Energy utilisation of biowaste — Sunflower-seed hulls for co-firing with coal

Sunflower-seed hulls (SSH) represent a source of combustible biomass characterised by high contents of potassium and phosphorus and a low silica content. The relatively high net calorific value of 20 MJ/kg d.m. is mainly influenced by the lignin content. Potassium and phosphorus are very important elements in biomass combustion for fuel, influencing slagging and fouling problems. Mixtures with different ratios of brown coal and sunflower-seed hulls (0-22% SSH) were co-fired in the Olomouc power plant. The behaviour of elements in the fly ash and the bottom ash (SiO₂, Al₂O₃, K₂O, P₂O₅, Zn, Cu and Cd) varied in relation to the amount of SSH added to the coal. The fly ash from the co-firing of 20% SSH with coal had a high content of water-leachable sulphates and total dissolved solids. The utilisation of fly ash in civil engineering (land reclamation) should fulfil criteria established by the Council Decision 2003/33/EC for non-hazardous waste. To ensure that the required water-leachable sulphate concentrations are within regulatory limits the fuel may contain a maximum of 14% SSH.     

水泥、粉煤灰及其硬化体中Cr(Ⅵ)溶出条件与其影响因素

分析了国内外现行的溶出试验方法,研究了不同溶出试验条件对水泥、粉煤灰及其硬化体中Cr(Ⅵ)溶出的影响,探讨了粉煤灰中可溶性Cr(Ⅵ)最大溶出量的测定方法.结果表明:静置时间、温度、液固比、颗粒细度、振荡频率及振荡容器尺寸对水泥和粉煤灰及其硬化体中Cr(Ⅵ)的溶出及测定都具有一定的影响,其中振荡时间和浸提液pH值的影响较为显著.粉煤灰中Cr(Ⅵ)的溶出是一个缓慢连续的过程,其可溶性Cr(Ⅵ)最大含量的测定以多级萃取溶出试验为宜.     

Studies on the potential of coal fly ash as a heterogeneous catalyst in oxidation of aqueous sodium sulfide solutions with hydrogen peroxide

The potential of fly ash procured form coal-fired thermal power plants was studied as a heterogeneous catalyst in the oxidation of aqueous sodium sulfide solutions with hydrogen peroxide in the temperature range of 303–323 K. The effects of various parameters (source of fly ash, fly ash loading, initial concentrations of sodium sulfide and hydrogen peroxide, electrolyte and deactivation of catalytic effect of fly ash) were studied. For an initial sodium sulfide and hydrogen peroxide concentration of 26·98×10⁻² kmol m⁻³ and 24·28×10⁻² kmol m⁻³ respectively, only 4% (w/v) fly ash loading intensified the rate of oxidation by a factor of 4·52 over that without fly ash at 303 K. The deactivation of the catalytic effect of fly ash was found to be less than 20% even after six repeated uses. The kinetics of aqueous phase decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was also studied in the presence of fly ash in alkaline medium. ©1997 SCI     

重金属螯合剂处理垃圾焚烧飞灰的稳定化技术

引言随着我国社会经济的发展、城市化进程的加快以及人们物质生活的提高,全国城市生活垃圾年产生量已达1.5亿吨以上,并以每年8%～10%的速率增加[1-3]。城市垃圾焚烧是我国垃圾处置的重要手段,在焚烧过程中将产生大量飞灰,飞灰产量与垃圾种类、焚烧条件、焚烧炉型及烟气处理工艺有关,一般约占被焚烧垃圾量的3%～5%。分析表     

用粉煤灰处理生活垃圾填埋场渗沥液的研究

通过试验 ,研究用粉煤灰处理城市生活垃圾填埋场渗沥液中COD的去除作用、效果和机理。试验结果表明 :用粉煤灰处理渗沥液 ,最佳灰水比为 1:10 ;预处理时 ,在渗沥液 pH <4,效果最佳 ;混凝剂 (硫酸铝 )用量为 2 g/L时 ,处理效果最佳 ;用混凝剂和粉煤灰综合处理时 ,先加少量混凝剂进行预处理 ,后再加粉煤灰处理效果最佳     

PAC混凝-粉煤灰吸附对老龄垃圾渗滤液预处理的研究

老龄垃圾渗滤液是国际公认的难处理的废水。本文针对广州李坑垃圾填填场处理渗滤液困难的问题,在分析渗滤液水质的基础上,进行了混凝-粉煤灰吸附的预处理实验研究。研究结果表明,当PAC投量在350mg／L、粉煤灰投量在8．0g／L时,可将渗滤液中CODcr的浓度从1987mg·L-1降为516．2mg·L-1,CODcr 去除率达到74％,渗滤液颜色由原来的深褐色变成浅灰色,可生化性指数BOD5／CODcr由0．19提高到0．35。研究表明,PAC混凝-粉煤灰吸附做为一种经济、灵活的预处理工艺用于处理“老龄”填埋场渗滤液是可行的。     

Comparison of calculated mercury emissions from three Alberta power plants over a 33 week period - Influence of geological environment

Feed coals and fly ashes from two coal-fired power plants burning Alberta subbituminous coal were analyzed for C, Cl, Hg, and S and calorific values (for feed coal only), every week for a period of 33 weeks. The feed coals used in this study were deposited in brackish water and are compared to the coals deposited in a freshwater environment. The Hg and char (unburnt carbon) content of the fly ash was monitored to determine the variation of Hg and its possible relationship to the char types in the fly ash. The feed coals have Hg content of 0.026-0.089 mg/kg and their fly ash contains 0.02-0.243 mg/kg of Hg. The C content of the fly ashes ranges from 0.15% to 0.51%. The carbon/char was separated from the fly ash using HF and HCl. Reactive vitrinitic (formed from woody part of plants) and less reactive inertinitic (natural char) chars were separated by density separations of various specific gravities using ZnBr₂.The char is mostly reactive vitrinitic (67-80 vol.%). Both stations have similar range of C content for their respective fly ashes. However, station 2 shows a much wider range of Hg in fly ash compared to station 1. In general, the fly ash from coal deposited under brackish water environment (stations 1 and 2) appears to have same or higher Hg content for lower C content compared to the fly ash from coal deposited under fresh water environment.The calculated emitted Hg for the period of 33 weeks for station 1 is estimated to be 64-90% of the total input of Hg with an average of 74%. The calculated emitted Hg shows a more complex pattern for station 2 and falls into two groups; with group (a) showing higher enrichment index for both Hg and S. The calculated emitted Hg for this group is 43-74% with an average of 57%, indicative of more Hg being captured by fly ash, possibly due to interaction between Hg and S. In the second group (b) the emitted Hg is calculated to be 74-95% with an average of 85%. The relative enrichment of both Hg and S in group (b) is low compared to group (a), indicative of possible slight paleo-weathering of the feed coal.The present study indicates that geological parameters such as paleo weathering and also depositional environment of the feed coal may influence the Hg content of fly ash.     

Comparison of leachable trace element levels in coal gasifier ash with levels in power plant ash

The levels of 14 trace elements in leachates from three types of ash of a common origin coal were compared. The study was conducted over a one year period at the Kosovo plant in Obilic, Yugoslavia comparing coal gasifier ash with fly ash and bottom ash from a coal-fired power plant using lignite from the Dobro Solo mine. Results obtained indicate that levels of Sb, As, Be, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mo, Ni and Zn in gasifier ash leachate were similar to those in fly ash leachate. Barium levels in gasifier ash leachate averaged 2.7 times that in fly ash and selenium levels averaged 0.33 times. The average ratio for the total set was 0.99. The set average, relative to bottom ash, was 2.1 with the nickel ratio (R_{Ni = 0.31}) differing significantly from the average. Metal oxides, CaO, MgO, Na₂O, K₂O and MgO, in the Kosovo gasifier ash were found at levels similar to those in Kosovo fly ash, and except for K₂O, were approximately twice those in bottom ash. Concentration levels of all components showed relatively small variations averaging 50% of their mean annual concentration over the test period.     

水泥基材固化处理含铜污泥的析出性能研究

运用连续化学萃取法定量研究了用水泥和粉煤灰固化的含铜污泥的析出性能。研究表明，含铜污泥中的CuO在水泥浆体中能稳定存在，直到第三步pH为2．0的强酸溶液萃取后才从基体中消失。水泥基体中粉煤灰的加入增加了Cu在第二步萃取的量，因而，粉煤灰的应用使Cu在酸性溶液中的稳定性变差。     

Leaching characteristics of selected Korean fly ashes and its implications for the groundwater composition near the ash disposal mound

Currently only 20% of the fly ash produced in Korea is utilised for industry, and the remainder is disposed as waste in landfill sites. Both anthracite and sub-bituminous coals are burnt in Korea. Fly ash and coal samples were collected from five different coal-fired power stations in Korea and analysed for their chemistry and mineralogy. Batch leaching tests were also carried out to investigate the leaching behaviour of selected fly ashes. The fly ash leachate chemistry was compared with the groundwater taken directly from the monitoring well installed in one of the power stations. The anthracite coals contain illite, pyrophyllite and kaolinite whereas kaolinite is the representative clay mineral for the sub-bituminous coals. Anthracite coals were higher in Si, Al and K than the sub-bituminous coals, reflecting higher mineral matter contents in the anthracite coals. Mullite and quartz are the main mineral phases for two different types of the fly ashes, with some iron oxides. The chemical compositions of the anthracite and sub-bituminous fly ashes are comparable with each other, except for extraordinary high concentrations of Cr for one anthracite fly ash. Most of the trace elements in the ash were enriched in the finer fraction, indicating surface associations. Although, some elements including Na, K, Ca and Cu were released rapidly in the initial stage of leaching, measurable amounts of metals were still detectable in the fly ash leachate treated several times with distilled water. Such leaching behaviour indicates slow and long-term leaching of elements associated with the glass fractions of the ash particle. This was confirmed by leaching of weathered fly ash, which had been disposed of for several years. Comparison of the ash leachate, treated with 0.1N-HCl, fly ash slurry in the ash pond and the groundwater indicate the influence of the ash leachate from the ash disposal mound on the groundwater composition.     

Orimulsion fly ash in clay bricks—part 1: composition and thermal behaviour of ash

A bitumen-in-water emulsion (Orimulsion) is currently used as a fuel in several thermal power plants worldwide. Orimulsion combustion produces a fly ash rich in S, Mg, V and Ni, which is processed to recover metals. In order to assess the feasibility of a recycling in clay brick production, a characterization of the physico-chemical and thermal properties of ash was performed by ICP–OES, XRPD, SEM, BET and TGA–DTA techniques. Orimulsion ash resulted in fine-grained (aggregates of submicronic particles), highly hygroscopic, constituted mainly of magnesium sulphate, vanadyl sulphates and magnesium and nickel oxides, and thermally unstable in the usual brick firing conditions. These features can affect the brickmaking process, particularly the plasticity of the clay body and its drying and firing behaviour; furthermore, a mobilization of sulphates could occur, promoting the formation of efflorescence and/or the SO_x release during firing.     

Detoxification of medical waste incinerator fly ash through successive flotation

Medical waste incinerator (MWI) fly ash is considered hazardous waste because it contains hypertoxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans as well as heavy metals. To detoxify both substances, successive flotations of MWI fly ash were performed. The first step involved decarburization flotation, whereby 91.0% of the dioxins in MWI fly ash were transformed into a froth product. In the second step (ion flotation), the influence of ionic strength on heavy metals recovered from both raw and stimulated filtrates was explored. The results revealed that the optimal conditions were sodium dodecyl sulfate at 480 ppm, methyl isobutyl carbonyl at 150 ppm, impeller speed at 2000 rpm, and flotation time of 18 min for raw leachate, through which Zn (47.0%), Pb (56.5%), Cu (57.5%), and Cd (49.1%) were recovered. For the simulated filtrate, higher removal efficiencies were noted: 60.5%, 80.6%, 69.1%, and 64.1% for Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd, respectively. The harmful effects of the coexisting ions in the raw filtrate on heavy metal recovery were observed.     

活性炭对医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰水泥固化的影响

对医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰(FA)及其灼烧灰(IFA)进行水泥固化实验研究,考察了飞灰中活性炭对水泥固化体凝结时间、抗压强度、重金属浸出毒性等的影响. 结果表明,掺60% FA的水泥固化体终凝时间长达63 h,超出48 h的限值,相同IFA配比下水泥固化体终凝时间低于该值; 掺40%和60% FA的水泥固化体7 d的抗压强分别仅为0.187和0.16 MPa,低于0.2 MPa的标准,但2种IFA配比下水泥固化体的抗压强度均达标;掺40%和60% FA的水泥固化体中Pb的渗沥浓度分别为5.634和6.032 mg/L,均超过5 mg/L的限值,而掺60% IFA的水泥固化体Pb渗沥浓度超过限值. 结果证实医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰中活性炭是导致水泥固化体凝结时间延长、抗压强度降低、重金属渗沥浓度升高的主要原因.     

The leachability of heavy metals in hardened fly ash cement and cement-solidified fly ash

The effect of mix proportion, leachant pH, curing age, carbonation and specimen making method etc. on the leaching of heavy metals and Cr(VI) in fly ash cement mortars and cement-solidified fly ashes has been investigated. In addition, a method for reducing the leaching of Cr(VI) from cement-solidified fly ashes is proposed. The results mainly indicate that: (1) either Portland cement or fly ash contains a certain amount of heavy and toxic metals, and the leaching of them from hardened fly ash incorporated specimens exists and is increased with fly ash addition and water to cement ratio; (2) the leachability of some heavy metals is greatly dependent on leachant pH; (3) when carbonation of cement mortars occurs the leaching of chromium ions is increased; (4) the amount of heavy metals leached from cement-solidified fly ashes depends more on the kind of fly ash than their contents in fly ash; and (5) with ground granulated blast furnace slag addition, the leaching of Cr(VI) from solidified fly ashes is decreased.     

An experimental study on strength development of concrete containing fly ash and optimum usage of fly ash in concrete

This paper presents a laboratory study on the strength development of concrete containing fly ash and optimum use of fly ash in concrete. Fly ash was added according to the partial replacement method in mixtures. A total of 28 mixtures with different mix designs were prepared. 4 of them were prepared as control mixtures with 250, 300, 350, and 400 kg/m³ cement content in order to calculate the Bolomey and Feret coefficients (K_B, K_F). Four groups of mixtures were prepared, each group containing six mix designs and using the cement content of one of the control mixture as the base for the mix design. In each group 20% of the cement content of the control mixture was removed, resulting in starting mixtures with 200, 240, 280, and 320 kg/m³ cement content. Fly ash in the amount of approximately 15%, 25%, 33%, 42%, 50%, and 58% of the rest of the cement content was added as partial cement replacement. All specimens were moist cured for 28 and 180 days before compressive strength testing. The efficiency and the maximum content of fly ash that gives the maximum compressive strength were obtained by using Bolomey and Feret strength equations. Hence, the maximum amount of usable fly ash amount with the optimum efficiency was determined.This study showed that strength increases with increasing amount of fly ash up to an optimum value, beyond which strength starts to decrease with further addition of fly ash. The optimum value of fly ash for the four test groups is about 40% of cement. Fly ash/cement ratio is an important factor determining the efficiency of fly ash.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗脱氯及重金属浸出特性研究

系统研究了机械炉排炉垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗过程中氯化物和重金属的浸出特性,并采用Visual MINTEQ模拟分析水洗液中重金属的存在形态。结果表明：飞灰中的氯主要以可溶性氯化钠（NaCl）、氯化钾（KCl）、氯化钙（CaCl₂）、碱式氯化钙（CaClOH）的形式存在,飞灰水洗浸出成分97%以上为氯离子（Cl^-）、钠（Na）、钾（K）、钙（Ca）,其中氯离子占比高达60%;重金属及其他成分的浸出量很少,不足1%。水洗对氯离子的去除效果非常明显,可达92%以上,但是重金属的浸出量极低。飞灰单次水洗最佳条件：液固体积质量比为6 mL/g,洗涤时间为10 min。Visual MINTEQ模型分析表明,pH是控制飞灰水洗液中铅（Pb）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、镉（Cd）形态的重要因素,氯离子（Cl^-）对镉的形态分布也有着重要的影响。飞灰水洗液电导率与氯离子质量浓度具有极好的线性相关性,其可作为监测滤液中氯离子质量浓度变化的有效间接指标。     

The effect of alkalinity of Class F PC fly ash on metal release

Thirty-five samples of Class F fly ash from pulverized coal (PC) combustion boilers were leached with deionized water, acetic acid, and sulfuric acid. The release of metal ions from fly ash was related to the pH of the leachant solution and to the alkalinity of the ash. The maximum soluble concentration of the metallic elements was measured when the pH of the leachate was less than 5. Twenty-three of the samples were strongly alkaline and buffered the leachate until the ash was neutralized. The leachate from the other 13 samples became acidic with the addition of less than 1 L of 0.1 N acid. The alkalinity of the ash and the volume of acid required to neutralize it were a function of the Ca concentration.     

Waste stabilization/solidification of an electric arc furnace dust using fly ash-based geopolymers

The stabilization/solidification (S/S) of a carbon steel electric arc furnace (EAF) dust containing hazardous metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr or Zn using geopolymerization technology is described in this paper. Different reagents such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, kaolinite, metakaolinite and blast furnace slag have been used. Mixtures of EAF waste with these geopolymeric materials and class F fly ash have been processed for studying the potential of geopolymers as waste immobilizing agents. Compressive strength tests and leaching tests for determining the efficiency of heavy metal immobilisation have been carried out. Comparison of fly ash-based geopolymer systems with classic Portland cement stabilization methods has also been accomplished. Compressive strength values far better than those achieved by hydraulic S/S methods were easily obtained by geopolymer solids at 28 days. Regarding leachability, the geopolymer S/S solids also manifested in general a better behaviour, showing very promising results.     

粉煤灰在稳定抗生素废水处理剩余污泥中的应用

进行了利用粉煤灰稳定抗生素废水处理过程中产生的剩余污泥的实验. 粉煤灰与剩余污泥按4种比例、3种搅拌时间混合后,采用毒性特性浸取实验、平衡渗漏实验和长期渗漏实验考察重金属离子的渗漏性能. 考虑混合物的重金属离子浓度和病原菌的含量,粉煤灰和污泥的混合物可以农田利用. 在粉煤灰对重金属离子的固定机制中,表面络合作用在较宽的pH值范围内,尤其是在较低pH值时起主要作用,氢氧化物沉淀作用在较高pH值时是主要的作用机制. 实验还发现,粉煤灰固定金属离子的能力随其负荷的增加而增加. 本实验中,粉煤灰能除掉至少92.6%的微生物,粉煤灰的强碱性是杀死剩余污泥中微生物的主要原因.     

氧化钙添加剂对碳酸钠活化粉煤灰的影响及机理

碳酸钠焙烧粉煤灰是一种反应温度低、氧化铝溶出率高,且可同步实现铝、硅高效分离的活化方式,然而该活化过程中所需助剂耗量较大,成为其大规模产业化应用的瓶颈.借鉴高温(1200~1300 ℃)碱石灰烧结活化粉煤灰工艺,在中温(600~1000 ℃)条件下,采用正交实验和单因素实验方法,分别研究了氧化钙添加对碳酸钠焙烧活化粉煤灰后氧化铝溶出率的影响.结果表明,在中温条件下可通过添加一定比例的氧化钙来部分替代碳酸钠,当m(CFA:Na2CO3:CaO)=1:0.6:0.2时,即可使粉煤灰中的氧化铝溶出率达90%以上.通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)进一步研究发现,氧化钙之所以可以部分替代碳酸钠,主要是由于低聚合度的硅酸钙形成所导致的.