翘嘴红鲌肉腌制工艺优化

目的研究腌制方式和湿腌温度、时间对翘嘴红鲌肉品质的影响。方法以挥发性盐基氮(volatile salt-based nitrogen,VBN)、菌落总数(aerobic plate count,APC)、过氧化值(peroxide value,POV)及感官评分为指标,比较干腌与湿腌法对翘嘴红鲌鱼肉制品品质的影响,在此基础上以腌鱼肉盐分含量、感官评分及盐卤中氨基酸态氮及可溶性蛋白含量为指标,确定最适湿腌条件。结果冷藏后期干腌组鱼肉VBN、APC显著高于湿腌组鱼肉,而感官评分低于湿腌组鱼肉,湿腌组比干腌组鱼肉保质期延长2~3 d;同一腌制温度下,湿腌组鱼肉含盐量、盐卤中氨基酸态氮和可溶性蛋白的含量均随腌制时间延长而增加,最佳腌制工艺为:10~15℃湿法腌制20 min,腌制后鱼肉营养损失相对较少,鱼肉盐分含量约为4.09%。结论相比于干腌法,湿法腌制翘嘴红鲌肉更有利于腌鱼肉的保藏;合适的湿腌温度和时间分别为10~15℃和20 min,此时腌鱼肉具有较好的感官品质,冷藏条件下保质期能达到18 d左右。     

超声波处理对猪肉腌制效果的影响

研究超声波处理对猪肉腌制效果的影响.将猪背脊肉(每个样本50g)浸入浓度为10%食盐溶液中,采用功率为300W、频率为40kHz的超声波,分别处理0、20、40、60、80、100、120 min;再4℃静置腌制,共腌制12 h(从浸入食盐溶液开始计时).通过测定猪肉中氯化钠含量、蛋白质含量、猪肉嫩度及保水力,比较超声波处理组与对照组各性能的优劣.结果表明,在总腌制时间相同的情况下,随超声波处理时间延长,腌制速度、蛋白质的溶出、肉的嫩度都能得到提高,并在100 min～120 min阶段急剧变化;而保水性在处理60 min时最好.超声波处理技术能较好地改善猪肉的腌制效果.     

真空干燥对鲟鱼肉理化品质及微观结构的影响

为探究干燥条件对预腌制鲟鱼肉理化品质及微观结构的影响,该文以常压热风干燥为对照,研究经不同温度(50、60、70℃)和不同时间(3、5、7、9、11、13 h)真空干燥后的预腌制俄罗斯鲟鱼肉的色泽、水分含量、脂质氧化、蛋白含量及微观结构的变化。结果表明,随着干燥时间的延长,鲟鱼肉的脂质氧化程度增加,且真空干燥可以有效延缓脂质氧化。经真空60℃干燥7 h后,鲟鱼肉的水分含量有效减少,同时微观结构破坏较小,色泽变化被延缓,具有较高的感官评分。十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDSPAGE)显示,真空干燥过程中29.0 kDa的条带比较稳定且明显。     

超声波辅助腌制法对牦牛肉腌制速率和品质影响的研究

传统腌制方法耗时长,腌制效率低。研究目的在于探讨超声波辅助腌制法对牦牛肉腌制速率、嫩度和蒸煮损失的影响。选择0、120、210 W和300 W超声功率,用1%、4%、5%和6%氯化钠腌制牦牛肉,进行30、60、90 min和120 min超声处理,测定亚硝酸钠渗透深度、氯化钠含量、剪切力、蒸煮损失。在此基础上,利用L9(34)正交试验对超声波辅助腌制牦牛肉的功率、超声时间和氯化钠浓度等工艺条件进行优化,以亚硝酸钠渗透深度确定超声波辅助腌制法对牦牛肉腌制的速率、剪切力和感官评价等影响。结果表明,超声波辅助腌制能加快腌制液向牦牛肉肌肉组织渗透的速率,加快腌制的速度,还能减少腌制牦牛肉的蒸煮损失,增加保水性,提高肉的嫩度。超声功率210 W、超声时间60 min、氯化钠浓度为6%时,超声波辅助腌制牦牛肉的品质最佳,腌制速率也有所提高。     

腌制时间对大黄鱼鱼肉理化性质和烤制品品质的影响

为探究腌制时间对大黄鱼鱼肉理化性质和烤制品品质的影响,将大黄鱼鱼肉置于由1%谷氨酰胺转氨酶、10%食盐和15%山梨糖醇组成的溶液中腌制,测定鱼肉的保水效果、质构、热稳定性和蛋白组织结构,评价烤制鱼肉的品质。结果表明,当腌制时间从2 h增至8 h时,鱼肉硬度从948.76 g降至352.67 g,蒸煮损失率从11.20%增至18.52%。随着腌制时间的延长,鱼肉硬度增加而蒸煮损失率降低。扫描电镜显示,腌制2~8 h的鱼肉呈现疏松的纤维结构,延长腌制时间会增加鱼肉结构的致密性。经过烤制,腌制2~24 h的鱼肉纤维结构间隙较大,硬度无显著变化,而腌制48 h的鱼肉微观结构致密,硬度显著增加。伴随腌制时间的延长,鱼肉烤制后的咸味、鲜味、涩味和丰富性逐渐增加,苦味逐渐降低;氮氧化合物、甲基类、硫化物、有机硫化物、醇和醛酮类相关的挥发性气味显著增加。结论:改变腌制时间可以调控大黄鱼鱼肉的理化性质和烤制品质,这为利用大黄鱼研发预制菜肴提供了理论参考。     

低盐腌制草鱼肉各分割部位蒸制过程品质变化规律

目的：揭示不同蒸制时间对添加1.5%食盐腌制草鱼肉(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)不同分割部位食用品质的影响,并评价其加工适宜性。方法：将草鱼肉分割为4个部分,包括背部、腹部、腩部和尾部,并用1.5%食盐湿腌30 min,通过得率、色泽、感官评分、三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)关联产物、蛋白质消化率和分子质量分布对2 100 W下蒸制6、9、12 min的各部位鱼肉进行研究。结果：与蒸制6、12 min相比,蒸制9 min的背部和腹部肉的蛋白质消化率显著最高(P<0.05)。与蒸制12 min相比,尾部肉在蒸制6 min时感官总评分和肌苷酸(inosine monophosphate,IMP)含量均显著较高(P<0.05)。随着蒸制时间的延长,尾部肉的感官总评分显著降低、色泽显著劣变,表现为过红、过黄(P<0.05),食用品质明显下降。蒸制12 min时腹部和腩部肉的红度值(a^*)和黄度值(b^*)显著高于相同蒸制时间下的背部和尾部(P<0.05),食用品质严重降低...     

牦牛肉罐头关键工艺参数的研究

以牦牛肉为原料,对其进行嫩化、腌制、杀菌等操作研制出牦牛肉罐头。实验结果表明,牦牛肉最佳嫩化工艺为酶用量0.03%,嫩化水温度40℃,时间60min;嫩化肉的腌制条件为低温常压,实验确定产品配方为腌制肉75%、混合调味料2.5%、糯米粉1.5%,杀菌公式为(10’-30’-15’)/121℃。     

不同腌制方式对猪肉品质的影响

为了选择适合企业生产要求和安全高效的肉制品腌制工艺,本试验以新鲜猪背脊肉为原料,分别采用真空腌制(-86 kPa),高压腌制(150 MPa)以及传统腌制方式,分析腌制效果(水分含量、食盐含量、亚硝酸钠残留量)、PH、食用品质(保水性、色泽、嫩度与质构)、腌肉中盐溶性蛋白含量的变化及影响。结果表明:真空腌制可显著提高猪肉pH值和食用品质,真空腌制对猪肉的嫩度、TPA和色泽有显著影响(P0.05),腌肉中的盐溶性蛋白质的含量随着腌制时间延长,呈上升趋势。腌制6 h时,真空腌制肉中的盐溶性蛋白含量显著高于传统腌制和高压腌制(P0.05)。腌制液中的盐溶性蛋白含量随着腌制时间延长,也呈上升趋势。在腌制6 h时,高压腌制液中的盐溶性蛋白含量显著低于真空腌制组(P0.05)。真空组含量均显著高于传统腌制和高压腌制肉样的亚硝酸钠含量(P0.05)。     

超声波处理对湿腌猪肉腌制速度及肉质的影响

主要研究了超声功率、超声时间与间歇时间比、超声时间对湿腌猪肉腌制速度及肉质的影响。实验结果表明,超声波处理可以加速腌制液中食盐、亚硝酸盐和蔗糖向湿腌猪肉的渗透,加快腌制速度,并且增加肉的保水性,提高肉的嫩度,将蒸煮损失控制在合理范围之内。通过L9(34)正交实验得到超声波最佳处理工艺条件为超声功率300W,超声时间与间歇时间比1∶1,超声处理时间90min。     

烤肉类蛋白酶复合腌制剂配方的优化及风味分析

以食盐、白砂糖、复合磷酸盐、无花果蛋白酶为腌制剂,以牛肉的嫩度、熟肉率、感官评分为评价指标,通过计算评价指标的相关权重得到影响腌制牛肉品质的综合评分指数。在单因素试验的基础上,利用Design Expert10.0软件的Box-Behnken法对腌制液配方进行优化,确定烤肉类基础腌制剂最佳配方,并利用电子舌对腌制牛肉进行风味分析,开发适合烤肉类蛋白酶复合腌制剂。结果显示,蛋白酶复合腌制剂的配方为食盐1.8%、白砂糖4.2%、复合磷酸盐0.13%、无花果蛋白酶0.3%时,腌制的牛肉综合评分指数最高为32.425(嫩度、熟肉率和感官评价的平均值分别为18.52 N、69.6%和37.5分)。对优化后的复合腌制剂处理的牛肉进行风味分析,结果显示,在6～8 ℃条件下腌制6～8 h,牛肉的风味最佳。     

熏制即食罗非鱼片的色泽优化工艺研究

为获得色泽良好的熏制即食鱼片,以感官评定结合分光测色分析的方法,考察加工中的熏制、腌制、干燥及熟化杀菌工艺步骤及其参数对熏制即食鱼片产品色泽的影响,结果表明熏制方式、干燥条件和熟化方式对产品的色泽影响显著。鱼肉经浓度3mL/100mL的烟熏液A浸渍1h,60℃热风条件下干燥7h,真空包装后100℃条件下蒸煮熟化15min,得到的产品色泽金黄,受消费者喜爱。     

Processing optimization of restructured jerky from sea rainbow trout frame muscle

This study determined optimal drying temperature and time on the moisture content, hardness, and overall sensory acceptance of restructured jerky from sea rainbow trout frame muscle (RJ-SRTF) using response surface methodology. The optimal drying conditions with respect to the above variables were 67.2°C for drying temperature and 8.6 h for drying time. The predicted values of response optimal conditions were 18.8 g/100 g for moisture content, 495.8 g/cm² for hardness, and a score of 7.2 for overall sensory acceptance. The actual values obtained in this experiment were 19.1±0.6 g/100 g for moisture content, 453.9±91.0 g/cm² for hardness, and a score of 7.4±0.5 for overall sensory acceptance. Both actual and predicted values were nearly identical. In conclusion, the models are adequately fitted to experimental data and suitable for optimization.     

Synergistic inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes on cold-smoked rainbow trout by nisin and sodium lactate

The inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and mesophilic aerobic bacteria in cold-smoked rainbow trout by nisin, sodium lactate or their combination was studied. Nisin (4000-6000 IU/ml), sodium lactate (60%) or their combination (1:1) were injected into rainbow trout at an industrial scale before the smoking process, or injected into the finished smoked product. Both types of fish samples were smoked, sliced and vacuum-packed according to normal practice in the plant. Packages were opened and L. monocytogenes was inoculated (10(3)-10(4) log colony forming units (cfu)/g) onto the fish samples, which were then vacuum packed again. Samples were stored at 8 degrees C for 17 days or at 3 degrees C for 29 days. Listeria and mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts were measured once a week. The effects of treatments on sensory characteristics and storage stability were also analyzed. Both nisin and lactate inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes in smoked fish, but the combination of the two compounds was even more effective. The combination of nisin and sodium lactate injected into smoked fish decreased the count of L. monocytogenes from 3.26 to 1.8 log cfu/g over 16 days of storage at 8 degrees C. The level of L. monocytogenes remained almost constant (4.66-4.92 log cfu/g) for 29 days at 3 degrees C in the samples injected before smoking and which contained both nisin and sodium lactate. The treatments did not affect the sensory characteristics of cold-smoked rainbow trout. Based on a triangle test, the sensory quality of all test samples remained unchanged for 23 days of storage at 3 degrees C, whereas the control fish prepared without additives or additional salt remained unchanged only for 16 days.     

Pasteurization of rainbow trout roe: Listeria monocytogenes and sensory analyses

D- and z-values for a mixture of four Listeria monocytogenes strains originating from the roe of different fish species were determined in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) roe. The D60- and D63-values obtained were 1.60 and 0.44 min, respectively, and the z-value was 5.36 degrees C accordingly. In pilot-scale experiments, rainbow trout roe (100 g) was vacuum packaged into glass jars and pasteurized both at 62 and 65 degrees C for 10 min. These treatments were enough to destroy 10(8) CFU/ g of L. monocytogenes cells, which was the highest possible Listeria cell count to grow in roe. On the basis of the determined z-value and calculation of pasteurization values, these experimental pasteurizations were found to theoretically destroy at least 45 log units of L. monocytogenes cells in rainbow trout roe. In addition, these pasteurization treatments did not significantly affect the sensory quality of the roe. The sensory quality of pasteurized vacuum-packaged rainbow trout roe stored at 3 degrees C was evaluated as good after 6 months of storage and not statistically different from the control that was frozen from the same roe lot as the pasteurized roe samples. Pasteurization of rainbow trout roe was proven to be an appropriate method for ensuring product safety with regard to L. monocytogenes and to stabilizing the sensory and microbial quality of roe. However, the safety risk caused by spore-forming bacteria still exists in pasteurized roe. Therefore, it has to be stored below 3 degrees C.     

二、三倍体虹鳟肌肉感官品质差异的对比分析

为研究二倍体虹鳟和三倍体虹鳟感官品质差异,分析同一亲本、同一养殖条件下二、三倍体虹鳟肉色、肉质和风味物质的组成及含量的差异。结果表明：在肉色方面,二倍体虹鳟肌肉黄色值显著大于三倍体虹鳟（P＜0.05）,亮度值和红色值无显著差异;在肉质方面,三倍体虹鳟肌肉弹性和咀嚼性显著高于二倍体虹鳟（P＜0.05）,持水力和pH值等无显著差异;在滋味物质方面,三倍体虹鳟肌肉滋味组成相对二倍体虹鳟较为丰富,有鲜、咸、苦和甜等味道;在挥发性物质组成方面,二、三倍体虹鳟肌肉挥发性物质均由77 种化合物组成,气味活度值较大的特征性气味物质主要有1-辛烯-3-醇、己醛、辛醛、壬醛和(E)-2-壬烯醛,整体呈现青草味、脂肪味及水果香味,三倍体虹鳟肌肉中总特征性气味物质的气味活度值显著高于二倍体虹鳟（P＜0.05）。本研究表明二、三倍体虹鳟具有不同的感官品质特征。     

中华管鞭虾(Solenocera Melantho)高水分即食虾仁加工工艺优化及品质分析

以海捕中华管鞭虾虾仁为原料,以感官评定为判断标准,通过调味配方单因素实验及正交实验,确定了最佳调味配方为:白砂糖的添加量为8%,料酒的添加量为9%,生抽的添加量为1.5%,味精的添加量为0.3%,验证实验感官评分达到49分;再以L*值、TVB-N值以及菌落总数为理化指标进行实验测定,确定了产品调味工艺中最佳食盐添加量为1.5%,最佳料液比为3:1 g/mL,最优腌制时间为12 min。最后以感官评定为指标,通过对产品生产工艺条件进行单因素实验及正交实验,确定了产品生产全过程中的最优工艺参数:调味时间为12 min、蒸煮时间为4 min、干燥时间为60 min(60 ℃条件下)、杀菌时间为10 min(115 ℃条件下),此条件下的产品经检测细菌总数小于1000 CFU/g,大肠菌群小于10 MPN/100 g,致病菌未检出,且验证实验感官评分达到48分,产品常温条件下保藏时间达到6个月以上。该研究成果为开发风味独特的中华管鞭虾方便调理食品提供了技术基础。     

The Effect of Thyme and Garlic Oil on the Preservation of Vacuum-Packaged Hot Smoked Rainbow Trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>)

Quality and shelf life of filleted hot smoked rainbow trout packaged in vacuum packaging (untreated) and with thyme oil (TO), and garlic oil (GO)-treated, after vacuum-packaged (VP) conditions stored at 2 °C, were investigated by measurement of microbiological, sensory and physicochemical analyses. Acceptability scores for appearance, odour, taste and texture of untreated and treated smoked trout decreased with storage time. The limit of sensory acceptance was reached after 5 weeks for the untreated samples, after 7 weeks for with thyme oil-treated samples (TO + VP) and after 6 weeks for with garlic oil-treated (GO + VP) samples. Total viable count evaluated that thyme oil- and garlic oil-treated vacuum-packaged samples had good results up to 7 weeks compared with 5 weeks in control vacuum packs. Psychrotrophic counts for untreated and treated samples exceeded 6 log cfu/g after 5 and 6 weeks of cold storage, respectively. Treated samples presented the lowest lactic acid bacteria counts. Total volatile basic nitrogen and trimethylamine nitrogen values gave acceptable results for up to 5 weeks for the untreated samples, 7 weeks for thyme- and garlic oil-treated samples. Treated with thyme oil samples presented the lowest thiobarbituric acid index values. The results obtained from this study showed that the shelf life of hot smoked rainbow trout stored in cold storage (2 °C), as determined by overall acceptability of all data, is 5 weeks for vacuum-packaged samples and 7 weeks for thyme- and garlic oil-treated vacuum-packaged smoked fish.     

Effect of combined application of plant extract and vacuum packaged treatment on the quality of hot smoked rainbow trout

The effect of plant extract (bay leaf, rosemary, black cumin seed and lemon oil) treatment on the shelf life of vacuum-packaged fish was studied. Hot smoked rainbow trout was treated with 1 % plant extracts, and their shelf lives were compared with those of control (only vacuum packaged) samples. Samples were stored at 2 °C and sensory evaluation as well as chemical and microbiological analyses were conducted weekly. The control group was spoiled after four weeks of storage. In contrast the addition of plant extracts decreased microbiological activity. The results obtained from this study showed that the shelf life of hot smoked trout stored in cold storage (+2 °C), as determined by overall acceptability of all data, was 6 weeks for rosemary, black cumin seed, and lemon oil treatment plus vacuum packaged fish and 7 weeks for bay leaf oil treatment plus vacuum packaged smoked fish.     

EFFECT OF FILMS OF DIFFERENT OXYGEN TRANSMISSION RATE ON TOXIN PRODUCTION BY CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE E IN VACUUM PACKAGED COLD AND HOT SMOKED TROUT FILLETS

Studies were done to determine the effect of film oxygen transmission rate (OTR) on the time to toxicity in vacuum packaged cold and hot smoked rainbow trout fillets challenged with C. botulinum type E (10² spores/g) and stored at refrigerated conditions (4C), and under mild (8C) and moderate (12C) temperature abuse conditions. While no samples were toxic at 4C, toxin was detected within 28 days at 8C for cold smoked trout fillets vacuum packaged in films with high OTR. Toxin was also detected for most vacuum packaged hot smoked trout fillets within 14–28 days at 8C, with the exception of trout fillets packaged in films with an OTR > 10,000 cc/m²/day. In most cases at 8C, spoilage, based on odor/color scores, preceded or occurred simultaneously with toxigenesis. At 12C all cold and hot smoked trout were toxic after 14–21 days and samples packaged in films with an OTR <5000 cc/m²/day became toxic before, or at the same time as, samples became spoiled. This study has shown that vacuum packaging of trout fillets in low gas barrier films, ranging in OTR from approximately 3,000 to approximately 10,000 cc/m²/day at 24C and 0% relative humidity (RH), did not prevent the growth and toxin production by C. botulinum in vacuum packaged cold and hot smoked trout fillets at 12C. Additional barriers, other than the OTR of the packaging film, need to be considered to ensure the safety of vacuum packaged trout fillets, particularly at mild to moderate temperature abuse storage conditions.     

A practical quality index method (QIM) developed for aquacultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Quality index method (QIM) was developed for whole (W) and gutted (G) rainbow trout during ice storage. Draft schemes were modified and final schemes consisted of 30 and 15 demerit points, and 12 and 14 days of shelf life was found for whole and gutted rainbow trout, respectively. Linear regression was calculated with storage time and correlation of QI scores was found to be 0.98 and 0.99 for W and G samples, respectively. Moreover, the developed QIM for W and G rainbow trout with this study is a nondestructive and rapid method for the sensory evaluation of rainbow trout.