Discrete event diagnosis using labeled Petri nets. An application to manufacturing systems

In this paper an approach to on-line diagnosis of discrete event systems based on labeled Petri nets is presented. The approach is based on the notion of basis markings and justifications and it can be applied both to bounded and unbounded Petri nets whose unobservable subnet is acyclic. Moreover it is shown that, in the case of bounded Petri nets, the most burdensome part of the procedure may be moved off-line, computing a particular graph called Basis Reachability Graph.Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed procedure is analyzed applying a MATLAB diagnosis toolbox we developed to a manufacturing example taken from the literature.     

基于有色Petri网的机械系统故障诊断研究

故障诊断对于机械系统的使用与维护起着重要的作用;为了提高机械系统故障诊断的效率以及直观性,提出了一种使用基于知识的故障诊断方法,即使用有色Petri网诊断方法建立一种通用机械系统故障诊断模型并进行分析;针对数控机床液压元件故障这一案例,首先获取其故障来源建立故障树;其次在故障树基础上运用有色Petri网建模工具CPNTools建立有色Petri网模型;最后对模型进行了仿真分析以模拟故障的传递,进行状态空间分析以判断模型安全性,结果表明所提出的建模方法能够使得故障传递更加直观化,快速了解故障的发展趋势,并表明此模型有着较强的易用性以及通用性。     

基于概率Petri网的故障诊断模型研究

为解决不确定条件下的故障诊断问题,在传统Petri网基础上,引入概率理论,提出了概率Petri网的概念;概率Petri网将事件发生的概率及其逻辑推理过程引入Petri网的设计及矩阵运算中,以反映事件转换过程中发生的可能性。针对概率Petri网特点,故障诊断模型的设计建立在根据简化样本集获取的诊断规则基础上,以避免复杂系统建模时出现的组合爆炸问题,诊断规则的获取可以有效推广故障诊断范围,使其不仅仅局限于样本集;同时,针对诊断规则的形式,定义并提出将诊断规则转换为标准基本规则序列,便于模型的程序化设计。通过旋转机械故障诊断的示例证明了这种方法的可行性与有效性。     

基于随机对象Petri网的柔性制造系统性能分析

为了增强传统对象Petri网的定量分析能力,提出随机对象Petri网模型。该模型具备随机性和层次特性,获得与随机Petri网的等价关系,从宏观和微观2个层面对系统进行性能分析,并将该模型应用到柔性制造系统中。实验结果表明,该系统保留了面向对象的建模能力,具有较强的定量分析能力。     

Qualitative Diagnosis of Condition Systems

A condition system is a collection of Petri nets that interact with each other and the external environment through condition signals. Some of these condition signals may be unobservable. In this paper, a system fault is defined in terms of observed behavior versus expected behavior, where the expected behavior is defined through condition system models. A diagnosis of this fault localizes the subsystem that is the source of the discrepancy between output and expected observations. We show that the structure of the interacting subsystems define a diagnostic causal model that captures the causal structure of subsystem dependencies. The diagnostic causal model can then be used to determine a set of subsystems that might be the source of a fault.     

Modeling, Simulation and Analysis of Batch Production Systems

After a surveyof some approaches for modeling hybrid systems by means of Petrinets ( t-time Petri nets, colored Petri nets, hybridPetri nets and differential predicate transition nets), thispaper illustrates how these formal models can be used for simulationand validation. It is shown how it was possible to use aggregatedqualitative models concurrently with detailed ones.     

调度问题的HPN模型研究

本文介绍了层次Ｐｅｔｒｉ网模型（ＨＰＮ）的概念。层次Ｐｅｔｒｉ网的特点在于它不仅可以在某一层次上模拟系统的局部行为，而且还可以通过一定的关联机制来表现系统的整体特性。本文还通过研究调度问题的ＨＰＮ模型，探讨了如何应用ＨＰＮ来分析调度问题，为进一步研究调试方法提供了基础。     

Fault detection for discrete event systems using Petri nets with unobservable transitions

In this paper we present a fault detection approach for discrete event systems using Petri nets. We assume that some of the transitions of the net are unobservable, including all those transitions that model faulty behaviors. Our diagnosis approach is based on the notions of basis marking and justification, that allow us to characterize the set of markings that are consistent with the actual observation, and the set of unobservable transitions whose firing enable it. This approach applies to all net systems whose unobservable subnet is acyclic. If the net system is also bounded the proposed approach may be significantly simplified by moving the most burdensome part of the procedure off-line, thanks to the construction of a graph, called the basis reachability graph.     

Tutorial and Survey Articles: An introduction to Petri Nets

This paper describes the fundamental concepts and characteristics of Petri nets (PNs) that make them a significant tool for modeling and analyzing asynchronous systems with concurrent and parallel activities and follows the extensions that improved the implementation capabilities of the original PNs.

Their first and most relevant extension was time modeling, a vital aspect of system performances not considered in the original version. There are several possibilities for introducing time in PNs. Among them, a technique that associates time with places is presented in some detail. As PNs tend to become cumbersome and time consuming when large and complex systems are involved, a method for decomposing timed PNs of open queuing networks is reviewed here.

Though initially developed as an information/computer-based technique, PNs were immediately adopted in a variety of application areas, such as manufacturing, design, planning and control. Viewed through a more recently developed programming perspective, the ordinary PNs became “high level” PNs suitable for defining different data types and for applying hierarchical approaches.

It is expected that the robust theoretical basis of this tool coupled with its visual and flexibility features will continue to appeal to researchers and practitioners alike in a variety of domains and as a result will continue to evolve and expand.     

TCPN的状态可达及可调度决策空间算法

Ｔｓａｉ等提出了时间限制Ｐｅｔｒｉ，并讨论了变迁可激活，可调度规律及其计算公式。然而，由于网拓扑和动态的复杂性，某些概念的逻辑关系及公式有矛盾。本文通过引入调度决策变量，动态标记准确地刻画调度规律，修正澄清了Ｔｓａｉ文中的问题，完善了ＴＣＰＮ的调度分析。另外，讨论了ＴＣＰＮ沿含有失败变迁激活路径的调度问题。     

基于Petri网的离散系统仿真方法研究

将Ｐｅｔｒｉ网（Ｐ网）的概念和方法应用于离散系统仿真的方法论研究中。提出了基于Ｐ网的系统化的离散系统仿真建模方法，重点研究了基于Ｐ网的仿真策略，探讨了Ｐ网仿真策略的实现方式，并对其特点进行了分析和讨论。     

基于平行Petri网的制造系统调度与控制一体化方法

为了消除制造系统调度层与控制层之间的隔阂, 实现对生产事件快速灵活响应, 本文提出了一种调度与控制一体化的方法. 首先, 定义了一种新型Petri网模型, 即平行Petri网, 从而集成地描述了传感器、执行器、任务和资源信息, 构建制造系统的信息物理系统模型; 其次, 提出了一种从平行Petri网到赋时Petri网的抽象简化方法, 大规模压缩优化调度所需搜索的状态空间; 再次, 定义了策略Petri网以描述最优调度策略. 最后, 给出了平行Petri网与策略Petri网同步执行算法, 使得平行Petri网与物理系统同步执行.     

Petri网展开图法的分析和应用

Petri网的展开图是一种特殊的并发系统状态空间搜索方法，它不需要重复考虑并发事件的所有可能的交集，从而大大缩减状态空间爆炸给验证分析带来的空间复杂度和时间复杂度。使用展开图分析Petri网的行为属性与传统的Petri网分析方法相比，具有自己的特点。该文首先介绍了Petri网展开图的构造算法，在此基础上使用展开图分析方法对一个典型Petri网的活性，有界性和可逆性等行为属性进行了分析，并与传统的Petri网分析方法作比较。     

基于粗糙集-FPN的飞机ADIRS故障诊断

由于机载ADIRS内部结构和控制机理较复杂,故障信息中常存在冗余和不确定性信息,基于智能互补融合思想,将粗糙集和模糊Petri网有机结合在一起,能克服这个问题导致Petri网结构复杂的局限性.针对ADIRS常出现的空速不一致故障问题,将故障样本先通过粗糙集的属性约简,删除冗余信息,然后将简化的故障样本构造相应的模糊Petri网诊断模型最终得出诊断结果.从实例分析表明,该方法具有可行性和缩短诊断时间的优越性.     

Discovering simulation models

Process mining is a tool to extract non-trivial and useful information from process execution logs. These so-called event logs (also called audit trails, or transaction logs) are the starting point for various discovery and analysis techniques that help to gain insight into certain characteristics of the process. In this paper we use a combination of process mining techniques to discover multiple perspectives (namely, the control-flow, data, performance, and resource perspective) of the process from historic data, and we integrate them into a comprehensive simulation model. This simulation model is represented as a colored Petri net (CPN) and can be used to analyze the process, e.g., evaluate the performance of different alternative designs. The discovery of simulation models is explained using a running example. Moreover, the approach has been applied in two case studies; the workflows in two different municipalities in the Netherlands have been analyzed using a combination of process mining and simulation. Furthermore, the quality of the CPN models generated for the running example and the two case studies has been evaluated by comparing the original logs with the logs of the generated models.     

基于Petri网的FMS物流系统建模与仿真

在建立FMS物流系统Petri网模型的基础上,采用“映射”思想,将Petri网模型转化为物流系统的仿真程序,提出了库所映射为程序数据、变迁映射为程序函数、系统子网映射为FMS系统基本类的映射方法,通过实例仿真验证了软件程序与模型的一致性。     

HSDG故障诊断方法在自动化检定系统中的应用

针对智能电能表自动化检定流水线生产故障不易发现、发现不易处理等问题,文章引入了一种基于分层符号有向图(HSDG)的故障在线诊断方法.该方法首先对自动化流水线进行建模和分层,给出了自动化检定流水线的分层符号有向图模型;并结合动态核偏最小二乘支持向量回归模型计算各节点符号,输出模型样本;最后文章给出了基于\"离线分析\"和\"在...