中子活化分析法测定古瓷参考物质

中子活化分析用于研究陶瓷中元素的组成已经有一段时间了,这种现代分析技术用于瓷器的分析和鉴定有以下几个优点:分析灵敏度高,通常可达10~(-3)—10~(-10)g/g;所需样品量少,通常只需0.1g左右;由于测量技术的自动化和采用计算机处理数据,分析的效率高,同时可以进行样品的多元素分析。在对古陶瓷研究中采用活化分析技术以后,有可能定量地测出陶瓷中的微量元素(ppm数量级),陶瓷中这样少量的一些元素往往代表着陶土或瓷土的     

仪器中子活化分析技术在氚靶靶膜材料分析中的应用

采用仪器中子活化分析技术（INAA）对中子发生器用氚靶的靶膜材料Ti、Y中的12种杂质元素进行了分析。对实验结果中存在的问题进行了讨论,计算了实验条件下各杂质元素的检出限,用作质控标准的国标物质测量值与推荐值的相对标准偏差（RSD）≤±10%。     

用PIXE方法分析人发中微量元素时数据质量问题剖析

头发是人体排泄微量元素的器官之一,头发中微量元素的含量间接地反映人体中微量元素的含量。头发中微量元素的含量能反映一定时间内人体微量元素含量的情况。它可以作为环境条件和人体功能的“指示器”,给出环境污染和人体健康与疾病的信息。而发样又     

人发中微量元素的中子活化分析

本文介绍采用长短照射相结合的仪器中子活化分析法,测定了克山病病区、非病区的男性儿童头发中多种微量元素含量。比较了国内常用的及IAEA推荐的清洗方法对头发中微量元素测定的影响。用NBS标准参考物核对了实验中使用的部份标准,结果满意。本工作共分析了48例头发样品中27种元素含量,初步获得了某些元素在三个地区人发中分布的规律。     

Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection: reference values. A report of age- and gender-related differences in the anatomical and physiological characteristics of reference individuals. ICRP Publication 89

This report presents detailed information on age- and gender-related differences in the anatomical and physiological characteristics of reference individuals. These reference values provide needed input to prospective dosimetry calculations for radiation protection purposes for both workers and members of the general public. The purpose of this report is to consolidate and unify in one publication, important new information on reference anatomical and physiological values that has become available since Publication 23 was published by the ICRP in 1975. There are two aspects of this work. The first is to revise and extend the information in Publication 23 as appropriate. The second is to provide additional information on individual variation among grossly normal individuals resulting from differences in age, gender, race, or other factors. This publication collects, unifies, and expands the updated ICRP reference values for the purpose of providing a comprehensive and consistent set of age- and gender-specific reference values for anatomical and physiological features of the human body pertinent to radiation dosimetry. The reference values given in this report are based on: (a) anatomical and physiological information not published before by the ICRP; (b) recent ICRP publications containing reference value information; and (c) information in Publication 23 that is still considered valid and appropriate for radiation protection purposes. Moving from the past emphasis on 'Reference Man', the new report presents a series of reference values for both male and female subjects of six different ages: newborn, 1 year, 5 years, 10 years, 15 years, and adult. In selecting reference values, the Commission has used data on Western Europeans and North Americans because these populations have been well studied with respect to antomy, body composition, and physiology. When appropriate, comparisons are made between the chosen reference values and data from several Asian populations. The first section of the report provides summary tables of all the anatomical and physiological parameters given as reference values in this publication. These results give a comprehensive view of reference values for an individual as influenced by age and gender. The second section describes characteristics of dosimetric importance for the embryo and fetus. Information is provided on the development of the total body and the timing of appearance and development of the various organ systems. Reference values are provided on the mass of the total body and selected organs and tissues, as well as a number of physiological parameters. The third section deals with reference values of important anatomical and physiological characteristics of reference individuals from birth to adulthood. This section begins with details on the growth and composition of the total body in males and females. It then describes and quantifies anatomical and physiological characteristics of various organ systems and changes in these characteristics during growth, maturity, and pregnancy. Reference values are specified for characteristics of dosimetric importance. The final section gives a brief summary of the elemental composition of individuals. Focusing on the elements of dosimetric importance, information is presented on the body content of 13 elements: calcium, carbon, chloride, hydrogen, iodine, iron, magnesium, nitrogen, oxygen, potassium, sodium, sulphur, and phosphorus.     

人发、小麦国家标准物质中超痕量稀土元素的NAA定值研究

以放化分离和仪器中子活化分析相结合对已经认证、但稀土元素（REE）含量尚未定值的国家一级标准物质人发（GBW09101）、小麦（GBW08503）中的稀土元素进行了超痕量定值分析，利用单步放化分离流程同时定量分离了稀土元素以及涉及到裂变和γ能谱干扰校正的U和Ba，对含量为0.1～30ng/g的La、Ce、Nd、Sm、Eu、Tb、Yb、Lu等8种稀土元素进行定值分析。并针对比例讨论了ICP-MS和NAA对部分稀土元素进行超痕量分析的优势和劣势。     

Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection: reference values: ICRP Publication 89

This report presents detailed information on age- and gender-related differences in the anatomical and physiological characteristics of reference individuals. These reference values provide needed input to prospective dosimetry calculations for radiation protection purposes for both workers and members of the general public.The purpose of this report is to consolidate and unify in one publication, important new information on reference anatomical and physiological values that has become available since Publication 23 was published by the ICRP in 1975. There are two aspects of this work. The first is to revise and extend the information in Publication 23 as appropriate. The second is to provide additional information on individual variation among grossly normal individuals resulting from differences in age, gender, race, or other factors.This publication collects, unifies, and expands the updated ICRP reference values for the purpose of providing a comprehensive and consistent set of age- and gender-specific reference values for anatomical and physiological features of the human body pertinent to radiation dosimetry. The reference values given in this report are based on: (a) anatomical and physiological information not published before by the ICRP; (b) recent ICRP publications containing reference value information; and (c) information in Publication 23 that is still considered valid and appropriate for radiation protection purposes.Moving from the past emphasis on ‘Reference Man’, the new report presents a series of reference values for both male and female subjects of six different ages: newborn, 1 year, 5 years, 10 years, 15 years, and adult. In selecting reference values, the Commission has used data on Western Europeans and North Americans because these populations have been well studied with respect to antomy, body composition, and physiology. When appropriate, comparisons are made between the chosen reference values and data from several Asian populations.The first section of the report provides summary tables of all the anatomical and physiological parameters given as reference values in this publication. These results give a comprehensive view of reference values for an individual as influenced by age and gender.The second section describes characteristics of dosimetric importance for the embryo and fetus. Information is provided on the development of the total body and the timing of appearance and development of the various organ systems. Reference values are provided on the mass of the total body and selected organs and tissues, as well as a number of physiological parameters.The third section deals with reference values of important anatomical and physiological characteristics of reference individuals from birth to adulthood. This section begins with details on the growth and composition of the total body in males and females. It then describes and quantifies anatomical and physiological characteristics of various organ systems and changes in these characteristics during growth, maturity, and pregnancy. Reference values are specified for characteristics of dosimetric importance.The final section gives a brief summary of the elemental composition of individuals. Focusing on the elements of dosimetric importance, information is presented on the body content of 13 elements: calcium, carbon, chloride, hydrogen, iodine, iron, magnesium, nitrogen, oxygen, potassium, sodium, sulphur, and phosphorus.     

The force resulting from impact of fast-flying military aircraft upon a rigid wall

A numerical method is presented which allows for the calculation of the total force acting upon a building during impact of a projectile. The structural part to be hit by the projectile is assumed to be rigid; its surface is perpendicular to the direction of impact. Flight trajectory and projectile axes coincide. Variations of geometric and material properties across the projectile axis are replaced by proper average values. The computation algorithm is based on a difference method. The projectile model has to be divided into elements along the flight trajectory. Except for the elements at the beginning and end of the projectile each element is in equilibrium with its neigbour elements. Different elastic and plastic material properties for each element can be taken into account. Strongly deformed elements are assumed to become separated from the projectile. The impact of all debris is calculated as a part of the total force acting on the wall. The method is tailored to safety considerations. A parametric study of the force resulting from impact of a turbine of a military aircraft is discussed. It is shown that for safety considerations a simplified function between force and time can be established.     

Calculation of the total force acting upon a rigid wall by projectiles

A numerical method is presented which allows for the calculation of the total force acting upon a building during impact of a projectile. The structural part to be hit by the projectile is assumed to be rigid; its surface is perpendicular to the direction of impact. Flight trajectory and projectile axes coincide. Variations of geometric and material properties across the projectile axis are replaced by proper average values. The computation algorithm is based on a difference method. The projectile model has to be divided into elements along the flight trajectory. Except for the elements at the beginning and end of the projectile each element is in equilibrium with its neigbour elements. Different elastic and plastic material properties for each element can be taken into account. Strongly deformed elements are assumed to become separated from the projectile. The impact of all debris is calculated as a part of the total force acting on the wall. The method is tailored to safety considerations. A parametric study of the force resulting from impact of a turbine of a military aircraft is discussed. It is shown that for safety considerations a simplified function between force and time can be established.     

用源激发X荧光法测定平顶山市人发中的微量元素

人发是人体排泄金属废物的重要途径之一。由于头发样品稳定、采集容易、无痛苦或创伤、携带方便、便于分析和贮存,所以通过分析头发来评价环境污染和营养缺乏日益受到人们的重视,且被认为是经济的、现实可行的方法。国际原子能机构在1976年提出用核技术对世界居民头发进行分析,作为环境调查的资料之一。     

生物样品的同步辐射定量分析

叙述了用同步辐射微探针对生物薄样中向量元素进行定量分析的方法，利用自制的微束标樯测定每个测量点的向量元素面密度并同时根据其在１７－２０ｋｅＶ能区中的Ｃｏｍｐｔｏｎ散射强度确定该测量点的样品质量厚度，成功地实现了元素浓度测量。     

热液铀矿(火山岩型)成分分析标准物质的研制

研制了10种热液铀矿(火山岩型)成分标准物质,对每种热液铀矿(火山岩型)标准物质中的U、Th、Mo、Cu、Pb、Zn、Co、Ni、Cr、Na_2O、CaO、FeO、Fe_2O_3、TiO_2、P_2O_5、CO_2、F、S等成分进行了定值,其中U的质量分数为7.33~2 583μg/g。根据国家一级标准物质研制规范(JJG 1006-1994)和ISO导则35的要求,对10种热液铀矿(火山岩型)标准物质候选物进行均匀性和稳定性检验,其结果符合要求;对每种热液铀矿(火山岩型)标准物质候选物采用9个实验室合作定值的方法进行定值,得到定值结果和相应的不确定度。     

中国成年男子18种器官、组织中56种元素含量研究

为进一步完善确定中国参考人器官、组织中元素浓度、负荷量等参数参考值的依据,在前两个阶段研究工作的基础上,在我国四个不同膳食类型地区(河北省、山西省、江苏省和四川省)补充采集了16例急死正常成年男子尸体肌肉、肋骨、肝等总共18种器官、组织样品,同时采集了这些地区各10名健康成年男性志愿者全血样,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)和石墨炉原子吸收光谱(GFAAS)分析技术,测定了样品中56种元素浓度,估算了18种器官、组织和全身的负荷量.本文还从辐射防护角度,将本文所得结果与ICRP参考人参数、Iyengar的估算值等进行了比较.     

Activation characteristics of candidate structural materials for a near-term Indian fusion reactor and the impact of their impurities on design considerations

Activation analyses play a vital role in nuclear reactor design.Activation analyses,along with nuclear analyses,provide important information for nuclear safety and maintenance strategies.Activation analyses also help in the selection of materials for a nuclear reactor,by providing the radioactivity and dose rate levels after irradiation.This information is important to help define maintenance activity for different parts of the reactor,and to plan decommissioning and radioactive waste disposal strategies.The study of activation analyses of candidate structural materials for near-term fusion reactors or ITER is equally essential,due to the presence of a highenergy neutron environment which makes decisive demands on material selection.This study comprises two parts; in the first part the activation characteristics,in a fusion radiation environment,of several elements which are widely present in structural materials,are studied.It reveals that the presence of a few specific elements in a material can diminish its feasibility for use in the nuclear environment.The second part of the study concentrates on activation analyses of candidate structural materials for near-term fusion reactors and their comparison in fusion radiation conditions.The structural materials selected for this study,i.e.India-specific Reduced Activation Ferritic-Martensitic steel(IN-RAFMS),P91-grade steel,stainless steel 316 LN ITER-grade(SS-316 LN-IG),stainless steel 316 L and stainless steel 304,are candidates for use in ITER either in vessel components or test blanket systems.Tungsten is also included in this study because of its use for ITER plasma-facing components.The study is carried out using the reference parameters of the ITER fusion reactor.The activation characteristics of the materials are assessed considering the irradiation at an ITER equatorial port.The presence of elements like Nb,Mo,Co and Ta in a structural material enhance the activity level as well as the dose level,which has an impact on design considerations.IN-RAFMS was shown to be a more effective low-activation material than SS-316 LN-IG.     

DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SUBCELLULAR FRACTION OF HUMAN LIVER BY INAA

The concentrations of 18 elements in subcellular fractions of human liver were determined by combining differential centrifugation and INAA. Samples of human liver were homogenized in a buffer. The homogenate was separated into nuclei, mitochondrial, lysosomal, microsomal and cytosol fractions by successive differential centrifugation. Biological standard reference materials were used to evaluate the accuracy of the INAA method, and the results agree with the certified values. Element levels in subcellular fractions of human liver were discussed.     

质子激发X射线荧光分析法测定头发、肾和肝中的微量元素

本文使用质子激发X射线荧光分析法(PIXE)测定正常人发、肝和肾组织中的微量元素。详细介绍了样品的采集制备、实验测定和定量方法,并且使用标准参考物质小牛肝(NBS)、马肾(IAEA)和比对粉末发样检查校正测量系统的准确性。报道了三种器官组织中近二十种微量元素的含量,初步探讨了人体自身器官组织中微量元素含量分布之间的相互关系。     

Applications to cultural heritage diagnostics at the new nuclear microprobe beam line at CEDAD

A nuclear microprobe beam line has been installed at CEDAD (Centre for Dating and Diagnostics), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy. The beam line is connected to the ?30° port of the high energy switching magnet of a 3 MV HVEE 4130HC Tandetron accelerator. It is based on an Oxford Microbeam magnetic quadrupole triplet and its general features are presented. The results of functional tests are presented showing how a lateral spatial resolution as low as ～2 μm has been achieved in vacuum by analysing standard reference material. The results obtained in the analysis of ancient radiocarbon dated biological tissues are presented for the identification and distribution of toxic elements such as Pb.     

The determination of the Nb(n,n′) Nb cross-section in the neutron energy range 1–6 MeV

Measurements of the 30 keV isomer production cross-section in ⁹³Nb, excited by neutron inelastic scattering have been made at 10 neutron energies in the range 1–6 MeV. Small foils of niobium and suitable monitor elements were exposed to high fluences of monoenergetic neutrons and the cross-section was determined from the K X-ray activities so induced. The high purity Ge detector used in these X-ray measurements was calibrated against a standard solution of ^93mNb which is used as an international reference material for reactor neutron dosimetry. The neutron fluence of the irradiation was measured with a low-efficiency ²³⁵U fission chamber in which the thin fissile deposit was located immediately behind the niobium and monitor foils. The latter acted as secondary measures of the neutron fluence but could be used as the primary standard in the event of failure of the fission chamber. Thus, the production cross-section was measured relative to the ²³⁵U fission cross-section which is a standard reference cross-section. Comparisons are made with other experimental data and with nuclear model calculations of the cross-section and recommended values based on these and our experimental data are presented.     

正常成年男子肝脏中元素含量的中子活化分析

在我国4个不同膳食类型地区河北、山西、江西和四川,采集21例正常成年男子尸体（意外死亡）的肝脏样品,用中子活化分析方法测定了8种人体必需微量元素的含量。结果表明：肝脏中8种元素的含量由高到低依次为铁、锌、铜、锰、钼、硒、铬、钴,且个体差异大;某些元素的含量地区差异明显,山西样品的Co含量、四川样品的Cr含量和河北样品的Fe含量分别是其它3个地区的1.7~2.0倍、2.5~5.2倍和1.5~2.4倍;与国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）参考人的最新估算值相比,铬含量明显偏高,铁、铜和钼含量也稍高。作为质量控制,还对3种标准物质中8种元素的含量进行了测定,分析结果与标准值吻合。     

Using different analytical techniques to study beach rocks of Tamilnadu, India

Beach rocks samples were collected from South East Coast of Tamilnadu, India. The mineralogical com-position was determined using FT-IR and XRD. The natural radioactive measurements to detect radioactive elements were determined by gamma ray spectrometer. The multi-element analyses were carried out by INAA (Instrumental neutron activation analysis), with the standard Estuarine Sediment as reference material. The geochemical behavior of elements in the region is discussed. The occurrence of the radioactive and non-radioactive elements is discussed for their geological significance. The results were used to assess environmental toxicity of heavy metals and radiation hazard in the study area.