微胶囊聚磷酸铵聚氨酯硬泡阻燃性能研究

硬质聚氨酯泡沫(PUR)具有优异的保温性能、防水性能以及化学稳定性,但由于其潜在的火灾危险性,严重影响了它的使用范围。通过添加阻燃剂改善PUR的阻燃性能得到了广泛的关注,但单一的阻燃剂对阻燃性能的提升较小。以密胺树脂和氢氧化铝分别作为包覆材料对聚磷酸铵(APP)进行包覆,得到三聚氰胺甲醛树脂微胶囊化APP(MF-APP)和氢氧化铝微胶囊化APP(ATH-APP)。分别以MF-APP、ATH-APP以及未经包覆的APP作为白料,以多异氰酸酯为黑料,采用一步法制得全水发泡阻燃聚氨酯硬泡(RPUF)。研究APP、MF-APP、ATH-APP的表面形态及三种阻燃剂对聚氨酯硬泡阻燃性、热稳定性的影响,并将结果进行对比。研究表明,添加的阻燃剂质量分数为25%时,聚氨酯硬泡的极限氧指数达到最大值,添加MF-APP的RPUF极限氧指数最大为26.3%,最终成炭量约为12%,相较于ATH-APP与APP的成炭量有所提高。实验证明三聚氰胺甲醛树脂包覆聚磷酸铵能有效提高阻燃聚氨酯硬泡的阻燃性能和成炭量,提高了阻燃聚氨酯硬泡的热稳定性。     

无卤阻燃增强硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的研究

采用聚醚多元醇、聚酯多元醇、多异氰酸酯、泡沫稳定剂、催化剂及发泡剂等为基本原料,以聚磷酸铵(APP)、可膨胀石墨(EG)及膨润土(BT)为阻燃剂及填料,通过一步发泡法制备了无卤阻燃增强硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料。研究了APP、EG、BT对泡沫力学性能、阻燃性能以及泡孔结构的影响。结果表明,APP质量分数为15%,EG为7.5%,膨润土为2.5%时可以制得力学性能和阻燃性能均优良的聚氨酯泡沫塑料。在该条件下,泡沫的压缩强度为0.271 MPa,平均孔径为322μm,极限氧指数达到29.5%。     

轨道交通内饰材料用阻燃增强硬质聚氨酯泡沫的性能研究

以聚磷酸铵(APP)和碳纳米管(CNTs)为阻燃剂和增强剂,采用一步发泡法制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫/聚磷酸铵/碳纳米管(RPUF/APP/CNTs)复合材料。并研究了APP和CNTs的含量对硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)的泡孔结构、阻燃性能、强度及导热系数的影响。结果表明:APP和CNTs的加入可以显著提高RPUF复合材料的阻燃性能。当添加量为20%,且APP与CNTs的质量比为2∶1时,RPUF复合材料的LOI值为28.2%,提高了61.1%,通过了UL-94测试V-0等级,而且APP和CNTs之间表现出明显的协同阻燃作用。在锥形量热测试(CCT)中,RPUF复合材料的PHRR为174.25 k W/m2,相比于纯RPUF,降低了66.05%。质量比为1∶2时,RPUF复合材料的压缩强度为0.30 MPa,提高了7%,弯曲强度为3.0 MPa,提高了43%。当APP与CNTs的质量比为1∶1时,相比于纯RPUF,RPUF复合材料的LOI值提高47.43%,并通过了V-0等级,且PHRR降低了63.84%。同时,RPUF复合材料的压缩强度提高了3.57%,弯曲强度提高了33.33%,此时,RPUF复合材料的综合性能达到最佳。     

添加APP的PS改性GO阻燃复合材料性能表征

采用硅烷偶联剂KH570对聚苯乙烯(PS)进行接枝改性来制备含氧化石墨烯(GO)的阻燃剂(KH570改性GO-PS),研究了添加聚磷酸铵(APP)的PS改性GO阻燃复合材料的性能。结果表明:GO经过偶联剂KH570改性后可以有效提高阻燃剂和聚合物之间的相容性;当KH570改性GO-PS质量分数为7.5%,APP质量分数为2.5%时,复合材料的垂直燃烧测试达到V-1级,没有发生滴落,并且具有较高的残炭率;APP质量分数为10%的试样拉伸强度与冲击强度都比单纯PS试样高,而KH570改性GO-PS质量分数为10%试样的这两项性能变化不明显;含有质量分数5.0%KH570改性GO-PS和5.0%APP的试样在250℃下熔体流动速率显著高于纯PS。     

新型增韧阻燃酚醛树脂泡沫塑料的研制

以聚磷酸铵(APP)、三聚氰胺(MEL)和季戊四醇(PER)为阻燃剂,聚乙二醇和玻璃纤维改性酚醛树脂为基体,制备改性阻燃酚醛泡沫塑料。通过对改性基体材料进行红外分析,对改性阻燃泡沫塑料进行扫描电镜、冲击强度、热稳定性以及阻燃性能测试,确定了聚乙二醇与复合阻燃剂用量对泡沫塑料性能的影响。结果表明:酚醛树脂100份,聚乙二醇12份,复合阻燃剂15份,制备的改性阻燃酚醛泡沫塑料具有优异的韧性和阻燃性能,其冲击强度为5.54 kJ/m2,达到B1难燃材料的标准。     

膨胀型阻燃剂/二乙基次磷酸铝阻燃改性不饱和树脂基复合材料

采用密胺包覆聚磷酸铵（APP）、季戊四醇（PER）和三聚氰胺（MEL）作为膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）对不饱和树脂（UP）进行改性,研究了APP、PER和MEL不同复配比例及用量对不饱和树脂基复合材料阻燃性能和力学性能的影响。基于IFR最佳用量,以二乙基次磷酸铝（ADP）为协效剂,研究了ADP用量对IFR/UP阻燃复合材料阻燃性能、力学性能及热稳定性的影响。结果表明,当APP∶PER∶MEL复配比例为4∶1∶1,IFR添加量为15 %（质量分数,下同）时,复合材料综合性能最佳,其极限氧指数为27.4 %,UL 94垂直燃烧达到V?1等级,弯曲强度和冲击韧性分别为100.3 MPa和6.3 kJ/m²;ADP的引入能够进一步提高IFR/UP复合材料阻燃性能,且随着ADP质量分数的增加而增强;当ADP质量分数为2 %时,IFR?ADP/UP复合材料极限氧指数为28.5 %并达到V?0阻燃等级,弯曲强度和冲击韧性分别为110 MPa和7.8 kJ/m²,与IFR/UP复合材料相比,分别提高了9.7 %和23.8 %;ADP能够促进IFR/UP复合材料表面成炭,缓解基体的热降解。     

改性钠基膨润土协同卤锑阻燃LDPE的研究

采用钠基膨润土(Na-MMT)、卤锑复配阻燃剂和低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)树脂制备了阻燃复合材料,研究了改性Na-MMT协同卤锑复配阻燃剂对LDPE阻燃材料的燃烧性能、力学性能及热性能的影响。结果表明:改性Na-MMT替代部分卤锑复配阻燃剂时,其垂直燃烧等级均达到UL94 V-0级,极限氧指数均在32.0%以上。当改性Na-MMT质量分数为8%时,阻燃材料的极限氧指数达到33.8%;当改性Na-MMT质量分数为16%时,阻燃材料的力学性能最优。     

复合无机无卤阻燃剂改性聚氨酯泡沫及性能研究

以聚磷酸铵(APP)为主要阻燃剂,复配可膨胀石墨(EG)和膨润土作为阻燃剂和改性剂,制备了完全无机且无卤阻燃剂改性的硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)。在固定无机阻燃剂及改性剂总量的条件下,研究了膨润土和EG用量及比例对RPUF的热稳定性、阻燃性能、力学性能、泡孔结构等的影响。结果表明,随膨润土或EG含量的增大,泡沫的压缩强度先增大后减小,二者含量分别为10%和5%时压缩强度最大。EG对泡沫阻燃性能的提高有显著影响,但同时也会使泡孔孔径增大;而膨润土作为泡沫成核剂能明显减小孔径。通过热重分析表明膨润土和EG的加入能明显增强泡沫的热稳定性。当APP为泡沫总质量的15%,膨润土为5%,EG为5%时,可以制得阻燃性能、力学性能和泡沫孔径较佳平衡的阻燃泡沫材料。在该条件下,泡沫的压缩强度为0.42 MPa,泡沫平均孔径为434μm,LOI值达到29%。     

原位反应增容技术制备非卤阻燃聚丙烯的研究

以多聚磷酸铵（APP）和三聚氰胺（MEL）为主阻燃剂，采用原位反应增容技术制备了非卤阻燃聚丙烯，从阻燃性能的角度对该有机膨胀型阻燃体系进行了优化探讨，并对原位反应的引发体系进行了初步筛选。结果表明，BPO和DCP体系都能引发原位反应，而且当阻燃母粒中m(APP)/m(MEL)为5／1、每100g聚丙烯加入15g季戊四醇时，可制得氧指数达29％以上的非卤阻燃聚丙烯。     

助剂对全水发泡阻燃聚氨酯硬泡性能的影响

采用聚醚多元醇、多异氰酸酯、泡沫稳定剂、液态阻燃剂、催化剂和水制备了全水发泡阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料,研究了水用量、催化剂、泡沫稳定剂及阻燃剂对聚氨酯硬泡性能的影响。结果表明,水用量影响聚氨酯硬泡的泡沫密度、压缩强度、尺寸稳定性、吸水率等性能;不同催化剂复配影响聚氨酯硬泡的泡孔结构;泡沫稳定剂影响泡孔均匀性和聚氨酯硬泡的导热性能;磷酸三乙酯(TEP)对硬泡阻燃性能的影响优于磷酸三氯丙酯(TCPP)和阻燃聚醚多元醇(F-7190)。随TEP用量的增加,聚氨酯硬泡的氧指数增大,压缩强度降低;随F-7190用量增加,聚氨酯硬泡的氧指数略有增大,压缩强度先增大后变小。     

全水发泡阻燃聚氨酯硬质泡沫塑料的制备与性能

采用多元醇、异氰酸酯、催化剂、发泡剂和阻燃剂等为原料制备了全水发泡阻燃聚氨酯硬质泡沫(PURF),讨论了聚醚多元醇种类、催化剂、发泡剂、异氰酸酯指数以及阻燃剂对PURF性能的影响。结果表明,聚酯多元醇能够改善泡孔结构,但降低压缩强度和尺寸稳定性;不同催化剂复配,可以控制发泡工艺;水发泡剂与泡沫的密度、泡孔结构、力学性能有关;异氰酸酯指数在1.1～1.2时,泡沫的压缩强度、尺寸稳定性等较好;三(2-氯异丙基)磷酸酯(TCPP)可赋予PURF一定的阻燃性,但对泡体结构、压缩强度和尺寸稳定性有影响。     

Investigation and Development of Epoxy Foams

The development of low toxicity rigid epoxy foams as an alternative to polyurethane foams for electronics encapsulation is described. The basic foam components - epoxy resin, hardener, accelerator, blowing agent and surfactant - are blended to form a two part system which is mixed and foamed when required. Each foam component is selected for its contribution to the foaming reaction and the final foam properties. The balance of component miscibility, viscosity, reaction rate and exotherm determine foam quality. Foam properties are affected by (1) density (2) cell structure and (3) the molecular structure of the reactants. Initial foam development utilised epoxy/amine chemistry and produced two foams, Feldex F3 and F4. Subsequently, use of a more reactive polymercaptan hardener improved foam strength and process times, resulting in Feldex F5 and F6 which have been used successfully to prepare quality mouldings and encapsulated electronics. Recently, development has been extended to new areas of application, e.g. high temperature foams. The mechanical, electrical, thermal and chemical properties of the best epoxy foams have been evaluated; selected results are reported. The epoxy foams developed offer low density, high strength, low dielectric constant and loss tangent, high volume resistivity, good thermal insulation, low corrosivity and low toxicity. In addition, epoxy foams soften in acetone, an advantage over their polyurethane counterparts since encapsulated electronics may be retrieved without employing corrosive solvents. (Feldex is a registered trade mark of THORN EMI Electronics.)     

全水发泡聚氨酯硬泡密度对性能影响的初步研究

研究了全水发泡硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的密度对泡沫性能的影响。实验结果表明,在一定密度范围内,随着泡沫密度的上升,泡沫的氧指数、压缩强度逐渐升高,导热系数先升高后降低,尺寸稳定性先变差后变好。     

Water-blown rigid and flexible polyurethane foams containing epoxidized soybean oil triglycerides

Both rigid and flexible water-blown polyurethane foams were made by replacing 0–50% of Voranol® 490 for rigid foams and Voranol® 4701 for flexible foams in the B-side of foam formulation by epoxidized soybean oil. For rigid water-blown polyurethane foams, density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity were measured. Although there were no significant changes in density, compressive strength decreased and thermal conductivity decreased first and then increased with increasing epoxidized soybean oil. For flexible water-blown polyurethane foams, density, 50% compression force deflection, 50% constant force deflection, and resilience of foams were measured. Density decreased first and then increased, no changes in 50% compression force deflection first and then increased, increasing 50% constant force deflection, and decreasing resilience with increase in epoxidized soybean oil. It appears that up to 20% of Voranol® 490 could be replaced by epoxidized soybean oil in rigid polyurethane foams. When replacing up to 20% of Voranol® 4701 by epoxidized soybean oil in flexible polyurethane foams, density and 50% compression deflection properties were similar or better than control, but resilience and 50% constant deflection compression properties were inferior. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

三乙醇胺对硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料性能的影响研究

制备了孔径约0.5 mm的全水发泡硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料。研究了三乙醇胺(TEA)用量对聚氨酯泡沫塑料发泡时间、表观密度、导热性能、力学性能等的影响规律。TEA是体系反应的催化剂,随着TEA含量增大后发泡时间变短。TEA含量少于7份时,发泡反应强于凝胶反应,制品泡孔直径随着其含量增加而变大,表观密度、热导率、压缩强度、拉伸强度和弯曲强度下降,断裂伸长率上升。TEA含量大于7份时,交联作用占主要地位,制品泡孔直径随着其含量增加而变小,表观密度、热导率、压缩强度、拉伸强度和弯曲强度上升。热失重分析也表明TEA含量大于7份后产生了交联作用。     

阻燃聚氨酯硬泡的研究进展简

本文介绍了聚氨酯硬泡的阻燃必要性及硬质聚氨酯泡沫中常用的阻燃剂,并展望了阻燃聚氨酯硬泡的发展前景.     

硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的泡沫流动性研究

定量研究了聚醚、F_(11)用量、水分、催化剂、匀泡剂对泡沫流动性的影响。实验结果表明:聚醚、催化剂、匀泡剂对泡沫流动性的影响是显著的,水分对泡沫流动性影响十分敏感,F_(11)用量对泡沫流动性影响有一个转折点,催化剂用量和匀泡剂用量对泡沫流动性影响不大。     

Effects of ammonium polyphosphate microencapsulated on flame retardant and mechanical properties of the rigid polyurethane foam

In this article, a flame retardant microcapsule ammonium polyphosphate microencapsulated by polyurea (POAPP) was successfully synthesized by interfacial polymerization method using ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as core and polyurea as shell. The microencapsulation is observed by scanning electron microscopy and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and hydroscopicity test, which prove the success in synthesizing microencapsulation. When the POAPP is added into rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), the flame retardant and mechanical properties are investigated using cone calorimeter, limited oxygen index test, and compressive strength test. The PHRR of RPUF-POAPP20 decreased from 336.52 kW/m² (Ref. RPUF) to 203.84 kW/m² and the THR of RPUF-POAPP20 was only 7.6 MJ/m², which is 33.9% lower than that of Ref. RPUF. Furthermore, the limiting oxygen index of RPUF-POAPP20 reaches 24.8%, which increased by 36.3% compared to Ref. RPUF. Whereas the maximum compressive strength of RPUF-POAPP5 was 7.46 MPa, which is higher than that of RPUF-APP5.     

聚氨酯硬泡改性研究的新进展

综述了颗粒填充,纤维增强,多孔无机材料增强,原料替代等聚氨酯硬泡改性研究的最新进展,指出了聚氨酯硬泡改性的发展趋势,即大力发展易于降解和回收的聚氨酯硬泡,开发出性能好的新型纳米级增强材料,研究出综合性能优异的多元复合材料。     

硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料研究进展

介绍了合成硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的主要原料,包括主体成分和发泡剂、泡沫稳定剂等;对硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的物理性能,如力学性能、阻燃性能、老化性能等及其在工程上的应用情况进行了综述。