三相相转移催化法精制粗间二硝基苯

以氯甲基聚苯乙烯树脂分别与三甲胺、三乙胺、三丁胺、三乙醇胺、吡啶5种叔胺反应,制备了不同的聚合物三相相转移催化剂,并用于间二硝基苯精制,考察了催化剂、氢氧化钠、甲醇的用量及催化剂种类对邻、对二硝基苯转化率的影响,得到了适宜的精制工艺条件为:m(粗间二硝基苯)∶m(甲醇)∶m(NaOH)∶m(聚苯乙烯吡啶树脂)=1∶0.8∶0.1∶0.12,反应温度76～78℃,反应时间2 h。在该条件下,邻对二硝基苯的转化率在99.5%以上,精制后的间二硝基苯经色谱分析后其色谱纯度达99.8%,间二硝基苯的收率在99%左右,聚苯乙烯吡啶树脂催化剂可重复使用7次以上。     

三相相转移催化合成邻硝基苯甲醚的工艺条件

以聚苯乙烯-二乙烯苯阴离子树脂固载聚乙二醇400作为三相相转移催化剂(PS-C5)催化邻氯硝基苯(ONCB)甲氧基化合成邻硝基苯甲醚(ONA)。考察了甲醇、氢氧化钠及催化剂用量、反应温度等工艺条件对反应的影响。实验结果表明,在邻氯硝基苯为0.1 mol,甲醇为0.6 mol,30 g质量分数40%的NaOH,4 g催化剂PS-C5,反应温度70℃,反应时间10 h的适宜条件下,邻氯硝基苯转化率大于99.5%,邻硝基苯甲醚收率达到93.4%。催化剂回收简单并可以重复使用六次以上,催化性能无明显下降。     

采用相转移催化法精制粗间二硝基苯

采用相转移催化法对租间二硝基苯进行醚化处理,将其中的邻、对位异构体转化为对应的硝基苯醚,考察了不同烷氧基化试剂及季铵盐、反应条件、聚乙二醇和季铵盐与聚乙二醇两者复配对间二硝基苯精制反应的影响.结果表明,以甲醇为烷氧基化试剂,四丁基溴化铵为催化剂时,醚化效果较好.在粗间二硝基苯、甲醇、NaOH(质量分数40%)和四丁基溴...     

滴流床反应器中镍基催化剂催化加氢合成间苯二胺工艺的研究

以Ni／La2O3-SiO2为催化剂,采用滴流床反应器较系统地考察了反应温度、压力、气体和液体空速、溶剂等因素对问二硝基苯液相催化加氢合成间苯二胺反应的影响规律。结果表明,在较佳的温度范围内催化剂具有较好的间二硝基苯转化率及间苯二胺选择性,温度过低间苯二胺选择性较低,而温度过高会使间二硝基苯的转化率下降。反应压力及氢气空速提高、间二硝基苯液时空速降低均有刺于提高间二硝基苯的转化率和间苯二胺的选择性。乙酸乙酯对间二硝基苯有良好溶解性能,以乙酸乙酯作为溶剂可以提高催化剂的反应性能。在实验确定的适宜加氢反应工艺条件下,间二硝基苯转化率和间苯二胺选择性均可以达到99．5％以上。     

混合二元酸二甲酯的间歇/连续酯化工艺研究

介绍了以混合二元酸、甲醇为原料,采用阳离子交换树脂NKC-9为催化剂,经预酯化和连续酯化制备混酸二甲酯,结果表明：当m（NKC-9催化剂）∶m（混合二元酸）=8％时,混合二元酸预酯化转化率大于70％.其连续酯化后转化率及总转化率分别大于90％和97％.最佳反应条件为：预酯化∶m（催化剂）∶m（混合二元酸）=8％,n（甲醇）∶n（混合二元酸）=2.5∶1,反应温度80～85℃,反应时间3 h;连续酯化∶液体空速0.37～1.47 h1,n（甲醇）∶n（预酯化产物）＞25.14.     

负载型纳米钌催化剂催化加氢合成间苯二胺工艺研究

以高分子/二氧化硅双重负载的纳米钌为催化剂,由间二硝基苯液相催化加氢制备间苯二胺,考察了反应温度、压力、催化剂用量、溶剂等对催化反应的影响,同时对催化剂的稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,该催化剂具有很高的催化活性,以甲醇为溶剂,间二硝基苯初始浓度0.5 mol/L,温度80℃,压力1.5MPa,反应1.5 h后间二硝基苯转化率和间苯二胺选择性分别达到95.6%和99%以上;同时,催化剂具有良好的稳定性,经过25次套用实验后,催化剂的反应性能未发生明显变化。     

强酸性阳离子树脂催化合成受阻酚类抗氧剂1330

以强酸性离子交换树脂为催化剂,通过共沸将反应副产物甲醇分离,催化合成了1,3,5-三甲基-2,4,6-三（3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基）苯（抗氧剂1330）。考察了树脂类型、用量、反应时间、催化剂重复使用对收率的影响。结果表明,干燥、高交换容量的大孔径强酸性树脂对反应的催化效果较好。最佳工艺条件为：n(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基甲基醚): n(均三甲苯)=3.6:1,m（树脂）：m（3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苄基甲基醚）=1.03:1,40℃反应2h,抗氧剂1330的收率 可达85.7%。树脂重复使用6次后,1330的收率 仍可保持在82%以上。该工艺无废硫酸产生,减少废水产生量约50%～60%。     

阳离子交换树脂催化合成阿魏酸甲酯的研究

以甲醇和阿魏酸为原料,强酸性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂,直接酯化合成了阿魏酸甲酯.考察了树脂类型、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度、醇酸物质的量比、催化剂重复使用性等因素对反应的影响.确定了较佳反应条件为:m(732树脂):m(阿魏酸)=12:100,n(甲醇):n(阿魏酸)=7:1,加热回流(65℃)反应7 h,在此反应条件下阿魏酸的转化率为82.6%.催化剂能够重复使用3次而保持转化率无显著下降.产品用质谱和红外光谱进行表征.经过测试,产品对于氨酸酪酶活性的抑制作用良好.     

CuBr2-吡啶离子液体催化甲醇液相一步氧化生成甲缩醛

考察了以CuBr_2与具有不同烷基支链和阴离子类型的吡啶离子液体组成的催化剂体系对甲醇一步液相氧化合成甲缩醛(DMM)的催化性能,发现CuBr_2-N-乙基吡啶溴盐催化性能最好。考察了不同催化剂组成、催化剂浓度、反应温度、氧气压力、反应时间对甲醇一步液相氧化合成甲缩醛反应的影响,得到的最佳反应条件为:n(CuBr_2)/n(N-乙基吡啶溴盐)=1.0、催化剂质量浓度为40 g/L、反应温度130℃、氧气压力3 MPa和反应时间4 h,在该条件下甲醇转化率达到26.1%,DMM选择性达到95.0%。CuBr_2-N-乙基吡啶溴盐重复使用9次后,甲醇转化率为22.2%,DMM选择性为91.2%,催化活性仍然保持稳定。     

连续酯化制备1，6-己二酸二甲酯

以DNW-I型强酸型阳离子交换树脂（DNW-I型催化剂）为催化剂,己二酸和甲醇为原料,经间歇酯化和连续酯化反应后通过精馏可制备选择性为100％的1,6-己二酸二甲酯。结果表明,当DNW-I型催化剂用量为5％（以己二酸计,m／m,下同）时,己二酸间歇及连续酯化后转化率分别大于68％和98％。优化实验条件为：间歇酯化：催化剂用量5％,凡（甲醇）：n（己二酸）=2．5：1．0,反应温度80-85℃,反应时间4h：连续酯化：间歇酯化产物进料为30～70mL／h,甲醇进料为95-210mL／h,醇酸摩尔比〉60。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。