Relation between Development of Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Sintered NdDyFeB Magnets

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焊接接头显微组织模型的研究及发展趋势

在焊接工艺中,焊件的质量在很大程度上取决于焊接接头的微观组织形态,模拟显微组织的形成过程、组织类型及存在状态可以对焊件的力学性能进行预测,实现化学成分、组织和性能的定量分析,从而优化工艺参数,提高焊件质量。阐述了建立焊件显微组织模型的主要研究内容及国内外发展动态,概括介绍了模拟显微组织所用的方法和手段,并提出了显微组织模拟的发展趋势及今后研究的主要任务。     

Through-process simulation of texture and properties during the thermomechanical processing of aluminium sheets

Computer-based alloy and process development requires the integration of models for simulating the evolution of microstructure, microchemistry and crystallographic texture into process models of the thermomechanical production of Al sheet. In this paper, a softening model simulating the progress of recovery and recrystallization and the following texture changes is linked to deformation and microchemistry models. The possibility of such coupled simulations is illustrated by way of the thermomechanical processing of Al–Mn–Mg AA 3104 can stock. In particular, the impact of inter-stand recrystallization between the tandem hot rolling passes as well as recrystallization during coil cooling (“self-annealing”) on the resulting hot strip and final gauge textures are explored. Finally, the predicted textures are input into a polycrystal–plasticity model to simulate anisotropic properties (earing behaviour) of the sheets. Thus, it is possible to link the materials properties at final gauge to the decisive steps of deformation and recrystallization along the thermomechanical process chain.     

Relating additively manufactured part tensile properties to thermal metrics

This study examines the relationship between thermal histories obtained via IR imagery and final local mechanical properties in Inconel 718 walls built via directed energy deposition. Four processing conditions were designed to provide distinct thermal histories in twelve built walls. Mechanical properties were obtained from miniature tensile samples cut from various locations within each wall. The work identified two critical temperature ranges associated with microstructure evolution and demonstrated the capability to predict properties based on time spent in the two ranges, paving the way for future process control.     

Predictions of the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Evolution of High Strength Steel in Hot Stamping

Hot stamping is an innovative operation in metal-forming processes which virtually avoids the cracking and wrinkling of high strength steel (HSS) sheets. Examining the phase transformation and mechanical properties of HSS by means of experiments is challenging. In this article, a numerical model of the hot stamping process including forming, quenching, and air cooling was developed to reveal the microstructure evolution and to predict the final mechanical properties of hot-stamped components after multi-process cycles. The effects of the number of process cycles and the holding times on the temperature of HSS were examined using the model. The microstructure evolution of HSS under variable holding times is illustrated. The mechanical properties, particularly hardness and tensile strength, were predicted. It was found that the martensitic content increased with increasing holding time, and the martensitic content of the formed component at the flange and end was higher than for the sidewall, and lowest for the bottom. The hardness trend was consistent with the martensitic content. After six process cycles, the predictive errors of the model for hardness and tensile strength were acceptable for practical applications in engineering. Comparison between the predicted results and the experiment results showed that the developed model was reliable.     

The effect of globular microstructure size on the mechanical properties in reheating process of aluminum alloys

One of the important steps in semi-solid forming is the process of reheating raw materials to the semi-solid state. This process is not only necessary to achieve the required semi-solid state of the billet, but also to control the microstructure of the billet. In the reheating process, the globule size is determined by the holding time of the final reheating step. Therefore, some experiments to investigate the relationship between the mechanical properties and the holding time in the last heating step were performed. The alloys used in this experiment were 357, 319, and A390 alloys. The experiments of reheating were performed using an induction heating system with a capacity of 50 kW. This article shows the evolution of the microstructure according to the holding time of the last reheating stage. Furthermore, to evaluate the effect of globule size as determined by holding time of the final reheating step, uniaxial tension tests were performed. The stress-strain curves were plotted according to the holding time, and a relationship between the microstructure and the flow stress of semi-solid material was formulated.     

Microstructure Modeling of a Ni-Fe-Based Superalloy During the Rotary Forging Process

The microstructure evolution of Ni-Fe superalloys has a great influence on the mechanical behavior during service conditions. The rotary forging process offers an alternative to conventional bulk forming processes where the parts can be rotary forged with a fraction of the force commonly needed by conventional forging techniques. In this investigation, a numerical modeling of microstructure evolution for design and optimization of the hot forging operations has been used to manufacture a heat-resistant nickel-based superalloy. An Avrami model was implemented into finite element commercial platform DEFORM 3D to evaluate the average grain size and recrystallization during the rotary forging process. The simulations were carried out considering three initial temperatures, 980, 1000, and 1050 °C, to obtain the microstructure behavior after rotary forging. The final average grain size of one case was validated by comparing with results of previous experimental work of disk forging operation. This investigation was aimed to explore the influence of the rotary forging process on microstructure evolution in order to obtain a homogenous and refined grain size in the final component.     

温热精密成形微观组织模拟研究

金属在温热成形过程中的微观组织演化是影响产品力学性能的关键因素，本文系统介绍了材料温热成形组织演化的物理模拟、有限元数值模拟的研究内容及方法。     

锻造成形微观组织优化建模及应用

以锻件晶粒度分布的均匀性与细小化为目标,建立了锻造变形过程的微观组织演变模型,并给出了优化目标函数表达式。采用刚塑性有限元和遗传优化算法相结合,开发了微观组织模拟与优化软件,并对典型的圆柱体镦粗工艺过程进行了微观组织模拟与优化。优化结果表明,影响变形均匀性的摩擦因素显著影响成形后的微观组织晶粒度的分布均匀性和细小化,同时对其它工艺因素的优化也能一定程度地实现对最终锻件组织均匀和细小化的控制。研究结果表明,在有限元数值模拟基础上建立微观遗传优化算法,能够对锻造等金属体积成形过程中的工艺参数与材料状态参数等实施优化,以达到通过控制成形工艺因素来优化微观组织,而实现提高产品性能的目的。     

TA15钛合金焊接热影响区组织演变的数值模拟

基于相变热力学和动力学经典理论,构建了TA15焊接热影响区β-α相变组织演变元胞自动机模型,并将其应用于不同焊接热影响区位置不同冷却速度的TA15组织演变模拟.该模型考虑了冷却速度对相变过冷度和固溶体溶解度、相变形核率以及相界面迁移率的影响,充分体现了焊接快速冷却过程的相变组织演变规律,计算结果表明,在临界冷却速度范围内,冷却速度越快,扩散型相变组织产物越细小,新相长大速度越快,但最终相变分数降低.综合考虑工艺、组织与力学性能的关系,通过模拟获得最佳焊接工艺应为中等热输入.     

Microstructural evolution of 9Cr–1Mo deposited metal subjected to weld heating

The microstructural evolution and the final microstructure of 9Cr–1Mo deposited metal in as-welded condition are analyzed and discussed in this paper. The concept of “weld bead heat affected zone” (WBHAZ) is proposed. Different zones of WBHAZ are in different temperature interval during weld heating. The microstructures in different zones are observed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The type and the process of phase transformation taking place in different zones of WBHAZ are established according to the thermal cycles they were subjected to. Based on these studies, the microstructural evolution process and the microstructure of 9Cr–1Mo deposited metal are deduced. This research will provide foundation for analyzing the microstructural features in as-welded condition, the microstructural evolution of 9Cr–1Mo or other Cr–Mo deposited metal after post-weld heat treatment and in the long-term operations at elevated temperature.     

Texture Optimization for Intermediate Si-Containing Non-oriented Electrical Steel

Columnar grains can be obtained by decarburization annealing in the two-phase region of Si-containing non-oriented electrical steel under wet-mixed atmosphere. However, iron oxidation or oxidation of alloying elements on the surface hinders the decarburization process and, consequently, the preferred microstructure and texture evolution. This study aims to optimize the texture and obtain excellent magnetic properties in intermediate Si-containing non-oriented electrical steel by process adjustments, such as final annealing under pure hydrogen atmosphere and coarsening initial microstructure by hot-band annealing. First, pure hydrogen atmosphere is used to weaken the surface oxidation layer and to promote the effect of anisotropic strain energy. Driven by anisotropic strain energy during phase transformation, a number of {100}-nearly oriented columnar grains are obtained. Second, high amounts of non-gamma fiber-oriented recrystallized grains, which strongly influence the final transformation texture, are observed during the rapid heating process in the final annealing because of the coarse initial microstructure. Non-gamma fiber-oriented grains grow from the surface into the center layer along the normal direction and form poor columnar grains by carbon diffusion during slow austenite to ferrite (γ → α) transformation in final annealing under pure hydrogen atmosphere. A notable increase in magnetic properties is observed, with magnetic induction at 5000/Am (B ₅₀) above 1.76 T and core loss at 1.5 T by 50 Hz (P _15/50) below 2.6 W/kg.     

快速加热和短时保温对22MnB5钢组织与性能的影响

将快速加热、短时间保温及快速冷却的快速热处理方法应用于钢的热成形工艺中,利用连续退火试验机对材料热处理过程进行模拟试验,研究不同工艺参数下22MnB5钢相变点的变化规律以及组织与性能的演变规律,并揭示其机理。结果表明,加热速率增大提高了相变点温度,加热温度需要大于950 ℃才能保证完全奥氏体化。传统热成形工艺最终组织为全马氏体结构,而快速热处理工艺为马氏体、贝氏体和未溶碳化物共同组成的组织,且晶粒尺寸从11.50 μm细化至7.60 μm。在1000 ℃保温10 s时力学性能表现较好,此时抗拉强度相较于传统热成形工艺略有提高,且伸长率从6.39%提高至8.44%,产生这种具有优异性能的组织构成的原因与快速加热和短时间保温导致的成分不均匀有关。     

Build Strategy Investigation of Ti-6Al-4V Produced Via a Hybrid Manufacturing Process

Hybrid manufacturing (HM), which integrates additive and subtractive manufacturing in one system, has become a popular choice for near-net-shape fabrication of complex parts. Although HM systems have been investigated for decades with major efforts on hardware and motion control system development, less work has been done in the exploration of relationships between microstructure evolution and the HM processing parameters. Here, Ti-6Al-4V thin-wall structures are fabricated according to a design of experiments matrix that includes four main HM processing parameters: layer height, powder feed rate, input energy density, and preheat condition. Optical microscopy is used to characterize the microstructure and relate it to the final part mechanical properties using Vickers hardness test and tensile test. Finite element analysis is applied to predict transient temperature history in the HM process and to help understand the microstructure type formation.     

消除应力回火对30CrMnSiNi2A真空电子束焊接头组织和力学性能的影响

针对30CrMnSiNi2A超高强度钢结构件真空电子束焊后消除应力回火工艺,开展了重复回火对锁底焊接接头最终热处理状态的组织与力学性能影响研究。试验结果表明,焊接零件分别经过一次、三次消除应力回火,其最终态拉伸性能与直接最终热处理30CrMnSiNi2A原材料相比有少量提升,同时焊缝的拉伸性能略高于母材;原材料、一次消除应力焊件、三次消除应力回火焊件终态显微组织均为板条状马氏体,除组织均匀性和马氏体形貌略微变化外,无显著的组织及成分差异;相比于母材的疲劳极限,一次消除应力回火接头疲劳极限降低了11%,三次消除应力回火接头疲劳极限降低了18%。     

Progress on modeling and simulation of directional solidification of superalloy turbine blade casting

Directional solidified turbine blades of Ni-based superalloy are widely used as key parts of the gas turbine engines.The mechanical properties of the blade are greatly influenced by the final microstructure and the grain orientation determined directly by the grain selector geometry of the casting.In this paper,mathematical models were proposed for three dimensional simulation of the grain growth and microstructure evolution in directional solidification of turbine blade casting.Ray-tracing method was applied to calculate the temperature variation of the blade.Based on the thermo model of heat transfer,the competitive grain growth within the starter block and the spiral of the grain selector,the grain growth in the blade and the microstructure evolution were simulated via a modified Cellular Automaton method.Validation experiments were carried out,and the measured results were compared quantitatively with the predicted results.The simulated cooling curves and microstructures corresponded well with the experimental results.The proposed models could be used to predict the grain morphology and the competitive grain evolution during directional solidification.     

Peculiar effects of microwave sintering on ZnO based varistors properties

Non-ohmic properties of doped zinc oxide are widely used in varistors applications. It is well established that final properties of the component are strongly correlated with reactivity of the added phases during sintering process and with final microstructure. In this paper, the specific effects of the hybrid single-mode microwave sintering process on the microstructure and electrical properties of a ZnO-based composition are investigated. Nano-sized ZnO-based powder with a proper amount of Bi₂O₃, Sb₂O₃, CoO and MnO is synthesized by a liquid route and is sintered within a short time (less than 10 min) in a conventional (CV) or by an hybrid single-mode microwave (MW) furnaces. Distinct differences can be seen in the density, reaction kinetics and dopant diffusivity: higher kinetics of MW leads to denser pellet, faster reaction among dopants and faster diffusion of cobalt and manganese into ZnO grains although grain sizes are almost identical between CV and MW. These differences in terms of chemistry and microstructure lead to sharp contrasts in electrical properties.     

The welding application of high strength steels used in engineering machinery

With the rapid development of low alloy steel strength level, more problems caused by welding are exposed day by day. Recently, the efforts have been paid to improve or enchance the low toughness of heated affected zone and welded metal which can enchance the comprehensive mechanical properties that is the core scientific problems of its safe operation by researching crack initiation and crack propragation attracted a rapidly growing interest. This article focuses on the research status and progress of welding technology and joint microstructure and properties of advanced steel materials. The influence of shielding gas on the microstructure evolution of deposited metals,the effect heat input of welded joint performance, interpass temperature and alloy elements on welded joints microstructure and M-A constituent evolution and properties are reviewed in detail. And for the heat affected zone, the grain size and microstructure as well as the shape,size, and distribution of M-A constituent, have a significant impact on the impact toughness. This paper is an attempt to review the effect of different welding process parameters on welded metal and HAZ of HSLA steels.     

Micro and macro mechanical characterization of friction stir welded Ti–6Al–4V lap joints through experiments and numerical simulation

Lap joints of Ti–6Al–4V were produced and the effect of the main process parameters was studied through macro and micro investigations highlighting mechanical resistance, microhardness profiles, grain size and phase distributions. A dedicated numerical model was used to link the input process parameters to temperature and strain distributions and to the final microstructure in the welded joint. It is found that the strain produced in the stir zone by proper combination of process parameters plays a fundamental role in the final microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints.