圆管湍流近壁结构的DPIV实验研究

采用粒子数字图像测速(DPIV)对充分发展的圆管湍流进行了研究，测量结果和直接数值模拟结果的比较，表明作者开发的DPIV技术可取得满意的精度。在此基础上通过瞬时脉动速度场对圆管湍流的近壁结构进行了研究，并在近壁结构中检测出涡诱导的喷发和扫掠、低速条带和流向涡结构等拟序结构，而且发现低速条带和涡的诱导是低速流体喷发的必要条件。     

双吸离心泵空化性能试验验证与数值模拟

对一台双吸离心泵的能量特性和空化外特性进行了试验测量,基于SST k-ω湍流模型及Zwart-GerberBelamri空化模型对双吸离心泵内部流动进行数值模拟,计算得到的双吸离心泵扬程曲线、效率曲线及扬程随有效空化余量变化曲线与试验结果吻合较好。数值模拟结果表明:随着有效空化余量的减小,叶轮内低压区从叶轮进口处向出口处渐渐扩大,叶轮内空化沿叶片吸力面从叶片头部向叶片尾部逐渐发展,并集聚在叶片吸力面顶部附近;泵扬程下降的主要原因是叶轮内空泡的阻塞作用,并叶轮内空化发展到一定程度时叶轮流道内出现旋涡区,使影响叶轮内部流态,导致泵扬程突降。     

展向周期振动的平板近壁湍流结构研究

通过直接数值模拟(DNS)对壁面作展向周期运动的槽道湍流进行研究,建立了槽道湍流数据库.通过改变振幅大小和振动周期,可以使壁面阻力明显减少.根据计算结果分析了减阻率和振动参数的关系.利用减阻后近壁湍流拟序结构的变化,研究了壁面展向周期振动减阻的内在机理,揭示了三种减阻过程中涡结构对近壁流体的上抛、下扫运动以及条带结构的影响规律.     

液流中边壁附近的空泡溃灭研究

本文利用高速摄影方法观测了液流中的空泡溃灭过程,分析了空泡在流动系统中溃灭时的泡壁稳定性,和由于空泡射流挟带其表面分裂出的微小泡冲击边壁,从而使微小泡在高压强作用下溃灭,造成壁面破坏的可能性。本文还研究了液体粘性变化和液体挟带颗粒对空泡微射流速度及溃灭历时的影响     

平壁对空泡运动的影响研究

在全面考虑壁面对空泡运动粘悸阻力和升力影响的基础上，建立了空泡在近壁区内的运动微分控制方程，通过频谱分析，考察了壁面的存在对空泡频率响应特性和湍强度等方面的影响，并与壁面对固体颗粒运动和影响进行了比较 。     

多工况下分流叶片离心泵非定常空化特性分析

为了进一步优化离心泵叶轮流道,提高离心泵的空化性能,对有/无分流叶片离心泵进行全流道三维非定常湍流空化数值模拟,分析0.4Q~1.0Q工况下泵的空化性能。结果显示:在空化充分发展的情况下,无分流叶片离心泵扬程对NPSH的降低比较敏感;添加分流叶片后,离心泵的扬程提高,叶轮进口部位的低压区域减少,叶轮内湍动能明显减小,泵的抗空化性能明显增强;随着流量的降低,泵的临界空化余量降低,但泵内发生严重空化的速率逐渐加快;当离心泵内发生严重空化时,空泡将堵塞整个叶轮流道。     

沟槽张角对流体减阻机理的数值模拟研究

为了研究边界层涡结构对沟槽壁面摩擦阻力的影响,该文利用FLUENT软件对湍流状态下沟槽壁面进行数值模拟计算,分析了90°、120°和150°三种不同张角下沟槽壁面的减阻效果,获得了不同张角的沟槽结构对减阻效果的影响规律。结果表明:沟槽内形成的旋涡结构可以有效减小沟槽布置区域法向速度梯度,减弱流层间剪切作用,增加条带结构稳定性,湍流猝发频率降低,从而使壁面摩擦阻力降低。当来流速度v=25 m/s,沟槽张角β=90°时,可取得最佳减阻效果。在沟槽结构布置区域,流向涡的涡头上扬角度变大,上扬和下扫强度减弱,有效减小了摩擦阻力;同时,沟槽结构改变近壁区速度分布,使流向涡密度减小,从而减小壁面摩擦阻力。     

离心泵叶轮的优化设计

本文用优化方法对叶轮的结构参数进行优化,并采用载荷法设计叶片的型线。计算了叶轮内的速度分布。应用本方法对3B-33型离心泵进行了改型设计,测试并对比了泵的外特性和叶轮效率。     

高速离心泵多维空化特性研究

为探究高速离心泵内部空化的演变过程对其稳定性产生的影响。对高速离心泵的内部空化流动及非定常下的多维空间监测点压力脉动进行模拟计算,研究叶片空间上的空泡体积分数占比情况,叶轮流道中三维空化由弱到强的过程对隔舌及叶轮出口的压力脉动影响。研究结果表明:各叶片上的空泡体积分数随着空化系数及流量系数的减小而逐渐增加;在空化相对较小时,对隔舌及出口的压力脉动影响变化速率较为平缓,在空化较严重时,对隔舌及出口的压力脉动影响较大,且影响变化速度较大时空化系数的界点为σ=0.086附近。     

离心泵空化诱导的非定常激励特性

为了研究离心泵空化诱导的非定常激励特性，采用数值模拟方法，分析了泵叶轮内压力脉动、涡量脉动及径向力特性。结果表明：叶轮内压力脉动的主频均为叶轮转频f_i,涡量脉动的主频为1/5f_i、f_i、2f_i;压力脉动强度从叶轮进口到出口逐渐增强；涡量脉动强度在叶轮出口处最大，进口处其次，叶片中部最小；空化发展诱发低频压力脉动和低频涡量脉动；径向力的大小和方向，由于空泡排挤作用而发生变化，空化充分发展时空泡脱落和溃灭，导致径向力骤增。对离心泵内空化诱导的振动和噪声产生机理的深入研究提供了参考。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。