野生与池养刀鲚肌肉品质特性及抗氧化性的比较分析

比较研究了野生和池养刀鲚（Coilia nasus）肌肉营养成分组成、质构特性和抗氧化特性。结果显示,野生刀鲚肌肉中水分、羟脯氨酸、胶原蛋白含量以及胶原蛋白/总蛋白比值均显著低于池养型,而脂肪含量则显著提高;两者的蛋白质含量、pH均无显著性差异;池养刀鲚肌肉弹性、硬度、咀嚼度、胶着性相较于野生型呈上升趋势,但无统计学差异。野生刀鲚肌肉中SOD、CAT、T-AOC、MDA、GSH-PX、iNOS、GSH/GSSG均显著高于池养型。表明野生和池养刀鲚营养品质存在差异,建议在人工养殖刀鲚中应该注意饵料的种类和丰度,其养殖模式有待进一步改善。     

肌内脂肪与背最长肌肉质、脂肪酸组成的关系

研究肌内脂肪（IMF）含量与肉质以及脂肪酸含量和组成比例之间的关系。以北京黑猪背最长肌（n=20）为实验材料,测定肌内脂肪含量、肉质以及脂肪酸含量和组成。结果显示,肌内脂肪含量与滴水损失呈显著正相关（p<0.05）,与蒸煮损失、剪切力、肉色的相关性不显著（p>0.05）。随着肌内脂肪含量升高,除长链多不饱和脂肪酸(C_20:3n6、C_20:4n6)以外的大多数脂肪酸含量增加,相对比例也上升;多不饱和脂肪酸的含量增加,但是相对比例下降;长链多不饱和脂肪酸的含量和相对比例都降低。随着肌内脂肪含量的升高,饱和脂肪酸（SFA）和单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）的含量升高,回归方程斜率分别为197.3和248.31,多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）增加的幅度不大,回归方程的斜率为11.43。结果提示:肌内脂肪含量较低时（本实验平均值2.86%）,对肉质的影响不显著。随着肌内脂肪含量升高,总脂肪酸含量（TFA）增加,主要归因于SFA和MUFA含量的增加。PUFA的含量相对稳定,受肌内脂肪含量变化的影响较小。      

Composition of total,neutral and phospholipids in wild and farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) in the Brazilian Amazon area

BACKGROUND: Fishing is a traditional extractive activity in the Amazonian region, representing an important factor in the economy of the area. The wet and dry cycles cause extreme changes in the chemical composition of the water. This study aimed to investigate the fatty acid composition of the total lipid (TL), neutral lipid (NL) and phospholipid (PL) fractions of the dorsal muscle, orbital cavity and abdominal cavity fat of farmed and wild tambaqui in the Amazon area captured in different seasons. RESULTS: Fatty acids were analyzed by high‐resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Sixty‐one fatty6 acids were detected in the TL, 67 in the NL and 58 in the PL. The main fatty acids found in the TL, NL and PL of farmed and wild fish were oleic, palmitic, stearic and linoleic acids. Higher levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were observed in PL compared with NL. No distinctions in the quantity of these fractions between dorsal muscle and orbital cavity were found. CONCLUSION: The season had a significant influence on TL and fatty acid composition. Fish caught in the wild are considered superior for consumption. The seasonal characteristics of the Amazon influenced the composition of fatty acid composition in the species. Fish captured during the dry season showed a higher percentage of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

金钱鱼肌肉营养成分的分析和评价

为了解金钱鱼（Scatophagu sargus）肌肉的营养价值,采用生化分析手段对生态养殖的2龄金钱鱼进行肌肉营养成分分析和品质评价。结果显示,金钱鱼的肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量分别为72.99%、18.63%、5.13%和1.29%。18种被检出的常见氨基酸中含量最高的4种氨基酸依次分别为谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、赖氨酸和亮氨酸;肌肉干样中氨基酸总量（TAA）、必需氨基酸（EAA）、半必需氨基酸（HEAA）和鲜味氨基酸（DAA）分别为68.99%、26.92%、6.13%和25.38%;EAA/TAA（39.01%）和EAA/NEAA（74.88%）接近于FAO/WHO模式中高质量蛋白质对EAA/TAA的要求（40%左右）和大大超过对EAA/NEAA的要求（60%以上）;DAA/TAA为36.80%;根据氨基酸评分（AAS）,第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别是缬氨酸和异亮氨酸,而根据化学评分（CS）,其第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别是色氨酸和缬氨酸;其必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）、支链氨基酸与芳香族氨基酸的比值（F值）分别为61.41和2.22。肌肉干样中检出7种饱和脂肪酸（SFA）、6种单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）和11种多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）;∑SFA、∑MUFA、∑PUFA、∑n3PUFA、EPA+DHA和∑n6PUFA分别为38.27%、34.63%、27.09%、10.11%、7.30%和15.45%,∑SFA/∑UFA和∑n3PUFA/∑n6PUFA分别为0.62和0.65。研究表明,金钱鱼是一种营养价值较高、味道鲜美的优质鱼类,且有一定的保健作用。      

蛋氨酸及其羟基类似物对肉鸡肌肉蛋白质合成及质构特性的影响

目的:比较研究了DL-蛋氨酸（DLM）和蛋氨酸羟基类似物（HMTBA）对肉鸡肌肉蛋白质合成及质构特性的影响。方法:105只1日龄雄性罗斯肉鸡（约49g）随机分为对照组（饲喂基础日粮）和实验组（0.1%DLM组、0.3%DLM组、0.1%HMTBA组以及0.3%HMTBA组,DLM和HMTBA前期添加剂量为0.1%和0.3%,后期添加剂量为0.08%和0.24%）,共7个处理组,每组3个重复,每个重复5只鸡。结果:饲喂0.3%HMTBA可显著提高肉鸡日增重、腿肌重及腿肌率（p<0.05）;与对照组相比,添加0.1%DLM、0.1%HMTBA以及0.3%HTBA可显著提高肌肉RNA含量、蛋白质含量以及RNA/Protein比值（CS）（p<0.05）,且HMTBA效果优于DLM;添加0.3%HMTBA可显著提高肌肉葡萄糖含量及ATPase水平（p<0.05）,显著降低肌肉糖原含量以及肌肉失水率、硬度、咀嚼度和粘结性（p<0.05）。结论:与DLM相比,HMTBA可更好地促进肉鸡肌肉生长,提高肌肉蛋白质合成,具有改善肌肉质构特性,提高肌肉品质的功能。      

Fatty acid composition of total lipids,neutral lipids and phospholipids in wild and farmed matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) in the Brazilian Amazon area

BACKGROUND: The chemical composition of Amazonian fish is extremely variable, being influenced by the season and the type and amount of food. A special interest in the fish oil composition has been developed owing to the presence of essential fatty acids, since this is directly related to human health. This study aimed to investigate the fatty acid composition (FAC) of the total lipid (TL), neutral lipid (NL) and phospholipid (PL) fractions of the dorsal muscle and orbital cavity of farmed and wild matrinxã in the Amazon area captured in different seasons. RESULTS: Fatty acids (FA) were analysed by high‐resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Sixty‐five FA were detected in the TL, 66 in the NL and 55 in the PL. The main FA found in farmed and wild fish were oleic, palmitic, stearic and linoleic acids. No distinctions in the quality or quantity of these fractions between dorsal muscle and orbital cavity were found. CONCLUSION: The season had a significant influence on the TL and FAC. Fish captured during the dry season showed lower levels of lipid and a higher percentage of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Matrinxã farmed in a semi‐intensive system showed a nutritional quality comparable to that of wild matrinxã captured in the wet season. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Temporal variation in muscle fibre area,gaping, texture,colour and collagen in triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L)

Diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon were reared for 32 months in seawater, from October 1998 to January 2000. During this period of time, four samplings were taken to study differences in quality traits and chemical components in the flesh between diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. Season was found to be the dominant factor explaining the variation in flesh quality traits in both triploid and diploid fish. Ploidy affected the majority of investigated variables while body size had lesser impact. Triploid Atlantic salmon had fewer small muscle fibres and up to 23% larger mean cross‐sectional muscle fibre area than diploids. Triploids also displayed more gaping, softer fillet texture, lower post mortem end pH, darker (L value) and redder (a value) flesh colour, and more soluble and less insoluble collagen compared with diploid fish. No effect of ploidy was found on crude chemical composition. Furthermore, a negative relationship was found between gaping score and muscle fibre area, and a weak positive correlation was found between fibre density and texture firmness. However, when body size and sampling time was included in the statistical model, this relationship between gaping and fibre area became very weak, and the relationship between texture and fibre area was completely negated. This suggests that intra‐species variation in both texture and gaping is more related to season and body size than to average muscle fibre area size. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparison of wild and cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata); composition, appearance and seasonal variations

Major quality parameters, such as muscle composition, fat deposition, muscle fatty acid composition and external appearance were studied in wild and cultured gilthead sea bream. Muscle fat content and total depot fat (peritoneal and perivisceral fat) indicated a seasonal variation with minimum values observed in late spring and maximum in late summer. Gonadosomatic indices of cultured fish were lower than those found in wild specimens. Lipid content of cultured sea bream was much higher than that of wild fish. Differences were also observed in fatty acid profiles. Cultured fish were characterized by higher levels of monoenes, n-9 and 18:2n-6 fatty acids and wild fish by higher levels of saturates, 20:4n-6, n-3 fatty acids and n-3/n-6 ratios. Differences were also noted in the external appearance of fish.     

Distribution of lipids and trace minerals in different muscle sites of farmed and wild turbot (Psetta maxima)

Lipid and trace mineral composition were studied in different sites of the edible flesh of farmed and wild turbot (Psetta maxima). Lipid matter (total content, sterols, tocopherols) showed to accumulate in the edge zone (EZ), except for phospholipid (PL), which provided a distribution that was found to be independent from the kind of turbot and the zone considered. Fatty acid composition of total lipids showed a non‐homogeneous distribution, as the EZ exhibited a different fatty acid group composition (higher monounsaturated and lower polyunsaturated and ω3/ω6 ratio values) than the other zones considered; fewer differences were observed by considering the PL fatty acid composition. Most minerals (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn and Se) studied showed to be homogeneously distributed along the muscle sites of the wild fish, while more differences were obtained when considering the farmed one. For both kinds of turbots, the most important difference was obtained in the case of Zn, as a largely higher content in the EZ than in the other zones was detected. A close relationship between Zn and total lipid contents (r² = 0.90 and 0.76 for farmed and wild turbots, respectively) was observed.     

欧洲肉鸽与其他畜禽肉品质及主要营养成分比较分析

目的测定欧洲肉鸽胸肌肉的常规肉品质(肉色、p H、失水率和剪切力)和主要营养成分(蛋白、脂肪、氨基酸和脂肪酸)。方法使用色差仪、p H计、膨胀仪、肌肉嫩度仪等测定品质指标,参照国标方法和常用方法测定营养成分,并与其他禽肉进行比较分析。结果与其他常规畜禽肉相比,欧洲肉鸽肉色偏红偏暗,p H适中,失水率最高,剪切力最低;鸽肉的水分含量高于其他肉类,蛋白质含量最高为20.5%,脂肪含量最低仅2.7%;鸽肉中氨基酸含量丰富,必需氨基酸含量占40.80%,鲜味氨基酸含量占43.42%,均高于其他畜禽肉;鸽肉中脂肪酸种类丰富(11种),所含多不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,其中亚油酸的含量明显高于其他畜禽肉类。结论欧洲肉鸽色泽红润,滑嫩多汁,氨基酸含量丰富,脂肪酸组成优化,是一种高蛋白、低脂肪的理想型食用肉类。     

HACCP系统在冷却肉生产及品质控制中的应用

HACCP是一种预防性品质控制系统,探讨了HACCP体系的原理及其在冷却肉生产及品质控制中的实施和应用。结果表明:在冷却肉的生产中,通过对收猪系留、去除内脏、冲洗、冷藏4个关键控制点实施监控,能够有效地确保冷却肉的品质与安全。     

Comparative study of proximate composition and amino acid in farmed and wild Pseudobagrus ussuriensis muscles

The proximate composition and amino acid compositions of the muscle of wild and farmed Pseudobagrus ussuriensis were compared. The lipid content of the farmed fish was significantly higher, while moisture content was significantly lower, than those of the wild fish. Pseudobagrus ussuriensis protein has a well‐balanced amino acid composition. The percentages of total amino acids, essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids and delicious amino acids were significantly higher in the wild than those in farmed fish. The ratios of W_EAA to W_TAA (42.78%–43.02%) and W_EAA to W_NEAA (85.52%–87.74%) were comparable to the reference values of 40% and above 60% recommended by FAO/WHO. According to the amino acid scores, methionine would have been described as the first limiting amino acid, and Lys had the highest score for the protein in both wild and farmed Pseudobagrus ussuriensis. This study shows that Pseudobagrus ussuriensis under investigation have high nutritional qualities and are good protein resources.     

Composition and quality attributes of conventionally and organically farmed Pangasius fillets (Pangasius hypophthalmus) on the German market

A range of conventionally and organically farmed Pangasius or sutchi catfish fillets available on the German market were analysed to compare both composition and quality. Differentiation of Pangasius hypophthalmus from Pangasius bocourti was achieved by RFLP-SSCP analysis. The protein content of conventionally farmed fillets ranged between 13.3 and 15.7%, whereas organically produced fillets had significantly higher protein contents of between 17.0 and 17.4%. No difference in the fat content between farming methods was observed, which varied between 1.4 and 3.2%. Polyunsaturated fatty acids represented about 24% of the total fatty acids with a high level of linoleic acid. The comparison of the proximate composition indicated that water was added to most of the conventionally farmed products, in different amounts, as well as water-binding capacity enhancing additives. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to demonstrate the presence of polyphosphate on muscle proteins. Differences in texture, water-binding capacity and colour are discussed.     

Comparison of proximate composition,amino acid and fatty acid profiles in wild,pond‐ and cage‐cultured longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris)

The proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles in the fillets of wild, pond‐ and cage‐cultured longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris) were determined to identify nutritional differences. Wild fish showed higher (P < 0.05) moisture and viscerosomatic index (VSI), but lower (P < 0.05) protein, ash and gross energy than cage‐cultured fish. Pond‐cultured fish contained lower (P < 0.05) protein and ash contents, but higher VSI compared to cage‐cultured fish. The amino acid of glycine content was higher (P < 0.05) in wild fish than in pond‐ and cage‐cultured fish. Most of the fatty acids had a significant difference among all fish groups. The percentages of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑ PUFAs) were higher (P < 0.05) in wild and pond‐cultured fish than in cage‐cultured fish. Pond‐cultured fish had higher (P < 0.05) ∑ n‐3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahxaenoic acid (DHA) and ∑ n‐3/∑ n‐6 PUFAs ratio than wild and cage‐cultured fish. The differences among the wild, pond‐ and cage‐cultured fish may be attributed to dietary components and environmental conditions of the fish.     

Lipid distribution and composition of commercially farmed atlantic salmon (salmosalar)

Skin, red and white muscle, belly flap, dorsal fat depot, backbone, head, visceral tissue and liver of commercially farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were analysed for total lipid content, lipid classes and fatty acid composition. The fat is deposited in a number of tissues and organs with the highest level in the dorsal fat depot (38.4% of wet weight), red muscle (27.2%) and belly flap (28.1%). The fat content in white muscle is 9.6% of wet weight. The lipid class distribution is nearly uniform throughout the fish body. The belly flap contains the highest amount of triacylglycerols (98.8% of total lipid) and white muscle and visceral tissue have the lowest levels, 93.3% and 93.1%, respectively. The variation in total saturates, monoenes, polyenes, n-6 and n-3 fatty acids was much less between tissues than the variation in total lipid content. In the edible part, the belly flap (16.7%) contained significantly lower levels of n-3 fatty acids than red (18.4%) and white muscle (19.7%) mainly due to lower level of 22: 6n-3 and 20: 5n-3 fatty acids.     

Characteristics of fruit and oil of terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L) growing wild in Turkey

Nutrients and physical properties were determined in terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L) fruits from ?çel, Turkey to investigate their potential uses. Ripe fruits were evaluated for moisture, crude protein, crude oil, crude fibre, crude energy, ash, HCl‐insoluble ash, essential oil yield, dimethyl sulphite, weight and width/length ratio. Relative density, refractive index, free fatty acids, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification number, unsaponifiable matter and carotenoid content were determined in the fruit oil. The main fatty acids identified by gas chromatography were oleic (52.3%), palmitic (21.3%) and linoleic (19.7%) acids. Contents of Na, K, P, Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn, Li, Ni, Pb, S, Se, Cd, Co, Cr, Sr, Ti, V, Ag, Al, As, B, Ba and Bi were also determined in the fruits. The fruits were found to be rich in protein, oil, fibre, unsaturated fatty acids and minerals, suggesting that they may be valuable for food uses. The data may also be useful for the evaluation of nutritional information. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同日龄和性别白羽王鸽肉品质、主要营养成分及肌纤维特性的比较研究

目的比较研究不同日龄和性别白羽王鸽胸肌肉的常规肉品质、主要营养成分和肌纤维特性。方法随机选取健康28日龄乳鸽、600日龄左右老鸽公(♂)母(♀)各30只,屠宰取胸肌待测。使用色差仪、pH计、膨胀仪、肌肉嫩度仪等测定常规肉品质指标,参照国标方法测定营养成分,制作石蜡切片并通过生物显微镜观察肌纤维特性。结果乳鸽胸肌肉肉色a值和b值均极显著高于老鸽(P0.01);乳鸽胸肌肉pH高于老鸽,且乳鸽(♂)显著高于老鸽(♂)(P0.05);不同日龄和性别对白羽王鸽胸肌肉失水率没有显著影响(P0.05);老鸽胸肌肉剪切力大于乳鸽,且老鸽(♂)显著大于乳鸽(♀)(P0.05)。不同日龄和性别白羽王鸽胸肌肉水分含量无显著差异(P0.05),蛋白质和脂肪含量有显著差异(P0.05);蛋白质和脂肪含量:老鸽(♀)老鸽(♂)乳鸽(♀)乳鸽(♂)。乳鸽胸肌肉肌纤维饱满致密,老鸽细且纤维之间的空隙较大。老鸽胸肌肉的肌纤维密度极显著高于乳鸽(P0.01),肌纤维直径极显著低于乳鸽(P0.01);相同日龄公母鸽胸肌肉肌纤维密度和肌纤维直径没有显著差异(P0.05)。结论性别仅对白羽王鸽胸肌肉中蛋白质和脂肪的沉积有影响,对常规肉品质和肌纤维特性影响不大。日龄对白羽王鸽胸肌肉的肉品质、微观结构和化学成分均有影响。乳鸽肉色红润,肉质鲜嫩,肌纤维饱满,脂肪含量低;老鸽肌纤维细密,肌间脂肪和蛋白含量高。