涡旋式单机准双级压缩系统的分析与应用

目前,制冷行业内关于双级压缩的理论和研究都是相对于活塞式压缩机和螺杆式压缩机而言,在涡旋式压缩机日益盛行的今天,迫切需要关于涡旋式双级压缩的试验和应用。本文从实际应用出发,介绍涡旋式单机准双级压缩系统的优点、计算及其在机组中的实际应用,最后从试验的角度验证涡旋式单机准双级压缩机的优点。     

螺杆式制冷压缩机及其应用

一、螺杆式制冷压缩机的发展及其特点螺杆式制冷压缩机早在1878年已经问世,但没有实用意义。直到1934年瑞典科学家重新进行研制,并获得成功。1963年发明了第一台喷油螺杆式制冷压缩机。同年荷兰某肉类冷库已开始应用这种新型机器。欧美、日等工业发达国家已率先将螺杆式制冷压缩机应用于陆用或船用的冷库制冷系统、空调系统、工业制冷装置等。许多生产厂家为了提高螺杆效率及降低其噪音方面,进行新的转子型线及其它方面的研究和试验。     

螺杆式双级压缩系统的分析与应用(下)

(3)低压级螺杆压缩机的吸气过热度 我们知道,螺杆压缩机是一种容积式压缩机,吸气过热度越小,则吸气比容越小,质量流量越大.但是,在螺杆式双级压缩系统的低压级压缩机中,为了保证其分油效果,低压级的排气温度不能太低,特别是对绝热指数较低的制冷剂,如R22、R134a等等.     

螺杆式压缩机衍生机型的内容积比优化设计

介绍螺杆式压缩机内容积比的计算方法,分析螺杆转子有效长度的变化对螺杆式压缩机内容积比的影响。指出为了改善螺杆式压缩机衍生机型的性能,需合理调整主导机型的内容积比,这对衍生机型的内容积比优化、改善衍生压缩机的性能具有实际意义。     

变频螺杆式制冷压缩机的应用现状及研究进展

变频技术作为一种容积流量调节方式,具有调节范围大、结构简单、启动电流平稳等优点,越来越多地应用于螺杆式制冷压缩机。本文从产品的角度介绍变频螺杆式制冷压缩机的应用现状,并从变频技术、压缩机性能预测、控制优化、电机及变频器的冷却、噪声与振动以及油路优化等方面介绍变频螺杆式制冷压缩机的研究进展,最后阐明变频螺杆式制冷压缩机的未来发展趋势。     

浅谈单机双级螺杆压缩机制冷系统的应用

目前,国内关于单机双级螺杆压缩机的文章较少,而单机双级螺杆式压缩机在低温试验室中的应用日益广泛。本文从实际应用出发,介绍了采用单机双级螺杆压缩机的低温制冷系统设计中关键技术,包括中间冷却器方式、液喷冷却回路设计、油冷却系统的详细设计。     

浅谈半封闭单机双级螺杆压缩机在食品冷藏链中的节能优势

本文以“复盛”低温半封闭单机双级螺杆压缩机为例,对单级螺杆式压缩机与单机双级压缩机各自的应用范围及性能比较,揭示了在R22与R404A制冷系统中,蒸发温度低于．30℃时带经济器的单机双级螺杆式压缩机组在食品冷藏链制冷系统中的制冷量、制冷效果上有着明显的节能优势,有广泛的市场应用前景。     

螺杆式制冷压缩机转子型线优化设计

前言六十年代以来,螺杆式压缩机以其可靠性高、结构简单、体积小、重量轻、易损件少、运转平稳以及可以带液压缩等明显的优点,在大冷量范围内逐步取代活塞式压缩机,然而就我国目前情况来看,螺杆式制冷压缩机还存在着效率偏低、噪音及振动偏大等缺点,急待作进一步的改进。     

回油量对螺杆式压缩机性能的影响

介绍螺杆式压缩机中冷冻油的作用及回油量的计算和测试方法。在确定的名义工况下，测试回油量与制冷量、功率和压缩机性能系数（COP）的关系，分析回油量对螺杆式压缩机性能的影响，并通过试验确定最佳回油量。该研究对螺杆式压缩机的设计和性能优化具有指导作用。     

活塞式与螺杆式制冷压缩机的选型设计

本文通过活塞式制冷压缩机和螺杆式制冷压缩机在几方面的比较分析 ,结合设备各自存在的特点 ,以及对新老用户的选型建议 ,为设计和使用单位在选取制冷压缩机时提供了理论参考。     

Separation and identification of carotenoids and their oxidation products in the extracts of human plasma.

Eighteen carotenoids as well as vitamin A and two forms of vitamin E (gamma- and alpha-tocopherol) have been separated from extracts of human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on reversed-phase and sillca-based nitrile-bonded columns. In the order of chromatographic elution on a C18 reversed-phase column, the carotenoids were identified as (3R,3'R,6'R)-beta, epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol [(3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein], (3R,3'R)-beta, beta-carotene-3,3'-diol [(3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin], 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene, 3-hydroxy-2',3'-didehydro-beta,epsilon-caroten-3-ol, 3-hydroxy-beta-carotene,psi,psi-carotene, 7,8-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene, beta,psi-carotene, 7,8,7',8'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene, beta,epsilon-carotene, beta,beta-carotene, 7,8,11,12,7',8'-hexahydro-psi,psi-carotene, and 7,8,11,12,7',8'-11',12'-octahydro-psi,psi-carotene. The polar carotenoids, which eluted in the vicinity of lutein and were unresolved on the C18 column, have been separated on a nitrile-bonded column employing isocratic HPLC conditions. In the order of elution, the carotenoids were epsilon,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-dione, 3'-hydroxy-epsilon,epsilon-caroten-3-one, 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene, 3-hydroxy-beta,epsilon-caroten-3'-one, (all-E,3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein, (all-E,3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin, and (all-E,3R,3'S,6'R)-beta,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol (3'-epilutein) followed by several geometrical isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin.     

Long-term leaching from MSWI air-pollution-control residues: leaching characterization and modeling

Long-term leaching of Ca, Fe, Mg, K, Na, S, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mo, Sb, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, P, Cl, and dissolved organic carbon from two different municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) air-pollution-control residues was monitored during 24 months of column percolation experiments; liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratios of 200-250L/kg corresponding to more than 10,000 years in a conventional landfill were reached. Less than 2% of the initially present As, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Sb had leached during the course of the experiments. Concentrations of Cd, Fe, Mg, Hg, Mn, Ni, Co, Sn, Ti, and P were generally bellow 1microg/L; overall less than 1% of their mass leached. Column leaching data were further used in a two-step geochemical modeling in PHREEQC in order to (i) identify solubility controlling minerals and (ii) evaluate their interactions in a water-percolated column system over L/S of 250L/kg. Adequate predictions of pH, alkalinity, and the leaching of Ca, S, Al, Si, Ba, and Zn were obtained in a simultaneous calculation. Also, it was suggested that removal of Ca and S together with depletion of several minerals apparently caused dissolution of ettringite-like phases. In turn, significant increase in leaching of oxyanions (especially Sb and Cr) was observed at late stage of leaching experiments.     

Distribution, correlation and risk assessment of selected metals in urban soils from Islamabad, Pakistan

Urban soil samples were analyzed for Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, Sr and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Multivariate statistical approach was used to study the apportionment of selected metals in the soil samples during summer and winter. The degree of contamination along with the geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor and contamination factor was also evaluated. In water-extract of the soil samples, relatively higher levels were noted for Na, Ca, K, Fe, Mg, and Pb with average concentrations of 56.38, 33.82, 12.53, 7.127, 5.994, and 1.045 mg/kg during summer, while the mean metal levels during winter were 76.45, 38.05, 3.928, 0.627, 8.726, and 0.878 mg/kg, respectively. In case of acid-extract of the soils, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, K, Mn and Sr were found at 27,531, 12,784, 2769, 999.9, 737.9, 393.5, and 115.1 mg/kg, during summer and 23,386, 3958, 3206, 254.6, 1511, 453.6, and 53.30 mg/kg, during winter, respectively. Most of the metals showed random distribution with diverse correlations in both seasons. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis revealed significant anthropogenic intrusions of Cd, Pb, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Zn and Na in the soils. Geoaccumulation indices and contamination factors indicated moderate to heavy contamination for Pb and Cd in the soils, while enrichment factor exhibited significant enrichment (EF > 5) of Cd, Pb, Ca, Co, Li, Mn and Zn by anthropogenic activities. Overall, on the average basis, considerable degree of contamination (C_deg > 16) was observed in both seasons, although it was higher in winter. Present metal levels were also compared with those reported from other areas around the world.     

Partitioning behavior of trace elements during pilot-scale fluidized bed combustion of high ash content lignite

This study describes the partitioning of 20 trace elements (As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, V, Zn) and eight major and minor elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Si, Ti) during the combustion of high ash content lignite. The experiments were carried out in the 0.3 MW(t) Middle East Technical University (METU) atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed combustor (ABFBC) test rig with and without limestone addition. Inert bed material utilized in the experiments was bed ash obtained previously from the combustion of the same lignite without limestone addition in the same test rig. Concentrations of trace elements in coal, limestone, bottom ash, cyclone ash and filter ash were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Partitioning of major and minor elements are influenced by the ash split between the bottom ash and fly ash and that the major proportion of most of the trace elements (As, Ba, Cr, Hg, Li, Mo, Ni, Sn, V, Zn) are recovered in fly ash. Limestone addition shifts the partitioning of Ba, Cr, Mo, Ni, Sn, V, Zn from bottom ash to fly ash.     

Determination of the major,minor, and trace element mass fractions in Iranian cement by INAA and WDXRF

The elemental composition of three different Iranian cement samples was determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis with the aim of quality control. The mass fractions for 4 major (Ca, Si, Fe, Al) and the 21 minor and trace elements (Mg, V, Mn, Na, As, La, Sb, Sm, U, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Eu, Hf, Sc, Sr, Th, Zn, S, K) were determined. X-ray fluorescence analysis was also used. The results obtained by both methods for Na, Mg, Fe, Ca, and Al are in good agreement. On the whole, the Iranian cement quality is quite acceptable according to national and international standards.     

Trace elements partitioning during co-firing biomass with lignite in a pilot-scale fluidized bed combustor

This study describes the partitioning of 18 trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, V, Zn) and 9 major and minor elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, S, Si, Ti) during co-firing of olive residue, hazelnut shell and cotton residue with high sulfur and ash content lignite in 0.3 MW(t) Middle East Technical University (METU) Atmospheric Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor (ABFBC) test rig with limestone addition. Concentrations of trace elements in coal, biomass, limestone, bottom ash, cyclone ash and filter ash were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectroscopy (ICP-OES and ICP-MS). Partitioning of major and minor elements are influenced by the ash split between the bottom ash and fly ash and that the major proportion of most of the trace elements (As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Tl, V and Zn) are recovered in fly ash when firing lignite only. Co-firing lignite with biomass enhances partitioning of these elements to fly ash. Co-firing also shifts the partitioning of Cd, P, Sb and Sn from bottom to fly ash.     

Statistical analysis of trace metals in the plasma of cancer patients versus controls

The plasma of cancer patients (n=112) and controls (n=118) were analysed for selected trace metals (Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr and Zn) by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. In the plasma of cancer patients, mean concentrations of macronutrients/essential metals, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn were 3971, 178, 44.1, 7.59, 4.38 and 3.90 ppm, respectively, while the mean metal levels in the plasma of controls were 3844, 151, 74.2, 18.0, 6.60 and 2.50 ppm, respectively. Average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr and Zn were noted to be significantly higher in the plasma of cancer patients compared with controls. Very strong mutual correlations (r>0.70) in the plasma of cancer patients were observed between Fe-Mn, Ca-Mn, Ca-Ni, Ca-Co, Cd-Pb, Co-Ni, Mn-Ni, Mn-Zn, Cr-Li, Ca-Zn and Fe-Ni, whereas, Ca-Mn, Ca-Mg, Fe-Zn, Ca-Zn, Mg-Mn, Mg-Zn, Cd-Sb, Cd-Co, Cd-Zn, Co-Sb and Sb-Zn exhibited strong relationships (r>0.50) in the plasma of controls, all were significant at p<0.01. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data extracted five PCs, both for cancer patients and controls, but with considerably different loadings. The average metals levels in male and female donors of the two groups were also evaluated and in addition, the general role of trace metals in the carcinogenesis was discussed. The study indicated appreciably different pattern of metal distribution and mutual relationships in the plasma of cancer patients in comparison with controls.     

发泡金属的开发、性质及应用(Ⅱ)──发泡金属的性质及应用

系统介绍了发泡金属的力学性能、能量吸收性、耐火阻焰性、导热性、导电性、电磁屏蔽性、渗透性等性质。综述了它们在能量吸收器、消音器、过滤器、阻焰器、加热及热交换器、结构材料、催化剂及催化剂载体、多孔电极、电磁屏蔽材料、二次电池的极板材料以及由其制成的复合材料等方面的用途，展示了发泡金属的应用前景     

Patent information of the former USSR countries

The patent information currently available for the former USSR, EAPO, Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, Belarus, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Armenia, Ukraine, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, the Baltic countries and Uzbekistan is described. It is a complicated scene, in terms of the extent and depth of coverage, the media employed (paper, CD, on-line), and the use of open access, charged INTERNET access and commercial databases.     

Evaluating the effect of green synthesised copper oxide nanoparticles on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function using murine model

Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs) has now received the attention of researchers due to ease of preparation and its potential to overcome hazards of these chemicals for an eco‐friendly milieu. In this study, copper oxide (CuO) NPs were synthesised via Desmodium gangeticum aqueous root extract and standard chemical method, further characterised by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The nephrotoxicity of the NP obtained from two routes were compared and evaluated at subcellular level in Wistar rat, renal proximal epithelial cells (LLC PK1 cell lines) and isolated renal mitochondria. CuO NP synthesised by chemical route showed prominent nephrotoxicity measured via adverse cytotoxicity to LLC PK1 cells, elevated renal oxidative stress and damage to renal tissue (determined by impaired alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, urea, uric acid and creatinine in the blood). However, at the level of cell organelle, CuO NP from both routes are non‐toxic to mitochondrial functional activity. The authors’ finding suggests that CuO NP synthesised by chemical route may induce nephrotoxicity, but may be overcome by co‐administration of antioxidants, as it is not mito‐toxic.Inspec keywords: cellular biophysics, scanning electron microscopy, toxicology, nanomedicine, oxidation, nanoparticles, enzymes, blood, visible spectra, X‐ray diffraction, biochemistry, nanofabrication, antibacterial activity, ultraviolet spectra, copper compounds, Fourier transform infrared spectra, molecular biophysics, thermal analysis, biological tissuesOther keywords: green synthesised copper oxide nanoparticles, murine model, metal nanoparticles, chemicals, eco‐friendly milieu, copper oxide NPs, standard chemical method, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, subcellular level, renal proximal epithelial cells, LLC PK1 cell lines, renal mitochondria, renal tissue, cell organelle, mitochondrial functional activity, UV‐visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nephrotoxicity, renal oxidative stress, Desmodium gangeticum aqueous root extract, thermogravimetric analysis, Wistar rat, cytotoxicity, impaired alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, urea, uric acid, creatinine, blood, CuO