袋装淤泥质土挡墙现场试验研究

在平原地区航道建设过程中,航道开挖会产生大量的淤泥质土,将开挖的淤泥质土装入土工袋用于修筑引航道挡墙,能够有效解决开挖淤泥处理的问题。结合苏州杨林塘航道整治工程,利用航道开挖的淤泥质土,通过室内无侧限压缩与固结试验研究了土工袋处理淤泥质土的作用原理;对100 m长的袋装淤泥质土挡墙试验段开展了现场试验,实测了挡墙施工过程中与竣工后的水平位移、侧向土压力及表面沉降。结果表明土工袋能够加速袋内土体固结,增大袋内土体强度;竣工7个月后实测墙体最大水平位移为29.42 mm,发生在挡墙顶部,墙顶面沉降位移为19.2 cm,基本达到稳定;由于土工袋层间摩擦作用,土工袋挡墙墙后土压力从墙内向墙外会逐渐减小;与常规重力式混凝土挡墙相比,所设计的袋装淤泥质土挡墙能够有效降低工程造价。     

土工袋柔性挡墙位移模式及土压力研究

用土工袋构筑而成的挡土墙具有一定的柔性, 在墙后土压力作用下,墙体能够发生一定的变形, 墙后土压力分布及大小与刚性挡土墙大不相同。设计并进行了土工袋柔性挡土墙模型试验,通过试验观测了墙体的位移模式和墙后填土的破坏模式,研究了土压力沿墙体高度方向及墙体水平方向的分布;运用水平微分单元法推导了主动平衡状态下土工袋柔性挡土墙土压力的计算公式,土压力理论计算值与模型试验实测值基本吻合;进行了模型试验用土工袋层间摩擦试验,建立了土压力与土工袋层间摩擦力的平衡关系式,分析了土压力沿土工袋墙体水平方向的传递规律。     

高路堤加筋土档土墙的变形和受力研究

一座总墙高为31m的多级台阶式高路堤加筋土档土墙首次应用于我国铁路正线上，为了研究各级墙的倾向位移。基底应力及墙背土压力的分布规律，对该挡土墙的变形和受力进行了现场原型观测，观测结果表明，各级墙的侧向位移均较小，且下部测点的侧向位移较墙顶测点要大，各级墙基底应力均小于100kPa，墙背土压力呈曲线形分布，4m宽台阶的存在使墙后填土顶面的外荷载对该的侧向土压力影响不大。该结论可供今后加筋土挡土墙的研究和设计参考。     

黏性土复合地基挡墙侧压力研究

因技术进步和经济效益良好,现有大量工程项目采用复合地基。复合地基因其桩土共同作用,能有效减小地基变形和侧移。基于砂土复合地基侧向开挖离心试验和有限元分析模型获得的砂性土复合地基侧压力研究结果,建立黏性土ABAQUS有限元分析模型,分析附加荷载、黏聚力、内摩擦角和挡墙刚度对黏性土复合地基挡墙侧压力的影响,得出其侧压力沿深度分布规律,并与砂性土复合地基挡墙侧压力相比较。研究助于支护结构有效设计,控制复合地基及上部结构变形,降低工程造价。     

Experimental study on seismic response of soilbags-built retaining wall

The seismic performance of soilbags-built retaining wall model was studied experimentally. A series of small-scale shaking table tests with the input of different amplitude sinusoidal waves and a large-scale shaking table test in a designed laminar shear box with the input of the Wenchuan earthquake wave were carried out on soilbags' retaining wall models. For comparison, the small-scale shaking table tests were also conducted on horizontally reinforced retaining wall models. The horizontal acceleration responses, the Fourier spectra, the dynamic earth pressure and the lateral displacements of soilbags' retaining wall models were investigated in shaking table tests. The results show that the seismic response of the soilbags' retaining wall is equivalent to or even slightly better than that of the horizontally reinforced retaining wall. The fundamental frequency and the Fourier spectral characteristics of the soilbags’ retaining wall are similar to those of backfill sands. The dynamic earth pressure of the wall model fluctuates almost synchronously with the input Wenchuan wave and no residual earth pressure is induced by the seismic loading. The permanent lateral displacements are small when subjected to multiple shakings, providing a proof that the retaining wall of soilbags has a good seismic performance.     

基坑坑底施工阶段围护墙变形监测分析

 控制基坑变形已成为深基坑工程中的核心问题，而坑底开挖施工阶段围护墙体的变形在基坑开挖施工中占有相当的比重。结合上海轨道交通某在建地铁车站基坑开挖时的变形监测数据及跟踪工况，对不同坑底土体暴露时间所对应的围护墙体变形情况进行了对比分析。分析结果表明，坑底土体暴露时间对土体暴露期间及整个坑底施工阶段的基坑变形有着显著影响，随着坑底土体暴露时间的延长，坑底施工阶段墙体变形量可达总变形的30%，缩短土体暴露时间是控制坑底施工阶段围护墙变形的关键。同时，素混凝土垫层对围护墙体变形具有一定的支撑效应，在一定程度上能起到类似结构底板的作用。施工中应尽快完成混凝土垫层的浇筑工作，尽早发挥垫层对围护墙体的支撑作用。另外，垫层对墙体的支撑效果与其自身的平直度等因素有很大关系，破坏垫层的整体性，则会削弱其对围护墙体的支撑作用。提出对坑底施工阶段基坑变形的控制措施，尽可能缩短坑底土体暴露时间及整个坑底阶段的施工时间，提高垫层的整体性，加快底板施工，尽早形成底板混凝土对围护墙体的支撑作用，从而控制开挖阶段的基坑变形，对其他深基坑工程具有一定的参考价值。     

Auswirkung der Herstellungsmethode auf den Gebrauchszustand von Schlitzwänden in weichen bindigen Böden

Consequences of the construction process on the service serviceability of diaphragm walls in soft soils. In order to prove the serviceability of retaining structures, the finite element method is frequently used. A conventional calculation neglects the construction process of the retaining wall and adopts the earth pressure at rest as initial condition. However, the presented FE‐calculations show, that this kind of approach underestimates wall deflections, surface ground settlements and strut forces in case of a diaphragm wall in soft clayey ground. The stepwise construction of the panels affects the stress distribution in the adjacent ground and evokes the partial mobilisation of the earth resistance in the upper third of the wall. In order to consider the influence of the diaphragm wall construction, a modified initial stress field depending on the fresh concrete pressure is proposed.     

A simple unified stress-strain model for geotextile-wrapped soils

The stress-strain behaviour of geotextile-wrapped soils is a matter of great concern in geotechnical engineering practices. In this study, a unified stress-strain model for geotextile-wrapped soils is proposed and is applied to understand the strength and deformation characteristics of soilbags (woven bag-wrapped soils) in 2D biaxial loading. It is demonstrated that the strength of wrapped soils is greatly improved due to the wrapping effect, and the shearing contraction of the wrapped soils is more pronounced than that of the pure soils. The validity of the results is verified through numerical simulation using the discrete element method (DEM). The effect of the geometric size and material properties of the woven bag on the strength and deformation characteristics of the soilbags is also analyzed using the proposed model. The proposed model differs from existing phenomenological models in that it is able to predict the mechanical response of soilbags when the constitutive behaviours of the wrapped soils and the woven bag are given.     

基坑围护结构侧向变形引起的坑外土体变形研究

基坑围护结构侧向变形引起的土体侧移和沉降,会对坑外桩基的水平和竖向承载性状造成影响。基于影像源法,在综合考虑围护结构变形、地表沉降以及围护结构变形方向对坑外土体位移影响的基础上,对基坑围护结构侧向变形引起的坑外土体侧移和沉降计算方法展开了研究。首先,采用分段法,分别研究了围护结构变形和地表沉降作用下坑外土体侧移及深层沉降;然后,基于叠加原理,针对坑外任意点位置土体侧移和沉降,推导出了适用于不同基坑围护结构变形模式的相关计算公式;最后,将采用本文方法得到的坑外土体侧移及沉降计算结果同实测结果及现有理论方法的计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明,采用本文方法得到的坑外土体侧移及深层沉降与现场实测结果吻合度更高,从而验证了本文方法的可行性。     

混凝土垫层及水平结构混凝土收缩对围护墙变形影响的实测分析

 基于实测数据,对上海中心大厦裙房逆作超大深基坑工程的围护墙变形规律进行分析。分析结果表明,在垫层混凝土浇筑完成至梁板结构混凝土浇筑完成期间,围护墙侧移增量很小,垫层对围护墙变形具有明显的约束效应;在此期间,因作为垫层支撑点的圆形地墙受偏载作用引起较大的变形,导致测点P04墙体侧移增量较大;结合现场施工条件,对混凝土垫层约束效应的发挥进行说明。在混凝土结构养护期间,超长水平支撑梁板结构或大底板的混凝土收缩,引起围护墙侧移增量较大;且在大底板混凝土养护期间,西侧测点P23的围护墙侧移增量大于最后一次土方开挖所引起的墙体侧移增量;而短跨水平梁板结构混凝土收缩对围护墙变形影响可忽略。结合上述规律,给出相应的施工措施,以便减小基坑变形。     

Design of soilbag-protected slopes in expansive soils

Slope failures and slope slides of expansive soils are usually characterized by shallow sliding along the surface crack. Soilbag is an effective method to prevent and control slope failures and slope slides of expansive soil. Currently, soilbag protection for expansive soil slopes has been commonly designed using empirical methods, which led to many failures of soilbag-protected slopes, or high-cost. In this paper, a new design method of the soilbag-protected slopes in expansive soils is proposed based on the balance between the soilbag friction and the active lateral earth pressure induced by the swelling pressure of expansive soils. Specifically, the friction between the soilbags is assumed to be in direct proportion to the soilbag heap-up height. The active lateral earth pressure acted on a layer of soilbag is calculated along with the total height of the slope. Moreover, the width of soilbag layers is calculated from the balance of the sum of soilbag friction and the total active lateral earth pressure along with the soilbag height and expressed by the height of slopes. For the convenience of soilbag construction, the heap-up unit of soilbags is proposed for different slope heights of expansive soils.     

应用断裂强度理论模拟基坑开挖过程及实测数据分析

基坑开挖过程中，在支护结构背后、土层表面或自然边坡的顶部，经常会观测到有裂缝存在，但以往的有限元方法对裂缝的存在和影响认识不足。在分析土体破坏机制的基础上，应用断裂强度理论作为土体的破坏准则，充分考虑裂缝的存在和不利影响，建立土体开裂后的本构关系，并开发了二维弹塑性有限元程序PLST。结合天津国际贸易大厦基坑工程的现场测试结果，应用该程序对其基坑开挖过程进行模拟分析，将计算结果与实测结果进行比较，得出了相关结论。     

基于离心试验的环形加筋挡墙破坏形式试验研究

环形加筋挡墙破坏形式的研究目前还处于相对空白阶段。笔者通过2组离心模拟实验,对环形加筋挡墙的破坏形式和变形特征进行了研究,初步判定了环形加筋挡墙的破裂面形状与“0.3H”破裂面相似,呈折线形。通过对挡墙破裂面附近监测点的位移对比分析研究表明:环形加筋形式对挡墙破裂面的开展有良好的限制作用,能使墙体的侧向位移变化更加均匀;环形加筋形式对约束挡墙侧向变形的能力较竖向变形能力强。     

毛竹复合土钉墙工作性状的数值分析研究

以某软土基坑采用毛竹复合土钉墙支护的工程实例为背景,利用有限元软件PLAXIS建立某设计剖面的平面应变有限元模型。为提高数值分析定量计算分析的精度,采用了能反映土体小变形和加卸载变形等特点的小应变刚度模型。通过对土钉墙面层及毛竹排桩的水平位移、坡顶沉降、毛竹土钉的轴力以及毛竹排桩的剪力和弯矩分布规律的分析,对堤坝形毛竹复合土钉墙的工作性状获得了较全面的认识,并探索了其可能的失稳破坏形式。采用该程序自带的强度折减有限元法计算了各开挖工况下支护体系的稳定安全系数,表明毛竹复合土钉墙在施工期间和施工后均具有较高的稳定性,具备可靠的支护能力。     

Investigation of properties of clayey soils for geotechnical modeling of foundation beds

The need for a large volume of reliable strength and deformation characteristics of clayey soils arises during numerical modeling of various geotechnical situations that develop during construction and reconstruction. The effectiveness of this modeling is directly related to that data base on soils, which is determined by laboratory or field tests. __________ Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 6, pp. 7–9, November–December, 2006.     

天然沉积粉质土压缩特性研究

采用自由活塞薄壁取土器自地表至深度70m取得不扰动原状粉质土样,通过一系列物理力学试验,对比分析了天然沉积粉质土与天然沉积粘性土的异同。明确了位于塑性图A线下方的粉质土的重塑压缩性状可以用孔隙指数进行归一化,其孔隙指数和固结压力的关系与基于塑性图中位于A线上方的粘性土试验数据提出的固有压缩曲线一致。但是,天然沉积粉质土的天然沉积状态线位于普通粘性土的天然沉积压缩线的上方。结果表明,天然沉积粉质土比天然沉积粘性土有更高位的结构,灵敏度更高,更易于受到取样扰动的影响。     

软土深基坑施工过程对地表沉降影响力学行为分析

通过对宁波软土地区某地铁站深基坑施工中支护结构及地表沉降的分析,结合常用地表沉降初估方法,讨论施工过程开挖及加强支撑刚度、改变土体受力性能等施工工艺对地面沉降的影响。对比分析得到在开挖初期适当增大支撑刚度有利于降低地表沉降;适时处理围护墙体底部被动区地基有利于减小围护墙体变形。采用深层水泥土搅拌法对围护墙底部3m深度范围进行竖向加固即有效控制了地表沉降;深基坑开挖是一个动态施工过程,施工进行过程中最大地表沉降点的位置逐渐远离围护墙体,基本与每步基坑开挖深度保持一致,最终稳定在基坑开挖深度一倍范围内。建议在施工过程中不断调整控制目标,实施动态监测更有利于保证周围环境安全。     

考虑邻近地下室外墙侧压力影响的平动模式挡土墙主动土压力研究

 对于挡土墙距既有地下室很近,墙后填土宽度有限的情形,采用经典的库仑、朗肯土压力理论计算挡墙主动土压力是不严格的。通过有限元数值分析发现,当挡墙平动、填土达到主动极限状态时,无黏性土滑动土楔与邻近地下室外墙并未脱开,地下室外墙上全深度承受侧压力;随着填土宽高比n的不同,挡墙与地下室外墙间土体内将形成一道或多道滑裂面,且最靠近地表的滑裂面与挡墙或地下室外墙交点以上的土压力近似为库仑主动土压力。由此建立新的土压力计算模型,给出了挡墙主动土压力系数 和第一道滑裂面倾角 的求解方法,采用水平薄层单元法,得到了挡土墙主动土压力的分布以及合力作用点相对高度 的理论公式,并通过典型算例,与经典土压力理论、前人理论方法及有限元数值解进行对比。研究发现,挡土墙土压力为非线性的鼓形分布,当土体内摩擦角 和墙土摩擦角 取定值且 0°时, 随着n的增大而增大,而 和 随着n的增大而减小,当 时, 和 值与库仑解一致;当 0°时,不论n取何值, 和 值恒等于朗肯理论解,且 。     

深基坑地下连续墙施工侧向变形分析

地下连续墙作为地下工程中常用的一种结构形式,受到越来越广泛地使用.文中以沿海城市某地铁车站深大基坑工程为依托,通过现场超声波检测和数值计算等方法,构建三维弹塑性有限元模型,对地连墙成槽施工的过程进行数值模拟,揭示地下连续墙的侧向变形特征.研究表明地下水的作用会能够加速土颗粒的流动以及降低砂性地层的抗剪强度;随着内摩擦角...     

Self-centring segmental retaining walls—A new construction system for retaining walls

This paper reports on an experimental study on a new self-centring retaining wall system. Four post-tensioned segmental retaining walls (PSRWs) were experimentally tested. Each of the walls was constructed using seven T-shaped concrete segments with a dry stack. The walls were tested under incrementally increasing cyclic lateral load. The effect of the wall height, levels of post-tensioning (PT) force, and bonded versus unbonded condition of PT reinforcement on the structural behavior of the PSRWs was investigated. The results showed that such PSRWs are structurally adequate for water retaining structures. According to the results, increasing the wall height decreases initial strength but increases the deformation capacity of the wall. The larger deformation capacity and ductility of PSRW make it a suitable structural system for fluctuating loads or deformation, e.g., seawall. It was also found that increasing the PT force increases the wall’s stiffness; however, reduces its ductility. The residual drift and the extent of damage of the unbonded PSRWs were significantly smaller than those of the bonded ones. Results suggest that this newly developed self-centring retaining wall can be a suitable structural system to retain lateral loads. Due to its unique deformation capacity and self-centring behavior, it can potentially be used for seawall application.