磷基负极材料在金属离子电池中的现状与趋势

新能源汽车的高速发展,对电池材料的能量密度提出更高的要求。磷由于具有比容量高、倍率性好、资源丰富、价格低廉等特性而被视为最具潜力的金属离子电池负极材料之一。针对磷基负极材料在电化学循环过程中存在的体积膨胀率大、循环性能差、导电性差等缺点,将磷与不同材料复合可以提升其电化学性能。本文重点综述了红磷与不同碳材料的复合,复合材料的制备方法、结构设计以及每种复合材料对电化学性能的影响、每种材料的不足及改进措施：天然多孔碳与红磷结合既可保证材料的电化学性能又可控制材料的成本,逐渐成为一种趋势。接着,综述了以红磷为原料制备不同金属磷化物的研究进展,包括不同金属磷化物的晶体结构、制备方法、电化学循环过程中的氧化还原机制以及每种金属磷化物的研究意义 不同金属磷化物用在合适的特定工作环境下可以取得事半功倍的效果。最后,对磷基材料在金属离子电池中的应用前景进行了展望：研究过程以密度泛函理论、第一性原理等手段指导磷基材料的设计,采用真空和超重力等方式对红磷转化加以控制,最终实现对磷基材料大规模、低成本、高安全的应用。     

中国铜红釉技术发展历程探索

铜红釉是以含铜物质为着色剂,在还原条件下烧制出的红色釉,彻底改变了以往青釉类瓷器的单色格局.铜红釉在不同时代根据当时的技术发展出了不同的种类,主要包括钧红、祭红、郞窑红等.本文根据铜红釉在各个时代不同的技术梳理其发展脉络,并对其特征进行阐述.     

Bauxite ‘red mud’ in the ceramic industry. Part 2: production of clay-based ceramics

Some potential uses of red mud as a raw component in clay mixtures for ceramic bodies production are presented. The influence of increasing amounts of red mud on the forming procedure, sintering and final properties was analyzed. Samples were produced by uniaxial pressing and slip casting. Two different clays are used as basic materials, the former being currently employed for the production of bricks by extrusion, the second — almost pure Kaolin — for high quality ceramic manufacturing. In both cases the addition of red mud led to more deflocculated solid–water systems and an increase of the critical moisture content. Mixtures prepared with the first clay and red mud loads up to 50% were fired at 850°C. The red mud content did not influence the sample porosity while determining a strength decrease attributed to the inertness of red mud at the working temperature. Samples produced using the second clay and red mud (0 – 20%) were fired at 950 and 1050°C. The addition of red mud determined increases of density and flexural strength which can be accounted for by the formation of a larger amount of glassy phase at higher red mud contents. The results of this work indicate excellent perspectives for using ‘red mud’ as raw material in mixtures with clay for the production of ceramic bodies.     

Do red prices also work online?: An extension of Puccinelli et al. (2013)

In a recent article, Puccinelli et al. examine the effect of the color in which prices appear in print flyers on consumers' perceived savings. Puccinelli et al. find that the effect is moderated by gender: unlike female consumers, men think they are being offered a better deal when prices are presented in red than when they are presented in black. The advertisements with prices in red also put men in a more positive state. This note replicates Puccinelli et al.'s main experiment in a different context (online vs. print) and in a different cultural setting (Belgium vs. the USA). In line with Puccinelli et al., we find that men perceive the online store with red prices as offering better value. But, intriguingly, it does not appear to make men feel more positively. One possible explanation is that red prices work differently online.     

明代早期祭红釉显微结构与工艺的研究

收集了明代早期 (永乐、宣德、成化 )不同年代的祭红釉瓷残片。用扫描电镜、透射电镜、能谱仪、电子衍射、荧光X射线光谱分析、光学显微镜等系统地研究了它们的显微结构 ,用体视显微镜、分光光度计等观察、测定了它们的呈色状况 ,详细探讨了明代祭红釉之间的差别 ,分析了它们的生产工艺与化学组成、显微结构之间的关系。     

New Alumina‐Based Novel Ceramic Nanopigments: An Alternative to the Purple of Cassius

The present article presents first comparative study on three different dry solgel methods of producing new alumina‐based dark violet, light pink ceramic nanopigments as well as ruby‐red ceramic nanopigment — an alternative to the Purple of Cassius. Gold nanoparticles are built directly on a carrier of an aluminum oxide nanopowder, which finally yields Al₂O₃/Au nanopowders possessing colors ranging from light pink to light violet as well as ruby‐red.     

Optimum conditions for cultivation of Chlorella sp. FC-21 using light emitting diodes

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum conditions for the cultivation of Chlorella sp. FC-21 under light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Specific growth rates and Chlorella cell concentrations were measured when they were grown under different LED wavelengths (red, blue, white, and mixed). The red LEDs were the most effective light source as determined by increases in specific growth rates and cell concentrations. Cell concentrations increased as light intensity was increased; however, the specific growth rate decreased as the initial cell concentration rose due to the shading effect of cells in the reactor. To determine if aeration is beneficial during cell cultivation, micro-air bubbles were aerated at 0.70 vvm in the reactor under red LED illumination. Aeration led to two- and ten-times greater specific growth rates. Our findings show that red LEDs with aeration are optimal for cultivation of Chlorella sp. FC-21.     

改性及固定化赤泥去除矿山废水中Mn(Ⅱ)的应用及机理研究

炼铝工业固体废料(赤泥)可作为吸附剂去除酸性废水中Mn(Ⅱ),采用序批试验研究不同改性赤泥除Mn(Ⅱ)特性,同时考察了动态条件下赤泥微球除锰能力,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、比表面积测定仪(BET)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征解析赤泥去除Mn(Ⅱ)的机理.序批实验结果表明不同赤泥对...     

甜椒红色素的提取及性质的研究

将粒度为0.150 mm的广东、湖南等地产的红甜椒干粉进行辣椒红色素的提取试验。研究得出:将浓度为95%的AR级乙醇以1:16 g/ml的料液配比在50 ℃下提取3 h为提取辣椒红素的优化条件。过滤浓缩后所得红棕色油状辣椒红色素的 ASTA值≥1000,汞含量≤0.01 mg/kg,为油溶性食用天然红色素。该色素在弱酸性至弱碱性范围内稳定,热稳定性也好,但耐强光性较差,若将色素溶解在油脂中则其光稳定性增强。此提取工艺因省去了除辣工序而变得简便。甜椒红色素属于β-胡萝卜素类物质,既有天然色素的作用,又兼有维生素之营养强化剂的功效。     

Evaluation of bauxite residues (red muds) of different origins for environmental applications

Bauxite residue (red mud) samples from 11 Australian and overseas Bayer process refineries and variously treated red muds were investigated from the perspective of potential environmental uses for red muds. Red muds had pH (1:5 H₂O) values ranging from 8.4 to 12.6 and electrical conductivities of 0.7 to 18.2 mS/cm (1:5 extract), surface area ranged from 15 to 30 m²/g and texture from sandy clay loam to clay. Red muds are mostly composed of crystalline compounds of Fe, Al, Si and Ca with some red muds containing moderate amounts of Ti and Na. Most red muds contain hematite, goethite, quartz, calcite, desilication product (sodalite), gibbsite, boehmite and anatase. Other minerals, including muscovite, halite and gypsum occur in some red muds. The acid buffering behaviour of red muds was investigated by incubation of red muds with various amounts of hydrochloric acid. Buffering curves changed with time and each red mud gave a different buffering curve although curves could be grouped into five different shapes. Most of the buffering occurs between about pH 6 and 8 where the pH is buffered by dissolution of calcite, sodalite and tricalcium aluminate (when present). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of acid treated red muds at different pH values indicate that sodalite and calcite buffer (i.e. dissolve) simultaneously. Buffering at lower pH values (< 4) is due to dissolution of Fe oxides. Each red mud has different pH buffering characteristics so that the use of red mud for liming of acid soil, water, sulphidic mining residues and manufacturing wastes will require detailed characterisation of the buffering reactions for the particular system.     

B→O血型转换批量制备通用型红细胞的研究

目的建立B→O血型转换红细胞(通用型红细胞)批量制备工艺,为临床提供通用型红细胞制品。方法用不同pH值的缓冲液对1个使用单位(200ml)的B型红细胞进行预处理。在专门设计的转型密闭处理系统中,用α半乳糖苷酶对B型红细胞表面B抗原进行酶解,并检测酶解后红细胞ABO血型抗原及结构、功能。结果酶解前用pH4.2缓冲液预处理组上清游离Hb含量显著低于pH2.8缓冲液处理组;经α半乳糖苷酶(100Uml红细胞)在pH5.6,26℃条件下酶解60min,红细胞B型抗原被完全清除,转换为O型;红细胞形态、变形性、ATP、2,3DPG、胆固醇含量、乙酰胆酐酯酶活性、渗透脆性、pH、上清游离Hb、K+、Na+含量与对照组(正常红细胞)比较差异无显著意义,均在正常范围。结论建立了B→O血型转换通用型红细胞的批量制备工艺。通用型红细胞结构、功能、形态均正常,细菌、热原实验合格。     

烧结法赤泥用于废水除磷的研究

采用不同浓度的双氧水活化赤泥,用静态吸附法研究了不同活化赤泥对于废水中磷的吸附性能,考察了处理温度、时间、pH等因素对脱磷的影响。采用热分析、XRD、FT-IR等手段对活化前后的赤泥进行了表征分析。结果表明：经活化处理的赤泥对磷的吸附能力较未活化的赤泥有了明显的提高,经质量分数为15%双氧水处理,再经700 ℃热处理的赤泥对磷的饱和吸附量可达252.40 mg/g。实验证明赤泥对磷的吸附符合Langmuir吸附模型,属于单分子层吸附。将经过活化的赤泥用于废水中磷的脱除,具有较好的应用前景。     

甘肃黄芪和红芪中总皂苷含量测定对比研究

探讨分析不同产地的黄芪和红芪药材中总皂角的含量。对照品选择黄芪甲苷,采用香草醛-高氯酸显色法进行测定。结果表明,黄芪和红芪的样品回收率分别是96.87%和98.96%。在对红芪和黄芪中的总皂苷进行测定的过程中,发现不同地区的黄芪和红芪药材中的皂苷的含量存在明显的差异,宕昌的黄芪中的皂苷的总含量最高,武都的红芪中的总皂苷的含量最高。     

Relation between the digestibility and protein value of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

The main nutritional limitations of common beans are the low digestibility of their protein and the deficiency of the latter in sulfur amino acids. Analysis of the information presented indicates that with 57 samples of different color (23 red, 21 black, 10 white and 3 brown), no relationship was found between protein digestibility and its quality as measured by NPR. Nevertheless, white beans have a higher protein digestibility than black, red and brown. The greater digestibility of white beans, however, does not increase the protein quality when mixed with cereal grains above that observed with black and red, probably because the protein that gives the higher digestibility is highly deficient in its sulfur amino acids content. These aspects require further research for programs aimed at increasing the nutritive value of food grain legumes.     

红色荧光材料的研究现状

从激活剂种类入手,按不同基质体系概述了红色荧光材料的研究现状,介绍了不同激活剂离子在不同基质中的发光性能,以及不同基质的荧光粉具有的优缺点,并对红色荧光粉的未来进行了展望。     

Nano-MH协效阻燃LDPE体系的性能研究

采用低密度聚乙烯作为基体树脂,考查了不同偶联剂和处理方法对包覆效果的影响,获得了纳米氢氧化镁表面处理的最优工艺。此外,研究了微胶囊红磷阻燃协效剂对氢氧化镁的协效阻燃作用,确定了微胶囊红磷协效作用的最佳用量。     

赤泥中碱的分布特征与淋滤效果研究

赤泥中含有钠、钾等杂质,在堆存过程中不仅会造成环境污染,还会制约赤泥在水泥等建筑材料领域中的综合利用。利用电子探针、原位剥蚀等离子体质谱等微观分析手段分析研究了赤泥中钠、钾的分布特征。同时考察了不同pH的淋滤液对赤泥中钠、钾的淋滤效果。结果表明,pH为2、4、8这3种体系中,前10次取样共滤出拜耳法赤泥的钠分别大于17.6%、16.8%、19.6%;烧结法赤泥钠的滤出量分别为36.7%、53.1%、54.1%。pH为2、4、8的3种体系中,前10次取样共滤出拜耳法赤泥的钾分别为10.5%、10.1%、11.4%;烧结法赤泥钾的滤出量分别为40.0%、56.8%、57.5%。     

Electrosynthesis and electrochemical characterisation of phenazine polymers for application in biosensors

A comparative investigation has been undertaken of the electrosynthesis and electrochemical properties of three different electroactive polymers on carbon film electrode substrates: poly(neutral red) from the phenazine dye neutral red, and poly(methylene green) and poly(methylene blue), from the corresponding phenothiazine dyes. The formation of the radical cation at different potentials and the chemical structures of the monomers both influence the electropolymerisation process of the three polyaromatic dyes. Of the three, poly(neutral red) is shown to have the best adhesion at carbon film electrodes. The influence of the electrolyte and pH on film growth and on electrochemical properties was investigated. The formal potential decreased linearly with increase in pH, in the pH range from 1 to 7 for all three polymers. The modified electrodes were also characterised by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The bulk and interfacial characteristics of the two phenothiazine polymers were similar and oxygen-dependent, but different to those of the phenazine polymer, poly(neutral red), which were not significantly influenced by the presence of oxygen in solution. Perspectives for use in electrochemical biosensors are indicated.     

熔分赤泥熔渣纤维化过程中熔体性能研究

以熔分赤泥为研究对象,探究熔分赤泥熔渣纤维化过程中熔体性能的变化规律,采用炉渣熔点熔速测定仪研究熔分赤泥熔化过程及熔化温度,采用FactSage热力学软件模拟熔分赤泥熔渣冷却过程中矿物析出种类、含量及开始析晶温度,采用X射线衍射仪和场发射扫描电子显微镜研究熔分赤泥熔渣不同温度下矿物组成与显微形貌,采用熔体物性综合测定仪研究熔分赤泥熔渣降温过程中的黏度变化。结果表明,熔分赤泥的熔化温度为1 236 ℃,熔分赤泥熔渣冷却过程中,1 300 ℃开始析出晶体,首先析出晶相为镁铝尖晶石(MgAl₂O₄)。此外,综合分析熔分赤泥熔渣熔体性能,明确利用熔分赤泥熔渣纤维化制备无机纤维时的温度应高于1 433 ℃。