水平管内气液段塞流液塞发展特性实验研究

Slug initiation and subsequem evolution along a 5.0 cm ID, 16m long horizomal pipe are experimentally studied. The transient characteristics of interfacial structures are described by using simultaneous measuremeres of the liquid height at multiple locations along the pipe. Various effects of superficial gas and liquid velocities and pressure oscillation on the slug initiation and evolution along the pipe are illustrated. It is found that the slug is initiated by a deterministic orocess with reolenishmem and deoletion of liquid near the inlet for the superficial gas velocity USG〈3.0m·s^-1 and by a stochastic process with wave coalescence along the pipe for USG〉3.0m·s^-1.The evolution of the slugs is strongly attected by superhclal gas and liquid veloclties for USG〈3.0m·s^-1 but weakly affected by the superficial gas velocity for USG〉3.0 m·s . The suppression of pressure oscillation at the pipe inlet significantly delays the onset of slugging, with slugs forming postponed further downstream. The slug frequency at the outlet is, however, not affected by the variation in the pressure oscillation.     

气升式内环流反应器内局部气含率径向分布

The local gas holdup profiles in an internal-loop airlift reactor were studied experimentally by using dual electrical conductivity probe under different conditions,including superficial velocity,surface tension and liquid viscosity.The results showed that the radial gas holdup profile has a parabolic shape,which was consistent with the empirical model of Luo.Local gas holdup distribution parameters were obviously influenced by flow regime and almost remained unchanged in the same flow regime.In the gas distributor region,the profiles were steeper in the homogenous flow regime than in the heterogeneous flow regime.However,in the stable region,there was an inverse change trend in two flow regimes.The increase of surface tension,superficial velocity and liquid viscosity made the profile of local gas holdup steeper in two flow regimes.     

Hydrodynamics and bubble behaviour in a three-phase two-stage internal loop airlift reactor

Local hydrodynamics of a gas–liquid–solid system,such as bubble circulation regime,gas holdup,liquid velocity and axial profile of solid concentration,are studied in a two-stage internal loop airlift reactor.Empirical correlations for gas holdup and liquid velocity are proposed to ease the reactor design and scale-up.Different bubble circulation regimes were displayed in the first(lower) and second(upper) stages.Increasing superficial gas velocity and solid loading can promote regime transition of the second stage,and the gas holdup of the second stage is higher than that of the lower stage.In addition,the effects of solid loading on bubble behaviour are experimentally investigated for each stage.It is found that bubble size in the downcomer decreases with the presence of solid particles,and bubble size distribution widens under higher superficial gas velocity and lower solid loading.     

Computational fluid dynamic simulations on liquid film behaviors at flooding in an inclined pipe☆

The complex liquid film behaviors at flooding in an inclined pipe were investigated with computational fluid dynamic (CFD) approaches. The liquid film behaviors included the dynamic wave characteristics before flooding and the transition of flow pattern when flooding happened. The influences of the surface tension and liquid viscosity were specially analyzed. Comparisons of the calculated velocity at the onset of flooding with the available experimental results showed a good agreement. The calculations verify that the fluctuation frequency and the liquid film thickness are almost unaffected by the superficial gas velocity until the flooding is triggered due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. When flooding triggered at the superficial liquid velocity larger than 0.15 m·s?1, the interfacial wave developed to slug flow, while it developed to entrainment flow when it was smaller than 0.08 m·s?1. The interfacial waves were more easily torn into tiny droplets with smaller surface tension, eventual y evolving into the mist flow. When the liquid viscosity increases, the liquid film has a thicker holdup with more intensive fluctuations, and more likely developed to the slug flow.     

基于流体诱发振动的非接触式湿气流流型识别(英文)

A novel noninvasive approach, based on flow-induced vibration, to the online flow regime identification for wet gas flow in a horizontal pipeline is proposed. Research into the flow-induced vibration response for the wet gas flow was conducted under the conditions of pipe diameter 50 mm, pressure from 0.25 MPa to 0.35 MPa, Lockhart-Martinelli parameter from 0.02 to 0.6, and gas Froude Number from 0.5 to 2.7. The flow-induced vibration signals were measured by a transducer installed on outside wall of pipe, and then the normalized energy features from different frequency bands in the vibration signals were extracted through 4-scale wavelet package transform. A “binary tree” multi-class support vector machine(MCSVM) classifier, with the normalized feature vector as inputs, and Gaussian radial basis function as kernel function, was developed to identify the three typical flow regimes in-cluding stratified wavy flow, annular mist flow, and slug flow for wet gas flow. The results show that the method can identify effec-tively flow regimes and its identification accuracy is about 93.3%. Comparing with the other classifiers, the MCSVM classifier has higher accuracy, especially under the case of small samples. The noninvasive measurement approach has great application prospect in online flow regime identification.     

气水流动中气泡生成体积计算模型的改进

In order to address the bubble formation and movement in air-water two-phase flow,single bubble rising in stagnant water is experimentally studied by digital image processing.Bubbles are released individually from the submerged orifices with different diameters(1.81 mm,2.07 mm,2.98 mm,3.92 mm)at different detachment frequency.Images are recorded by a high-speed video camera and processed by digital image processing technique. The factors impacting the formed volume of bubble are discussed.The experimental results showed that a threshold of gas flow rate(400 mm 3 ·s- 1)divides the bubble formation into two regimes:the constant volume regime and the growing volume regime.Especially for the growing volume regime,the surface tension is taken into account.The bubble volume is consisted of two parts:the surface tension impacting part and the gas volume flow rate impacting part.An improved correlation for bubble volume prediction is developed for the two regimes and better coincidence with the experiment data than the previous models is obtained.     

Experimental study on the effects of big particles physical characteristics on the hydraulic transport inside a horizontal pipe

This paper presents an experimental study of the physical characteristic effects of large particles on hydraulic transport in a horizontal pipe. The particles are spherical and are large with respect to the diameter of the pipe (8%, 10%, 16%and 25%). Experiments were done to test the important parameters in solid transport (pressure, velocity, etc.). As a result, the relationship between the pressure gradient forces and the mixture velocity was sub-stantially different from the pure liquid flow. However, in a single-phase flow a monotonous behavior of the pres-sure drop curve is observed, and the curve of the solid particle flow attains its minimum at the critical velocity. The regimes are characterized with differential pressure measurements and visualizations.     

Experimental and numerical investigations of scale-up effects on the hydrodynamics of slurry bubble columns

Experiments and simulations were conducted for bubble columns with diameter of 0.2 m(180 mm i.d.), 0.5 m(476 mm i.d.) and 0.8 m(760 mm i.d.) at high superficial gas velocities(0.12–0.62 m·s-1) and high solid concentrations(0–30 vol%). Radial profiles of time-averaged gas holdup, axial liquid velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy were measured by using in-house developed conductivity probes and Pavlov tubes. Effects of column diameter, superficial gas velocity, and solid concentration were investigated in a wide range of operating conditions. Experimental results indicated that the average gas holdup remarkably increases with superficial gas velocity, and the radial profiles of investigated flow properties become steeper at high superficial gas velocities. The axial liquid velocities significantly increase with the growth of the column size, whereas the gas holdup was slightly affected. The presence of solid in bubble columns would inhibit the breakage of bubbles, which results in an increase in bubble rise velocity and a decrease in gas holdup, but time-averaged axial liquid velocities remain almost the same as that of the hollow column. Furthermore, a 2-D axisymmetric k–ε model was used to simulate heterogeneous bubbly flow using commercial code FLUENT 6.2. The lateral lift force and the turbulent diffusion force were introduced for the determination of gas holdup profiles and the effects of solid concentration were considered as the variation of average bubble diameter in the model. Results predicted by the CFD simulation showed good agreement with experimental data.     

Rushton桨气液搅拌槽内气泡流对搅拌轴弯矩的影响（英文）

The bending moment acting on the overhung shaft of a gas-sparged vessel stirred by a Rushton turbine, as one of the results of fluid and structure interactions in stirred vessels, was measured using a moment sensor equipped with digital telemetry. An analysis of the shaft bending moment amplitude shows that the amplitude distribution of the bending moment, which indicates the elasticity nature of shaft material against bending deformation, fol-lows the Weibull distribution. The trends of amplitude mean, standard deviation and peak deviation character-istics manifest an“S”shape versus gas flow. The“S”trend of the relative mean bending moment over gas flow rate, depending on the flow regime in gas–liquid stirred vessels, resulted from the competition among the non-uniformity of bubbly flow around the impeller, the formation of gas cavities behind the blades, and the gas direct impact on the impel er when gas is introduced. A further analysis of the bending moment power spectral density shows that the rather low frequency and speed frequency are evident. The low-frequency contribution to bend-ing moment fluctuation peaks in the complete dispersion regime.     

陶瓷球填料生物滴滤塔降解甲苯废气

The Purification experiments of waste gas containing low concentration toluene were made in trickling biofilter with ceramic spheres. The effects of liquid flow rate,gas flow rate,pH of circulation liquid, and toluene concentration in inlet gas on the purification efficiency of trickling biofilter were investigated. The pressure drop of the trickling biofilter was also measured during experiments.Increasing liquid flow rate and gas flow rate resulted in the decrease of purification efficiency of trickling biofilter. The highest purification efficiency of trickling biofilter was found at the circulation liquid pH of 7. The porosity of the packing material at the inlet of gas was higher than that at the outlet of gas in biofilter after continuous operation in 50 days. The decrease in the porosity of packing material caused a great increase in the pressure drop of the biofilter.     

柔性立管管径对严重段塞流特性的影响

用于将海底原油及天然气举升到海上平台的S型柔性立管是海洋石油工业中的重要设备.为研究柔性立管尺寸对严重段塞流特性的影响,在集输-S型柔性立管系统上分别实验研究了立管内径等于和大于集输管道内径时严重段塞流的特征参数规律.该实验环路内径为50 mm,由水平环路、倾角为-2°的下倾段和S型柔性立管组成,其中水平段长为114 ...     

上升管系统中严重段塞流的液塞速度特性

在海洋石油开采过程中,在较低的气液流速下上升管系统中易产生严重段塞流,其特点是压力波动剧烈、气液相流量变化大,并会带来多种危害。本文对上升管系统中严重段塞流四个阶段的液塞速度特性进行了深入地研究。结果表明：在液塞形成阶段,液塞速度随气液相折算速度的增大而线性增大;当气、液相折算速度恒定时,液塞速度随下倾管倾角的增大而稍有增大。在液气喷发阶段,液体在上升管中变加速流动,当液塞尾部到达上升管顶部时,速度达到最大值,液塞尾部到达上升管顶部时的瞬时流量远大于液塞流出阶段的液塞流量。气液相折算流速较小时液塞喷发过程更剧烈。     

立管高度对严重段塞流的影响分析

随着我国对石油需求量的增加,海上油气开发越来越受到重视,并且将成为我国石油工业未来的主要增长点。在海上油气田开采过程中,经常会遇到立管系统严重段塞流问题,给安全流动保障带来严峻挑战。通过改变海洋立管高度,对立管高度对严重段塞流的影响进行了深入分析,得到了不同立管高度情况下,严重段塞流的特征参数分布规律,并分析了产生机理。研究结果对于未来海洋石油开采中的立管设计可以提供一定依据。     

Experimental study on severe slugging mitigation by applying wavy pipes

Wavy pipes were installed in the pipeline for mitigating severe slugging in pipeline/riser systems. Experimental results have revealed that: with a wavy pipe applied, the operating region of severe slugging is reduced; the severity of severe slugging and oscillation flow is mitigated; the wavy pipe performs better with its outlet located upstream of the riser base. The wavy pipe is essentially reducing the slug length. For severe slugging the wavy pipe works by accelerating the movement of the gas in the pipeline to the riser base; for the oscillation flow it works by mixing the gas/liquid two phases.     

粉煤密相气力输送流型

基于电容层析成像技术对粉煤密相气力输送系统的流型进行了研究,获得了水平管和竖直上升管粉煤密相气力输送系统的典型流动形态。研究结果表明,水平管输送时的流型随时间复杂多变,典型流型有满管流、沉积层流、悬浮流等;统计分析发现,随表观气速不同,存在明显的主导流型;结合固相速度及管道压力信号分析,展示出其与流型之间存在一定的对应关系,进一步证实了密相气力输送系统的不稳定性特征。对竖直上升管的ECT测试结果表明,输送流型为环核结构。     

自控泵吸法消除强烈段塞流

引言 在海洋油气开采过程中,当海底混输管线到达海洋平台时,需与上升管连接,从而构成了集输一上升管系统.而在油田开采后期,由于气液相速度较低,该系统中易形成强烈段塞流.由于该流型在生产实际中会带来许多问题,例如系统中压力的剧烈波动以及长液塞的出现会造成分离器的控制困难,甚至出现生产中断,同时在深海油田中强烈段塞流现象会产生很高的背压,对油藏造成不利的影响,甚至出现死井.因此,深入系统地研究强烈段塞流的发生机理和流动特征,探索消除强烈段塞流的可行方法,是我国海洋油气工业油田开发过程中亟须解决的科学问题.     

复杂性在气固流化床流型识别中的应用

研究了气固流化床从起始流化态、鼓泡态、湍动态直至快速流化的四个典型流型下,压力脉动时间序列的算法复杂性和涨落复杂性随表观气速的变化趋势。实验结果表明,这两种复杂性参数对于流化床流型变化敏感,但在同种流型下,在操作条件的较宽变化范围内保持稳定。基于这一特性,故将复杂性测度与多元统计分析中的距离判别方法相结合,建立了一种只需获得一定长度的压力脉动时间序列,无需知道具体操作条件的流型识别方法。     

旁通管法消除严重段塞流的实验与模型

在内径为0.051m的下倾管-立管实验系统上对旁通管法消除严重段塞流的效果进行了模拟实验和理论分析。研究发现,旁通管法可以完全消除严重段塞流现象。使用旁通管法后会缩小严重段塞流的发生范围,特别是流型Ⅰ的范围显著缩小,并且稳定流动将流型Ⅰ和流型Ⅱ分开。在一定气相折算流速下,当旁通管完全消除严重段塞流后,改变液相折算流速对旁通管的消除效果没有影响。旁通管法会减弱严重段塞流的压力波动幅度,使压力波动幅度的最大值从流型Ⅰ和流型Ⅱ的边界移动到流型Ⅱ中。根据旁通管和下倾管-立管实验管路的压力平衡,提出了旁通管法消除严重段塞流的稳态数学模型,并给出确定调节阀压降的关系式。     

Flow Characteristics and Shannon Entropy Analysis of Dense‐Phase Pneumatic Conveying of Pulverized Coal with Variable Moisture Content at High Pressure

Experiments consisting of dense‐phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal using nitrogen were carried out in an experimental test facility, with a conveying pressure of up to 4 MPa. The influences of the conveying differential pressure, the coal moisture content, the gas volume flow rate and the superficial velocity, on the solid‐gas ratios, were investigated. The Shannon entropy analysis of the pressure fluctuation time series was developed to reveal the flow characteristics. By investigation of the distribution of the Shannon entropy at different conditions, the flow stability and the evolutional tendency of Shannon entropy, in different regimes and regime transition processes, were revealed, and the relationship between Shannon entropy and the flow regime was also established. The results indicate that the solid‐gas ratio and the Shannon entropy rise with increases in conveying differential pressure. The solid‐gas ratio and the Shannon entropy reveal preferable correlation with the superficial gas velocity. Shannon entropy is different for different flow regimes, and can be used to identify the flow regimes. Both the mass flow rate and the Shannon entropy, decrease with increases in moisture content. Shannon entropy analysis is a feasible approach to researching the characteristics of the flow regime, the flow stability and the flow regime transitions in dense‐phase pneumatic conveying systems, at high pressure.     

级间隙高度和表观气速对多级环流反应器混合和传质的影响

针对应用广泛的简单多级环流反应器,研究了级间隙高度和表观气速对其混合和传质的影响规律。发现简单多级环流反应器的各级存在着非正常流动、过渡及正常流动三个典型流动状态,且流动状态的转变存在着受级间隙高度影响的两个临界表观气速,并提出了相应的预测模型。研究结果表明：级间隙高度越大,多级环流反应器内形成正常流型所需的表观气速越大;各级上升管和降液管的气含率会增高,且相同条件下第三级气含率最大,第二级次之,第一级气含率最小;各级的循环液速会增大,且第一级循环液速最大,第二级次之,第三级最小;混合时间会缩短,而传质系数会增大。本研究可为工业多级环流反应器的科学设计、放大和操作提供重要指导。