)、950℃常氧分压(950-PreO)和1000℃低氧分压(1000-LPreO)预氧化应用于Co-Al-W基高温合金,研究其高温氧化和热腐蚀行为,利用XRD、SEM和EDS表征了合金氧化层的结构和形貌特征。结果表明,采用900-PreO、950-PreO和1000-LpreO均可获得结构致密的预氧化层。1000℃氧化时,900-PreO预氧化层中的Cr2O3层进一步氧化而减薄,削弱了其对O及金属元素扩散的阻碍,致使氧化增重与未预氧化合金的情况相近;1000-LPreO预氧化生成的TiTaO4层易开裂,导致氧化层脱落严重,抗氧化性能较差;而950-PreO预氧化生成的CoCr2O4和Al2O3层致密且连续,氧化层的保护性强,氧化增重减缓。Co-Al-W基高温合金的热腐蚀中,950-PreO预氧化层中的CoWO4和Al2O3层阻止腐蚀介质进入合金基体,腐蚀增重锐减超过了80%。     

一种含铝奥氏体不锈钢的高温氧化行为

采用称量法研究了新型Cr21Ni35NbAl合金分别在700 ℃、800 ℃和900 ℃空气中的静态氧化行为,并绘制其高温氧化动力学质量增加曲线。结合X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）及能谱分析（EDS）对高温氧化膜层的形貌及结构进行表征。结果表明：新合金的高温氧化动力学质量增加曲线遵循抛物线规律,700 ℃氧化膜主要为(Fe0.6Cr0.4)2O3和少量Al2O3;800 ℃氧化膜较为复杂,主要为Al2O3、(Al0.9Cr0.1)2O3和少量Fe(Cr, Al)2O4;900 ℃时氧化膜主要为Al2O3和少量(Al0.9Cr0.1)2O3。     

Cr18Ni30Mo2Al3Nb合金的高温抗氧化性能

采用称重法测得Cr18Ni30Mo2Al3Nb合金在不同温度下的高温氧化动力学曲线。结果表明,该合金的氧化曲线遵循抛物线氧化规律,具有优良的抗氧化性能。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射的方法对氧化膜表面形貌及结构进行研究,该合金在3个温度下氧化膜完整致密,700℃氧化膜主要由Fe和Cr的混合氧化物(Fe0.6Cr0.4)2O3和少量Al的氧化物组成;800℃氧化膜主要是Al和Cr的混合氧化物(Al0.9Cr0.1)2O3和少量Al2O3及少量Fe的氧化物;900℃氧化膜主要是(Al0.9Cr0.1)2O3和Al的氧化物,还含有少量Fe(Cr,Al)2O4和MnFe2O4。     

钴基高温合金的循环氧化行为研究

研究了钴基高温合金K40S在950℃和1000℃的循环氧化行为。发现合金在950℃400h以内的抗循环氧化性能较好，合金在1000℃氧化50h以后因为表面氧化膜剥落开始出现失重现象。在1000℃循环氧化初期的产物主要为Cr2O3，其次为CoCr2O4和少量的CoO,400h以后，Cr2O3基本剥落，合金表面由于Cr的损耗又生成Cr2WO6、NiCr2O4以及挥发性的WO3氧化产物。添加Si和Mn元素使K40S合金抗循环氧化性能明显地比不含Si和Mn元素的DZ40M钴基高温合金优越。     

NiCrAIY涂层对Ni基高温合金K17抗氧化性能的影响

采用电弧离子镀技术在铸造Ni基高温合金K17上沉积NiCrAlY涂层,测定了K17合金和NiCrAlY涂层在900℃～1100℃的氧化动力学曲线.实验结果表明:K17合金和NiCrAlY涂层在不同温度静态空气中氧化动力学曲线基本符合抛物线规律.900℃和1000℃时,K17合金上沉积NiCrAlY涂层后,明显改善了合金的抗氧化性.1100℃时,涂层的保护作用不如900℃和1000℃.900℃氧化时,NiCrAlY涂层氧化膜由α-A12O3和Cr2O3组成;1000℃氧化时,氧化初期,NiO、Cr2O3和A12O3 3种氧化物同时生成.随着氧化的进行,不仅氧化膜增厚,而且发生较复杂的反应,氧化膜的相组成发生变化.随着氧化温度升高,涂层和基体之间元素扩散加剧,Ti从基体扩散到涂层表面形成氧化物是导致涂层抗氧化性降低的原因之一.氧化膜从涂层上剥落下来,也导致了涂层抗氧化能力降低.     

GH4169合金高温氧化特征

GH4169合金在850℃、950℃和1040℃条件下氧化符合抛物线动力学规律. 氧化物层为Ti0.95Nb0.95O4+Cr2O3+(Cr.Fe)2O3的复杂结构，高温下氧化元素扩散导致氧化层为岛状结构，在一定氧化时间,氧化层深度与温度是对数函数关系,氧化反应激活能为143.52kJ/mol. 温度高于1040℃氧化物剥落.     

一种钴基耐磨材料的高温氧化行为研究

研究了NbC颗粒增强钴基耐磨材料在950～1050℃空气中的氧化行为。合金在950℃下属于抗氧化级，1000℃下属于次抗氧化级，1050℃下属于弱抗氧化级，氧化动力学曲线基本符合抛物线规律。合金表面形成由CoCr₂O₄、CoNb₂O₆、Cr₂O₃和Al₂O₃组成的混合氧化物层，基体中块状NbC的优先原位氧化行为造成氧化层厚度不均匀且疏松多孔。经过1050℃，100 h氧化后，氧化层下方基体中形成贫Cr层，导致氧化皮剥落后无法重新形成具有保护作用的连续氧化膜。     

铸造镍基合金K444在900℃空气中的长期氧化行为

用热重法研究镍基高温合金K444在900℃下氧化1000 h的动力学。结果表明,K444合金氧化动力学遵从抛物线规律,以x射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析及电子探针成分分析测定氧化膜的组成,结果表明氧化膜由多层组成,外层为TiO₂,内层以Cr₂O₃为主还包括内氧化层和贫Υ′层。观察到沿晶界偏聚的碳化物氧化,提出了氧化饥制。     

Oxidation characteristics of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo

Static oxidation kinetics of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo (atomic percent) were investigated in air over the temperature range of 650–1000°C using thermogravimetric analysis. The oxidation kinetics were complex at all exposure temperatures and displayed up to two distinct stages of parabolic oxidation. Breakaway oxidation occurred after long exposure times at high temperatures. Oxidation products were determined using x-ray diffraction techniques, electron microprobe analysis, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Oxide scale morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy of the surfaces and cross-sections of oxidation specimens. The oxides during the parabolic stages were compact and multilayered, consisting primarily of TiO₂ doped with Nb, a top layer of Al₂O₃ and a thin bottom layer of TiN. The transition between the first and second parabolic stage is linked to the formation of a TiAl layer at the oxide-metal interface. Porosity also formed in the TiO₂ layer during the second stage, causing degradation of the oxide and breakaway oxidation.     

Effects of aluminum on the oxidation of 25Cr-35Ni cast steels

The oxidation kinetics and morphological development during reaction of two cast austenitic steels at 1000°C in pure dry oxygen at 20 kPa are reported. Both steels contained approximately 25 wt.% Cr and 35 wt.% Ni and, in addition, one steel contained 3.3 wt. %. Both steels oxidized to form external scales consisting mainly of Cr₂O₃ with a thin outer layer of manganese rich spinel. Scale growth kinetics were parabolic, and somewhat faster rates were observed for the aluminum bearing steel. In both steels, deep internal oxidation occurred at the site of primary (interdendritic) carbides. The kinetics of this process were parabolic, and rate control was attributed to oxygen diffusion along the interface between internal oxide and matrix metal. In the aluminum-free steel, interdendritic carbides were converted to chromium rich oxide, but when aluminum was present, a sheath of aluminum rich oxide formed around the carbides. In this latter case, the rate of interdendritic penetration was somewhat slower. The aluminum bearing steel also formed large numbers of rod-shaped Al₂O₃ precipitates within the austenitic dendrites. Deepening of the Al₂O₃ precipitate zone also proceeded according to parabolic kinetics at a rate consistent with rate control by diffusion of oxygen along the oxide-alloy interfaces.     

等离子喷涂NiCrCoAlY涂层氧化控制研究

利用等离子喷涂技术制备了NiCrCoAlY粒子和涂层,研究了等离子喷涂过程中NiCrCoAlY粒子的氧化行为以及屏蔽气体对NiCrCoAlY涂层抗高温氧化性能的影响。结果表明,粒子在飞行过程中存在对流氧化和扩散氧化两种氧化机制,对NiCrCoAlY粒子来说,在距喷嘴55 mm以内的射流中心处以对流氧化为主,在距离喷嘴55 mm以外将以扩散氧化为主;除飞行中的氧化外,粒子在喷涂过程中还发生形成涂层后的氧化,NiCrCoAlY粒子以飞行中的氧化为主;添加屏蔽气体能减少喷涂过程中涂层的氧化,提高涂层的抗高温氧化性能     

纯钛TIG焊接接头的高温氧化行为

对纯钛氩弧焊焊接接头在550 ℃下氧化不同时间（2,4,6,8 h）以及在不同温度（650,750,850,950 ℃）下氧化4 h的氧化动力学、氧化形态和氧化产物进行了研究。结果表明,在550 ℃下,氧化时间对焊接接头氧化行为的影响有限,而氧化温度对纯钛焊接接头的氧化行为有显著影响,且温度越高,氧化越严重。在低温下,纯钛焊接接头的氧化动力学接近准线性定律,随着温度升高,氧化速率呈指数增长。此外,焊接接头表面产生的氧化产物是具有锐钛矿和金红石结构的TiO₂,温度对TiO₂的类型没有明显影响。纯钛焊接接头的氧化过程可描述为：氧气在表面被吸收;氧化物优先在缺陷区形核;氧化物横向生长、增厚。在较高温度下,氧化膜中出现裂纹或空隙,成为O原子传输通道,导致O和Ti原子的高扩散速率和氧化速率。     

The Effect of Crystallographic Orientation on the Oxidation Behavior of a Single-Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloy

The oxidation kinetics of DD100 nickel-base single-crystal alloy, with (221) and (100) surface orientations were tested in this study by thermogravimetry. A pronounced anisotropy in both the cyclic and isothermal oxidation resistance of DD100 alloy was observed. The (221) crystallographic surface of DD100 had a slower oxidation rate than the (100) surface when isothermally exposed to stationary air at 950°C, whereas the opposite results were obtained at 1050°C. When cyclically oxidized at 1100°C, the weight loss of samples with (221) surfaces was significantly greater than that of (100) surfaces, so that the cyclic-oxidation anisotropy was more remarkable at 1100°C than at 950°C. The different spatial alignment of the / interface is thought to be responsible for the anisotropic oxidation behavior of the nickel-base single crystal alloy.     

High temperature oxidation of metals under time-dependent gas pressure

A theoretical study on the high-temperature oxidation of thick oxide films grown under a time-dependent gas partial pressure is reported. The diffusion across the film is assumed to be the rate-limiting step of the overall reaction, and Wagner's hypotheses were used as the starting point for our reasoning. A general formulation for the oxidation under no time constant gas pressure, in terms of a time-dependent answer function is given. The effect of an external electric field on the reaction rate is also reported when a constant current density,J, is applied to the oxide scale. If the oxide is a good electronic conductor atJ=0 andt , we found that the reaction rate assumes formally the well-known Wagner's expression of the rate constant but with a gas partial pressure at oxide/gas interface which is a time function. If the oxide is a good ionic or electronic conductor, the effect due to an external electric field,J 0, on the reaction rate is the same as predicted by the Wagner's theory.     

Fe-Y合金在800℃空气中的氧化行为

研究了Fe-5Y和Fe-10Y合金在800℃空气中的氧化行为。结果表明：二元Fe-Y合金氧化动力学曲线不规则,此温度下Fe-10Y合金的氧化速率高于Fe-5Y合金的氧化速率。Fe-5Y合金及Fe-10Y合金形成了相似的氧化膜结构,且它们都发生了内氧化现象。同时合金未形成单一的Y₂O₃层,这归结于Y在Fe中非常低的溶解度及合金中两相共存而阻碍了Y通过合金向外扩散。     

V/Nb对Ti-45Al-9(V, Nb, Y)合金抗氧化性能的影响

βγ-TiAl合金具有良好的高温变形能力,为TiAl合金的发展开辟了新的途径。成功制备了不同x=V/Nb(x=1,1.5,2,3.5)的βγ-TiAlTi-45Al-9(V,Nb,Y)合金,研究了上述合金在800℃静止空气中的氧化行为。结果表明:当x=1时,Ti-45Al-9(V,Nb,Y)合金中形成条带状、连续致密的Al2O3氧化层,显著提高了合金的抗氧化能力。随着x=V/Nb的增加,Al2O3氧化层厚度变薄,合金的抗氧化能力下降。     

Oxidation resistance of eight heat-resistant alloys at 870°, 980°, 1095°, and 1150°C

Oxidation testing of heat-resistant alloys is described. The testing procedure utilized weight-gain measurements using one specimen, which was withdrawn and weighed at intervals of 1 week, for 10–18 weeks. The specimen was placed in a porcelain cup during exposure and covered upon cooling to retain spalled oxide. Weight gain was used to determine the kinetics of oxidation and was extrapolated to 3000 hr. The specimen was withdrawn at the end of the exposure, weighed, cathodically descaled, and reweighed. The ratio of oxygen ions to metal ions was determined for each alloy and test temperature. This ratio approaches the stoichemetric ratio for Fe₃O₄ or Cr₂O₃. The ratio for each test is used to convert weight gain to weight loss. The amount of adherent oxide was determined as well as the total amount of oxide, leading to an expression for oxide adherency. The oxidation resistance of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys increased with increasing Cr and Ni, with Cr being the most critical element. Additions of Si, Al, or Ce were shown to extend the usefulness of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys.