利用围压下岩石的凯泽效应测定地应力

随着地层深度的增加，岩石Kaiser效应相对的应力会接近并且超过岩石的单轴抗压强度。此时无法再利用常规岩石Kaiser效应测定地应力，而利用围压作用下岩石的Kaiser效应可测定深部地层地应力。通过对同一深度地层的岩术施加一组递增的围压，研究了围压对岩石Kaiser效应的影响，提出了利用围压下岩石Kaiser效应测定地应力的实验室方法，并且论述了其测定原理。通过系统的实验研究，发现岩石的Kaiser效应相对应的应力与所受的围压呈线性关系，并得到了统计回归直线。将实验结果应用于现场的地应力计算，地应力实验测量结果与现场水力压裂实验结果具有较好的吻合度。从而解决了深部地层中地应室内实验测定问题。     

深部岩石动力学实验研究进展

深部岩石动态力学实验研究是深部岩石工程中的重点和难点.近年来,国内外学者利用围压霍普金森压杆在岩石动态力学实验研究中取得了丰硕的成果,系统地回顾和总结这些成果是十分有必要的.以围压霍普金森压杆深部岩石动态力学性质实验研究为主线,论述在实验装置、实验方法及实验结果等方面的最新进展.首先,介绍分离式霍普金森压杆的基本原理以...     

利用测井资料预测岩石II型断裂韧性 的方法研究

 根据直缝巴西圆盘(SNBD)试验获取应力强度因子的计算原理,设计组建一套岩石II型断裂韧性测试系统,测定20块取自WG油田岩石试样的II型断裂韧性。基于试验数据,分析II型断裂韧性和围压、抗拉强度的关系,建立利用测井资料预测断裂韧性的模型。利用H341井声波测井、密度测井和伽马测井资料预测水平地应力和抗拉强度,结合建立的断裂韧性模型成功预测II型断裂韧性连续值,并在压裂实践中得到验证。该方法解决了现场压裂作业缺少断裂韧性全井筒连续数据的难题。     

加载途径对深部孔隙性砂岩力学特性的影响

深部孔隙性砂岩具有压实程度高、岩石较致密、孔隙度较低、且孔隙中一般含有油/气或水、孔隙流体具有压力的特点.已有的理论研究表明,多孔介质孔隙流体压力对岩石的变形和破坏存在一定影响,不同岩石其影响程度不同.从孔隙流体压力为正常静水压力、实际地层孔隙压力和大气压3个方面,通过实验研究由于孔隙内压改变而引起的加载途径变化对岩石变形和破坏的影响.研究结果表明:孔隙流体压力的存在使岩石的塑性增强,即模拟砂岩实际地层孔隙压力和围压得到的三轴抗压强度、轴向应变、径向应变和泊松比大于其他两个条件下相应的值,弹性模量则小于其他两个条件下的岩石弹性模量;对深部孔隙性地层岩石,要表述岩石的力学特性,应考虑孔隙压力的存在和影响,应尽量模拟岩石在深部埋藏条件下所受到的实际上覆岩石压力、实际地层孔隙压力测试岩石的应力-应变特性.     

利用测井资料预测岩石Ⅱ型断裂韧性的方法研究

根据直缝巴西圆盘(SNBD)试验获取应力强度因子的计算原理,设计组建一套岩石Ⅱ型断裂韧性测试系统,测定20块取自WG油田岩石试样的Ⅱ型断裂韧性.基于试验数据,分析Ⅱ型断裂韧性和围压、抗拉强度的关系,建立利用测井资料预测断裂韧性的模型.利用H341井声波测井、密度测井和伽马测井资料预测水平地应力和抗拉强度,结合建立的断裂韧性模型成功预测Ⅱ型断裂韧性连续值,并在压裂实践中得到验证.该方法解决了现场压裂作业缺少断裂韧性全井筒连续数据的难题.     

围压下的泥岩断裂韧性测试

根据围压条件下的断裂力学理论,对泥岩进行了不同围压和不同泥质含量条件下的人工岩样断裂韧性测试.在进行大量实验测试的基础上,利用ANSYS软件计算断裂韧性数值.通过回归分析表明,断裂韧性与围压、泥质含量有较好的线性统计关系.较好地解决了水力压裂设计所需的断裂韧性这一重要参数的获取,有利于提高压裂设计、预测的精度.     

基于三轴压缩试验的煤矿深部地层裂隙岩石力学性能研究

煤矿深部地层岩巷围岩裂隙发育，严重影响围岩完整性和巷道稳定性。为研究深部地层裂隙岩体在掘进扰动条件下的破坏规律与力学性能，在深井岩巷现场取样，加工裂隙岩石试件，开展了不同围压和裂隙倾角条件下的三轴压缩试验，获得了裂隙岩石试件裂隙扩展规律、破坏形态和峰值强度。通过建立颗粒离散单元法数值模型，并根据裂隙岩石试件室内试验结果，标定离散元数值模型细观参数，开展数值试验，进一步研究了裂隙岩石力学性能。研究结果表明，当裂隙倾角为15°时，裂隙对岩石试件力学性质的劣化效应最为明显；当裂隙倾角为15°和90°时，弹性模量分别达到最小值和最大值；当裂隙倾角>15°时，随着围压的增加，裂隙岩石试件的抗压强度和峰值应变均有所增加。     

花岗岩峰后力学特性试验与模型研究

深部围岩在开挖卸载过程中表现出的峰后复杂力学特性一直是工程界十分关注的问题,深入研究岩石峰后力学行为对深部资源开采工程具有重要意义。以深部立井马头门工程为依托,通过室内试验方法研究花岗岩峰后力学特性,采用非线性拟合方法获得花岗岩峰后软化模量与围压的指数关系式,假定岩石的剪胀角为恒定值,基于塑性理论构建考虑围压及剪胀角影响的岩石峰后应变软化模型;以FLAC3D为平台开发数学模型并进行验证,通过构建马头门巷道数值模型,分析深部围岩在应变软化条件下的破坏特征规律。通过研究可知,花岗岩峰后破坏具有脆–延性转化趋势,在高围压条件下,岩石峰后表现出塑性软化破坏特征,岩石峰后软化模量随着围压的增大而减小;通过FLAC3D进行数值验证可知,构建的应变软化模型与试验数据基本吻合,所建立的应变软化模型具有较高的可靠性;通过数值模拟方法分析深部马头门巷道围岩破坏特征可知,巷道拱顶及拱脚等局部区域出现了塑性剪切应变,与现场巷道围岩破损位置及深度基本相同。     

煤矿深部岩石力学性能试验分析与硬岩巷道快速掘进方法研究

 在RMT–150B岩石力学试验机上进行深部巷道砂岩单轴压缩和不同围压下三轴压缩试验,测得砂岩的力学性质参数。根据岩石应力–应变曲线分析深部岩石的强度和变形特性,岩石抗压强度随围压的增加而提高,围压从10 MPa增加到15 MPa时,抗压强度增幅达到40.3%。深部高应力下,砂岩承载后产生的变形及破坏形态与围压大小密切相关,其主应力差–应变曲线斜率随着围压的增加而明显变陡,破坏荷载增高。依据岩石力学特性,采用分类布孔,掏槽眼宜用直径f42 mm的钻头钻眼,其余的炮眼用直径f32 mm的钻头钻眼,缩短钻眼时间。掏槽眼采用中深孔不同阶微差斜眼掏槽方法,炮眼深度宜采用2.2～2.5 m,有利于巷道的进尺;周边眼采用小直径药卷光面爆破技术,有利于巷道成形。     

围压作用下花岗岩加载过程中波速变化规律试验研究

为获得深部岩石在遭受一定围压并持续受载状态下波速的变化规律,采用GCTS RTX–3000岩石力学试验机对花岗岩进行围压水平分别为40和80 MPa条件下的三轴压缩试验,得到相应的应力–应变曲线以及纵、横波速,结果表明:在围压增加过程中,花岗岩的纵、横波速随围压的增加而增大,呈二次函数关系;纵、横波速在三轴加载过程中均先急剧增加,然后趋于稳定,在开始萌生裂纹到发生破坏的阶段,波速先缓慢降低,之后急剧下降,其中,横波对围压及加载过程的应力状态更敏感;对花岗岩的整个加载过程进行损伤分析,动弹性模量在不同阶段呈现增加、稳定、下降的趋势,动泊松比能够反映岩石的膨胀扩容过程。该研究有助于理解高围压条件下岩石的损伤特征,对深部围岩控制及地震的预测等研究有重要的意义。     

含密实原岩充填物的宜昌砂岩裂隙渗流试验研究

 鉴于有无填充物条件下岩体裂隙渗流规律巨大差异,以及工程岩体中大量渗流裂隙为原岩破碎物填充的剪切滑移裂隙,研究加载路径、轴压、围压、裂隙深度、原岩充填物粒径等因素对渗流量的影响对岩质边坡渗流参数的选取及稳定性判别。针对带人工切割裂纹的宜昌地区砂岩裂隙渗流开展试验研究,得到如下结论：(1) 填充砂粒在没有冲紧密实之前,不但受到轴压的加载路径影响,还受到围压的加载路径影响,其渗流量测量数据是没有可重复性的。经过4次以上围压轴压加卸循环后,渗流数据趋于稳定,具有可重复性。(2) 裂隙深度小于2.5 cm时,含密实充填物的裂隙渗流量与轴压的关系大致呈线性;裂隙深度达到2.5 cm后,两者为非线性关系,这主要是裂隙深度增大导致砂粒位置和结构的改变可能性增大造成。(3) 对有充填裂隙岩体,围压影响显著,而对开度较大的无充填的裂隙,围压对渗流量的影响极小,这是因为围压造成的岩体形变量对于开度较大的裂隙过水断面而言量级过小造成。(4) 轴压小于0.03 MPa或围压小于1 MPa时,填充物粒度对渗流量影响呈无序性;轴压大于0.03 MPa且围压大于1 MPa时,砂粒度越大,对应的渗流量就越大,此时,轴压越大,填充物粒度对渗流量的影响越显著,随着围压的增长,3种不同粒度对应的流量保持的大小关系和相互比例趋于稳定。     

考虑围压效应的深埋大理岩强度变形特性研究

高地应力是深部岩体的重要特性之一,是岩体强度和变形特性的重要影响因素。针对锦屏Ⅱ级水电站深部大理岩的高地应力特点,利用MTS伺服机开展三轴压缩试验,研究不同围压下深部大理岩强度变形特性,结果表明:深部岩体的强度、弹性模量、变形模量均具有明显的围压效应,随着围压的增加,大理岩模量及各特征点强度增加;岩体赋存的初始地应力影响着岩体的变形规律,围压低于初始地应力时,深部大理岩以弹性变形为主,破坏模式主要为脆性破坏,围压高于初始地应力时,大理岩延性特征明显,扩容点前移,大理岩从脆性破坏向延性转化;基于三轴压缩试验数据求解出的深部大理岩黏聚力为54.53 MPa,内摩擦角为38.06°。这些研究成果揭示了高地应力环境下深部岩体的强度变形特性,可为深埋工程的开挖、支护设计提供理论参考。     

页岩储层I型和II型断裂韧性评价方法研究

 岩石断裂韧性对于定量评价页岩储层可压裂性具有重要意义。基于此,根据直缝切槽巴西圆盘实验(SNBD),测定了14块龙马溪组储层页岩的I型(张开型)、II型(划开型)断裂韧性。并利用上述实验结果,结合岩心所处深度处的测井数据,选择密度、声波时差、GR测井数据回归了页岩的断裂韧性。与前人基于抗拉强度建立的断裂韧性预测模型相比,建立断裂韧性与地球物理测井数据的直接联系。由预测模型可以看出,富有机质页岩I型和II型断裂韧性均与岩石密度、声波时差成正比,与页岩泥质含量成反比。即页岩中有机质(TOC)含量或黏土矿物越多,页岩断裂韧性越小,页岩起裂后越容易向前延伸。结果表明,计算断裂韧性与实测断裂韧性相关性较好。模型的建立可以为工程设计过程中找出“甜点”提供重要理论依据。     

Combined effects of increasing temperature and confining pressure on the fracture toughness of clay bearing rocks

In order to understand the effects of increasing temperature and confining pressure on the fracture toughness of clay bearing rock, fracture toughness experiments were carried out at temperatures elevated from room temperature up to 200°C using single edge-notched round bar in bending (SENRBB) and semi-circular bend (SCB) specimens of Kimachi sandstone and Tage tuff. This paper describes the methodology for evaluating level 1 fracture toughness and the crack growth resistance curve. The crack growth resistance curve is shown to yield true fracture toughness even when under-sized specimens are employed. The under-sized specimens refer to those which are too small to produce valid fracture toughness value using the standard methods.The fracture toughness of Kimachi sandstone did not vary significantly with temperature up to 125°C, but above that point, it increased with temperature. SENRBB tests showed that the level 1 fracture toughness increased by approximately 40% at 200°C over its value at room temperature. The fracture toughness of sandstone and tuff was found to be significantly affected by increasing confining pressure. For example, in the arrester orientation, the fracture toughness of Kimachi sandstone increased by approximately 470% at 9 MPa confinement over its value at atmospheric pressure. A quite similar variation of fracture toughness is caused by the combined effects of temperature and confining pressure. For example, under a confining pressure of 7 MPa, the fracture toughness of sandstone decreased with temperature up to 75°C, and then increased between 75°C and 100°C.     

岩石剪切裂隙渗流特性试验与理论研究

 通过在三轴应力条件下对丹江口库区辉绿岩进行剪切破坏得到剪切裂隙,然后对剪切裂隙进行不同围压和裂隙水压力(渗透压差)作用下渗透性能的试验研究。研究结果表明：绝大部分岩样在剪切破坏后会形成单条贯穿剪切裂隙,这种剪切裂隙的渗透系数与净围压的关系符合指数函数特征,且受环向应变影响很大,但受轴向应变影响较小;裂隙水压力对裂隙渗透系数影响明显,在相同净围压下,裂隙水压力越大,渗透系数越大,其主要原因是较大的裂隙水压力使裂隙两侧基岩产生附加变形,导致隙宽增加。基于试验数据和理论分析,根据三维应力下的裂隙–岩块位移模型推导考虑裂隙水压力的渗透系数计算公式,该公式可以较好地描述不同围压和裂隙水压力下实测渗透系数的变化趋势,并且公式中的参数均可根据简单的三轴压缩试验得到,计算结果与实测数据符合较好。     

Modelling of the effect of discontinuities on the extent of the fracture zone surrounding deep tunnels

A series of physical and numerical model tests were performed to investigate the behaviour of the rock surrounding circular excavations under high confining pressures. The aim was to provide information on the formation of fracture around deep level mine tunnels under controlled conditions. Solid cubes containing a circular hole were confined to a vertical pressure of 2000 MPa with a confinement of 100 MPa in the two horizontal directions. To provide a contrast, a block was made from a series of plates to simulate the presence of horizontal bedding planes. The resulting fracture patterns are completely different and emphasized that the amount of fracturing would be considerably increased as a result of discontinuities in the rock. Analysis of acoustic emission data provides insights into the response of the rock during loading and unloading, and assists with the identification of the effect of the discontinuities. A model based on Mohr Coulomb plasticity and rotating smeared-crack concepts has been developed to represent the formation of discrete fracture processes in a continuum under compressive and tensile stress conditions. The model is implemented in a discrete element - finite element method and is able to represent the change in fracture patterns between the solid and jointed blocks. This provides confidence for the application of the numerical model to the design of mine tunnels at great depth.     

Effects of confining pressure and temperature on mixed-mode (I–II) fracture toughness of a limestone rock

Studying fracture toughness behavior at elevated temperatures and confining pressures is valuable for a number of practical situations such as hydraulic fracturing used to enhance oil and gas recovery from a reservoir, and the disposal or safe storage of radioactive waste in underground cavities. Mixed-mode (I–II) fracture toughness under simulated reservoir conditions of high temperature and confining pressure was studied using straight notched Brazilian disk (SNBD) specimens under diametrical compression. Rock samples were collected from a limestone formation outcropping in the Central Province of Saudi Arabia. Tests were conducted under an effective confining pressure (σ₃) of up to 28 MPa (4000 psi), and a temperature of up to 116°C. The results show a substantial increase in fracture toughness under confining pressure. The pure mode-I fracture toughness (K_IC) increased by a factor of about 3.7 under a σ₃ of 28 MPa compared to that under ambient conditions. The variation of K_IC was found to be linearly proportional to σ₃. The pure mode-II fracture toughness (K_IIC) increased by a factor of 2.4 upon increasing σ₃ to 28 MPa. On the other hand, K_IC at 116°C was only 25% more than that at ambient conditions. Some ductile behavior was displayed by the rock samples at a high temperature and confining pressure.     

A pore crack model for the mechanical behaviour of porous granular rocks in the brittle deformation regime

A model is developed for predicting and simulating the mechanical behaviour and failure mode of brittle porous granular rocks loaded in compression. It is based on a fracture mechanics analysis applied to cracks emanating from the surface of cylindrical pores in two-dimensional, which is well suited to the microstructure of such rocks. It is also consistent with the usual experimental procedure used for biaxial compression tests since the numerical scheme is implemented under the assumption of imposed axial strain. The model takes into account interactions between neighbouring cracks, which grow when their stress intensity factor reaches the fracture toughness of the rock. The simulation of crack growth from cylindrical holes, associated with a failure criterion based on the coalescence of interacting cracks, allows one to calculate the critical stress at rupture and to derive theoretical stress–strain curves.The present model is then used to compare theoretical results with laboratory data obtained on four sandstones with porosity ranging between 13% and 25.5% which were deformed under conventional triaxial compression conditions at confining pressures between 0 and 35 MPa. The comparison shows that by using a small number of parameters (pore size, pore density, fracture toughness, and elastic moduli), the model is able to predict the rock behaviour during the compression tests and the stress level at rupture in a quite accurate way, when the microstructural parameters introduced are consistent with the observations.