Modeling and scheduling of ratio-driven FMS using unfolding time Petri nets

In this paper, we focus on the analysis of a cyclic schedule for the determination of the optimal cycle time and minimization of the Work in Process (WIP for short). Especially, this paper deals with product ratio-driven FMS cyclic scheduling problem with each other products and ratios using Timed Petri nets unfolding (TPN for short). TPN slicing and unfolding are applied to analyze this FMS model. We can divide original system into subsystem using TPN slices and change iterated cycle module into acyclic module without any loss of other behavior properties.     

基于Petri网的柔性制造系统作业调度研究与实现

选择面向对象的有色Petri网对FMS进行建模,研究FMS调度控制问题.本文针对柔性制造系统的特点,采用面向对象的着色Petri网建立了由工件、机床、运送和仓贮对象等组成的模型.模型是一个包括加工系统、物流系统、管理系统在内的一个完整的FMS模型.该模型由于采用了面向对象技术,具有可移植性、可扩展性的特点,并且易于用软件去实现,本文使用"映射"法,把库所映射为软件数据、变迁映射为程序函数和方法、子系统映射为软件系统基本类,从而把FMS Petri网模型转化为FMS控制管理软件程序.本文采用简易的工艺文件数据,对FMS控制管理软件运行进行了测试.通过对测试结果的分析,验证了本文所建立的FMS物流系统模型和设计的FMS柔性生产线控制管理软件的正确性和有效性.     

Performance analysis of stochastic timed Petri nets using linearprogramming approach

Stochastic timed Petri nets are a useful tool in the performance analysis of concurrent systems such as parallel computers, communication networks and flexible manufacturing systems. In general, performance measures of stochastic timed Petri nets are difficult to obtain for practical problems due to their sizes. In this paper, we provide a method to efficiently compute upper and lower bounds for the throughputs and mean token numbers for a large class of stochastic timed Petri nets. Our approach is based on uniformization technique and linear programming     

Modeling and control of workstation level information flow in FMS using modified Petri nets

A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) has a traditional structure of three levels: cell, workstation, and equipment. The workstation level plays an important role in the overall performance of the FMS. This paper focuses on modeling and control of the FMS workstation level information flow. In order to have a unified workstation level system structure, front-end interfaces are introduced as a standard communication medium between the workstation level and the equipment level. A detailed information flow analysis is then carried out on the workstation level. For modeling purposes, a modified Petri net is proposed with its increased modeling capability over an ordinary Petri net. It associates data structures with places and programs with transitions. Finally, the modified Petri net is used to model and control the FMS workstation level information flow. The designed control system has been implemented in a real manufacturing factory with satisfactory performance.     

FMS的模型参考自适应调度

用运筹学研究生产线调度问题已有几十年的历史,但由此得出的调度策略的实时性很差.1986年自动控制工作者提出了“PMS动态自适应计算机调”一词.令人感到十分新奇.可惜.从未见到任何有关的论文.本文研究FMS的模型参考自适应调度.本文采用我们提出的考虑了有限缓冲器容量的极大代数模型.环境的影响反映于对象参数的摄动,本文采用我们提出的摄动计算方法.调度器的设计采用次梯度法,以求解连续变量和离散变量混合的优化问题,附有数字实例,计算和仿真表明:FMS的模型参考自适应调度是可行的,是值得继续深入研究的。     

基于Petri网模型的FMS死锁结构

死锁是柔性制造系统中容易发生的异常现象，如不加以消除，将会导致整个系统的瘫痪。文中通过Petri网模型对FMS的结构分析，揭示出导致FMS死锁的结构元素和活性特征，在此基础上，提出了FMS的无死锁Petri网控制器算法，并举例说明这种控制器算法在FMS中的应用。     

Colored timed Petri nets for modeling and analysis of cluser tools

In this paper, a colored timed resource‐oriented Petri net (CTROPN) is developed to model the cluster tools in semiconductor fabrication. It is structurally simple and concise, since each module in a cluster tool corresponds to a unique place in CTROPN. It is also powerful in modeling the qualitative and temporal behavior of the cluster tools with a single‐blade or dual‐blade robot. The initial transient behavior, steady‐state behavior and the final transient behavior can all be investigated through a single model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society     

Modeling and analysis of timed Petri nets using heaps of pieces

The authors show that safe timed Petri nets can be represented by special automata over the (max, +) semiring, which compute the height of heaps of pieces. This extends to the timed case the classical representation a la Mazurkiewicz of the behavior of safe Petri nets by trace monoids and trace languages. For a subclass including all safe free-choice Petri nets, we obtain reduced heap realizations using structural properties of the net (covering by safe state machine components). The authors illustrate the heap-based modeling by the typical case of safe jobshops. For a periodic schedule, the authors obtain a heap-based throughput formula, which is simpler to compute than its traditional timed event graph version, particularly if one is interested in the successive evaluation of a large number of possible schedules     

A deadlock prevention approach for a class of timed Petri nets using elementary siphons

To solve the problem of deadlock prevention for timed Petri nets, an effective deadlock prevention policy based on elementary siphons is proposed in this paper. Without enumerating reachable markings, deadlock prevention is achieved by adding monitors for elementary siphons, increasing control depth variables when necessary, and removing implicit, liveness‐restricted and redundant control places. The final supervisor is live. First, a timed Petri net is stretched into a stretched Petri net (SPN). Unchanging the system performance, each transition in the SPN has a unit delay time. Then the siphon‐control‐based approach is applied. Monitors computed according to the marking constraints are added to the SPN model to ensure all strict minimal siphons in the net invariant‐controlled. A liveness‐enforcing supervisor with simple structure can be obtained by reverting the SPN into a TdPN. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society     

基于面向对象着色Petri网的FMS对象类划分及建模

基于面向对象着色Ｐｅｔｒｉ网模型,利用Ｐｅｔｒｉ网和面向对象技术相结合的方法,把ＦＭＳ的物理组成分为５个对象类。每一对象类对应于一个封装的对象子网,用消息位置把各子网集成起来。该模型真实而全面地反映了ＦＭＳ的生产运行,为开发良好的ＦＭＳ在线控制器以及离线仿真器提供了一个很好的模型。     

DEDS对象化高级Petri网模型研究--柔性生产线对象化高级Petri网模型

在加色网基础上,提出一种新的扩展Petri网模型.该模型具以下特点:对进程演化的有序结构建立偏序集数据抽象,使网络的几何结构与代数运算脱离具体进程特征;使用谓词集对加入变迁的token进行覆盖,可以集中描述物理事件集的层次逻辑结构;能方便有效地描述非固定流程生产系统.     

Feasibility of piecewise-constant control sequences for timed continuous Petri nets

In this study, the determination of control actions for timed continuous Petri nets is investigated by the characterisation of attractive regions in marking space. In particular, attraction in finite time, which is important for practical issues, is considered. Based on the characterisation of attractive regions, the domain of admissible piecewise constant control actions is computed, and sufficient conditions to verify the feasibility of the control objectives are proposed. As a consequence, an iterative procedure is presented to compute piecewise constant control actions that correspond to local minimum time control for timed continuous Petri nets.     

A geometric approach to robotic unfolding of garments

This work presents a novel approach to autonomous unfolding of garments by means of a dual arm robotic manipulator. The proposed approach is based on the observation that a garment can be brought to an approximately planar configuration if it is held by two points on its outline. This step facilitates the detection of another set of points that when grasped the garment will naturally unfold. A robust method for successively detecting such boundary points on images of garments hanging from a single point was developed. The manipulated garment is then laid on a flat surface and matched to a set of foldable templates using shape analysis techniques. Using the established correspondences with the template’s landmark points the garment is re-grasped by such two points that it will naturally unfold in a spread out configuration. The adopted framework has been experimentally evaluated using a dual industrial manipulator and a variety of garments. The produced results indicate the feasibility and robustness of the proposed approach.     

一种改进型遗传算法在FMS刀具调度中的应用

在柔性制造系统（FMS）中,刀具调度问题关系着刀具的利用率和整个FMS的生产效率,如何对众多刀具进行合理的调度已成为当前FMS中的一项关键技术。在对遗传算法进行改进的基础上建立了在有限刀具资源约束下的FMS刀具调度优化模型,得出针对刀具交换次数的目标函数,通过比较与实验验证了这种算法的有效性和优越性。     

一类FMS的最佳活Petri网模型的综合

利用Petri网为一类柔性制造系统建模,并讨论避免系统死锁问题.通过Petri网模型的结构分析,证明了系统产生死锁的一个充分必要条件.给出了避免死锁的最佳控制器,它可以通过给系统的Petri网模型增加一些新的位置与相应的弧来实现.从而导出了这类制造系统的最佳活Petri网模型.     

Optimal stationary behavior for a class of timed continuous Petri nets

In this paper, we consider a deterministic timed continuous Petri net model where conflicts at places are solved by using stationary routing parameters. We show how to compute the stationary firing rate for all transitions via linear programming, so as to determine the optimal routing parameters that maximize user-defined linear functions of the firing rates. Finally, we discuss the relations with discrete Petri nets.     

基于极小T-不变量增加的Petri网可达性分析

基于极小T-不变量增加的Petri网的可达性分析,首先对网的状态方程加以合理的约束,求得一组特征解向量;然后利用扩展极小T-不变量关系图和扩展借矩阵在这些特征解向量的基础上适当添加整数倍的极小T-不变量;最后再判断这个添加极小T-不变量后的解向量的可达性。该方法不仅能判定一类含T-不变量Petri网的可达性,而且能在可达的情况下求得一个合法的变迁发生序列,并在一定程度上简化了可达性分析的过程。     

Petri网与优化算法结合求解FMS调度研究综述

Petri网是基于图形的强有力的建模工具,被用于柔性制造系统调度问题的研究,然而,搜索整个可达树寻找最优调度方案是一个指数倍复杂的问题,由此人们想到利用人工智能算法搜索可达树的一部分获得近优解。该方法被认为是求解调度问题的极具前途的解决方案。从上世纪90年代初期以来,人们对此作了一些卓有成效的研究,对这些研究进行归纳总结,为采用该方法求解调度优化问题的研究提供参考。     

Compositional analysis of Petri nets

Foundations of compositional analysis of Petri nets are presented. This analysis consist of the determination of properties of a given Petri net from the properties of its functional subnets. Compositional analysis covers the investigation of behavioral and structural properties of Petri nets with the help of matrix methods that use fundamental equations and invariants. The exponential acceleration of computations as a function of the dimensionality of a net is obtained. __________ Translated from Kibernetika i Sistemnyi Analiz, No. 1, pp. 143–154, January–February 2006.