KINETICS OF NONENZYMATIC BROWNING IN CHEDDAR CHEESE POWDER DURING STORAGE

Nonenzymatic browning (NEB) in Cheddar cheese powder during storage was investigated in the water activity (a_w) and temperature ranges of 0.48–0.85 and 20–40C, respectively. The NEB obeyed zero-order reaction kinetics during storage. Activation energies and Q₁₀ values were in the range of 15.1–22.3 kcal/mole and 2.2–3.5, respectively. The NEB increased with increasing temperature and storage time. There was an a_w maxima at 0.63 for NEB at 20C. At 30 and 40C, NEB decreased with increasing a_w. A generalized NEB model for Cheddar cheese powder during storage was developed based on Arrhenius equation to describe NEB as a function of a_w and temperature. Powders stored at 20 and 30C were evaluated for quality aspects. Maximum storage stability was obtained in powders stored at a_w of 0.54 at 20C for five months based on an overall desirability score of 3.5 on a 7-point scale. The average score of fresh powders were 4.7 throughout the storage study 7.     

FLOW PROPERTIES OF ORANGE DIETARY FIBER SUSPENSIONS

The flow behavior of 7–20% orange dietary fiber (DF) suspensions at 15–65C was most adequately described by the simple power law model. The effect of the temperature on the apparent coefficient of viscosity (η_app) followed an Arrhenius-type relationship. The flow activation energy (E_a) was in the range 3.0–14. 7kJ/mol, depending on the concentration. The η_app increased exponentially with concentration within the temperature range studied. The combined effect of temperature and concentration on the η_app could be represented by an exponential equation. In all the cases, the effect of concentration on η_app was more pronounced than that of the temperature.     

Thermal kinetics of color degradation of mulberry fruit extract

The effects of temperature and pH on color degradation kinetics of the mulberry fruit extract were investigated. The absorbance at 510 nm was decreased with increase of heating time, but that at 420 nm was increased with the increase of heating time at 100 degrees C. The change of the browning index (A510/A420) was increased with increase of pH and was lower at pH 2.0 than that at pH 5.0. The browning index variation was adequately described by both the first-order and the zero-order kinetic. However, the zero-order kinetic model was proposed because of the better fit. According to the Arrhenius model, the activation energies for the browning index in the range of 80-100 degrees C for the four different pH values were 30.68 kJ/mol for pH 2.0, 35.87 kJ/mol for pH 3.0, 42.67 kJ/ mol for pH 4.0, and 43.49 kJ/mol for pH 5.0.     

硫酸氨基葡萄糖非酶褐变的初步研究

将硫酸氨基葡萄糖样品分别在60、70、75、80℃下加热10h,测定加热过程中褐变指数、5- 羟甲基糠醛含量、硫酸氨基葡萄糖含量、pH 值的变化,用来表征非酶褐变进行的程度,将结果应用零级动力学方程拟合。结果表明,随着加热温度升高、时间延长,褐变指数、5- 羟甲基糠醛的含量逐渐增加,而pH 值和硫酸氨基葡萄糖的含量逐渐下降,硫酸氨基葡萄糖的非酶褐变反应符合零级动力学,褐变指数和5- 羟甲基糠醛含量变化的反应活化能分别为85.127、136.973kJ/mol,NaHSO3 对硫酸氨基葡萄糖的非酶褐变有一定的抑制作用。     

THERMAL INACTIVATION KINETICS of TRYPSIN AT ASEPTIC PROCESSING TEMPERATURES

Kinetics of thermal inactivation of trypsin (bovine pancreas) were evaluated in the temperature range, 90–130C, common to aseptic processing of high/low acid foods. Aliquots of trypsin in buffer, at three pH values, 3.8, 5.1 and 6.0, were subjected to selected heat treatments at various temperatures. Kinetic parameters were evaluated from the residual enzyme activity. Reference k and D values (at 121.1C) ranged from 0.0719 to 0.349 min⁻¹ and 32.0 to 6.6 min, and E_a and z values ranged from 84.9 to 69.9 kJ/mole and 33.1 to 39.9C, respectively, in the pH range 3.8–6.0. the thermal inactivation resistance of trypsin in the acid and low acid pH range makes it a potential bioindicator for high temperature thermal processes.     

Confidence intervals for modeling anthocyanin retention in grape pomace during nonisothermal heating

ABSTRACT:  Degradation of nutraceuticals in low- and intermediate-moisture foods heated at high temperature (>100 °C) is difficult to model because of the nonisothermal condition. Isothermal experiments above 100 °C are difficult to design because they require high pressure and small sample size in sealed containers. Therefore, a nonisothermal method was developed to estimate the thermal degradation kinetic parameter of nutraceuticals and determine the confidence intervals for the parameters and the predicted Y (concentration). Grape pomace at 42% moisture content (wb) was heated in sealed 202 × 214 steel cans in a steam retort at 126.7 °C for > 30 min. Can center temperature was measured by thermocouple and predicted using Comsol software. Thermal conductivity (k) and specific heat ( C_p ) were estimated as quadratic functions of temperature using Comsol and nonlinear regression. The k and C_p functions were then used to predict temperature inside the grape pomace during retorting. Similar heating experiments were run at different time–temperature treatments from 8 to 25 min for kinetic parameter estimation. Anthocyanin concentration in the grape pomace was measured using HPLC. Degradation rate constant ( k _{110 °C}) and activation energy ( E_a ) were estimated using nonlinear regression. The thermophysical properties estimates at 100 °C were k = 0.501 W/m °C, Cp = 3600 J/kg and the kinetic parameters were k _{110 °C}= 0.0607/min and E_a = 65.32 kJ/mol. The 95% confidence intervals for the parameters and the confidence bands and prediction bands for anthocyanin retention were plotted. These methods are useful for thermal processing design for nutraceutical products.     

MODELING THERMAL SOFTENING KINETICS OF POTATOES USING FRACTIONAL CONVERSION OF RHEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

Texture degradation in potatoes was investigated during heating of cylindrical test samples, 15 mm diameter and 30 mm long, in water at 60, 70, 80 and 90C by mechanical testing. The rheological parameters obtained from the axial and radial compression, creep and stress relaxation tests decreased exponentially with an increase in heating duration and temperature approaching steady levels corresponding to the remaining texture after prolonged heating. A single first-order kinetic model described the changes in various rheological parameters due to thermal softening of potatoes using fractional conversion technique indicating very high values of the coefficient of determination (R² > 0.97). In general, the visco-elastic test parameters were relatively more sensitive to texture degradation in potatoes in comparison with the quasi-static test parameters. Overall comparison showed that elasticity and viscosity parameters in Kelvin component of the 4-element model (E₂ and η₂) from creep tests and elasticity moduli from axial and radial compression tests (E_a and E_r) best presented the texture degradation kinetics in potatoes with R² ranging from 0.98 to 0.99.     

Desulfiting Dried Apricots by Hydrogen Peroxide

ABSTRACT: Removal of sulfites from excessively sulfited dried apricots using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was studied. Dried apricots were dipped into 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% H₂O₂ solutions at 20 °C and 40 °C for various times. At 60 °C, apricots were also treated with 1% H₂O₂ solution. Removal of sulfites by H₂O₂ followed a 1st-order kinetic model. At 20 °C to 60 °C and 1% H₂O₂ concentration, the E_a value was 22.46 kJ mol⁻¹. H₂O₂ treatment caused lighter, more yellow, and less red dried apricots. Critical factors for H₂O₂ application are choosing the appropriate H₂O₂ concentration, temperature, and exposure time and without bleaching the natural color of dried apricots.     

Thermal Sensitivity of Some Plantain Micronutrients during Deep-Fat Frying

ABSTRACT:  The impact of deep-fat frying on the micronutrient content of plantain ( Musa AAB "barraganete") was evaluated during processing of plantain chips called "tostones." Water content, micronutrients (potassium, L-ascorbic acid, α-carotene, β-carotene) content, and the temperature within the food were quantified during the course of frying. A nonisothermal kinetics analysis of the 1st-order reaction (micronutrient degradation) induced by deep-fat frying, particularly in terms of the spatial distribution of temperature, was proposed. The kinetic parameters (pre-exponential factor k _0, activation energy E_a ) were identified by nonlinear optimization, minimizing the residual variance between the experimental and theoretical micronutrient content. Agreement between model and experimental values was checked. During 1st and 2nd frying, potassium was well retained while carotenoid contents decreased significantly. Moreover, L-ascorbic acid contents decreased significantly, just during 2nd frying. k ₀ was identified as well as E_a observed for L-ascorbic acid, α-carotene, and β-carotene as 68.4 to 71.5, 79.6 to 84.9, and 85.9 to 88.6 kJ/mol, respectively. β-carotene appeared to be more heat-resistant than α-carotene and L-ascorbic acid. The behavior of the nutritional markers appears to be the consequence of the thermal and hydric histories of the crust and of the heart of the plantain disk related to heat transfer during preparation of the "tostones."     

PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO TOMATO POLYGALACTURONASEISOENZYMES

The properties of tomato polygalacturonases at two ripening stages were investigated. Two isoenzymes, PG I and II, were isolated from underripe fruits with an orange skin color. Fully ripe fruits contained only polygalacturonase II. PG I and II were purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, Sephacryl S-200 and CM-agarose chromatography. PG I had a M_r of 199,500 as determined by Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration and was 50% inactivated at 66.5°C and pH 4.5 after incubation for 5 min. It had an activation energy (E_a) of 16.8 Kcallmol (70.3 times 10³ Jlmol), V_max of 27.7 units/mg protein and K_m value of 7.5 times 10⁻² mM polygalacturonic acid. PG II had a M_r of 45,700 and was 50% inactivated at 58°C under the same conditions. Both isozymes had a pH optimum of 4.6. PG II had an E_a value of 14.8 Kcallmol (61.9 times 10³ Jlmol), V_max value of 58.8 units/mg protein and K_m value of 3.8 times 10⁻² mM polygalacturonic acid. PGI gave rise to only one band during electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, whereas PG II showed one major and one minor band both with PG activity. Gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate resulted in two major bands (M_r= 47,500 and 41,000) for PG I and only one major band (M_r= 47,500) for PG II. PG I is composed of several subunits, all of which are glycoproteins.     

Irradiation as a Pretreatment to Thermal Processing

ABSTRACT: The Paired Equivalent Isothermal Exposures (PEIE) method was used to quantify the impact of irradiation pretreatments (0, 1.0 and 3.0 kGy) on thermal sensitivity of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores in canned pea puree. Mean rate constants, k_121.IC and activation energy values, E_a, for spore inactivation were 0.26, 0.28 and 0.38 min⁻¹ and 250, 200 and 200 kJ/mol for 0, 1.0 and 3.0 kGy, respectively. These parameters were used to simulate thermal processes that achieve equivalent sterilizing values. Computer retort simulations demonstrated the potential of irradiation pretreatment to reduce overall thermal exposures by about 10% and 25% for product pretreated with 1.0 and 3.0 kGy, respectively.     

CHARACTERIZATION OF DYE-SENSITIZED PHOTOOXIDATION OF MUSHROOM TYROSINASE

Dye-sensitized photooxidation was investigated as a nonthermal means to inactivate food quality-related enzymes, using mushroom tyrosinase as a model. Illumination of tyrosinase in the presence of either rose bengal or riboflavin resulted in an apparent first-order destruction of enzyme activity. Both dye and light were required, and photoinactivation was favored by increasing levels of dissolved oxygen. The rose bengal-sensitized photooxidation was generally more rapid than that caused by riboflavin (at 0.01% dye), with k_i values ranging from 0.74 to 1.66 h⁻¹ and 0.25 to 1.23 h⁻¹, respectively. First-order rate constants for photoinactivation decreased with decreasing temperatures (E_a was 8.4 to 12.2 kcal mol⁻¹ between 20° and 50°C), increasing protein concentration (0.175 to 1.40 mg⁻¹ ml), increasing sodium phosphate buffer concentration (10 to 200 m M) and increasing ionic strength (0.02 to 0.20). The dependence of enzyme photoinactivation rates on pH (between 6.0 and 9.0) resembled a titration curve with a pK of 7.5, and maximal rates were observed at pH 8.0–9.0.     

Inactivation of polyphenol oxidases in cloudy apple juice exposed to supercritical carbon dioxide

The inactivation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in cloudy apple juice exposed to supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO₂) treatment was investigated. Higher pressure, higher temperature, and longer treatment time caused more inactivation of PPO. The maximum reduction of PPO activity reached more than 60% at 30 MPa and 55 °C for 60 min. The experimental data followed first-order reaction kinetics; the kinetic rate constant k and the decimal reduction time D were closely related to the pressure and temperature of SCCO₂ treatment. Higher pressures or higher temperatures resulted in lower D values (higher k), the D value of PPO was minimized to 145 min treated by the combination of 30 MPa and 55 °C. Activation energy of 18.00 kJ /mol, was significantly reduced by SCCO₂ treatment at 30 MPa, as compared to activation energy of 72.0 kJ/mol for identical treatment at atmospheric pressure. Pressure and temperature sensitivity of kinetic parameters were studied. Z_P at 55 °C was 66.7 MPa and Z_T at 30 MPa was 108 °C.     

Rheological behaviour of acorn starch dispersions: effects of concentration and temperature

Rheological properties of acorn starch dispersions at different concentrations (4%, 5%, 6% and 7%) were evaluated under steady and dynamic shear conditions. The flow behaviours of the acorn starch dispersions at different temperatures (25, 40, 55 and 70 °C) were determined from the rheological parameters provided by the power law model. The acorn starch dispersions at 25 °C exhibited high shear-thinning fluid characteristics ( n  = 0.23–0.36). Consistency index (K) and apparent viscosity (η_a,100) increased with an increase in starch concentration, and were also reduced with increasing temperature. Within the temperature range of 25–70 °C, the η_a,100 obeyed the Arrhenius temperature relationship with a high determination coefficient ( R ² = 0.97–0.99), with activation energies (E_a) ranging between 16.5 and 19.0 kJ mol⁻¹. Both the power law and exponential type models were employed in order to establish the relationship between concentration and apparent viscosity (η_a,100) in the temperature range of 25–70 °C. Magnitudes of storage ( G' ) and loss ( G ") moduli increased with an increase in the starch concentration and frequency (ω). The magnitudes of G ' were higher than those of G " over most of the frequency range (0.63–62.8 rad s⁻¹). The dynamic (η*) and steady shear (η_a) viscosities of acorn starch dispersion at 7% concentration follow the Cox–Merz superposition rule.     

Characterization of honey amylase

ABSTRACT:  The major α-amylase in honey was characterized. The optimum pH range and temperature were determined for the enzyme as 4.6 to 5.3 and 55 °C, respectively. The enzyme was stable at pH values from 7 to 8. The half-lives of the purified enzyme at different temperatures were determined. The activation energy for heat inactivation of honey amylase was 114.6 kJ/mol. The enzyme exhibited Michaelis–Menten kinetics with soluble starch and gave K _M and V _max values of 0.72 mg/mL and 0.018 units/mL, respectively. The enzyme was inhibited by CuCl (34.3%), MgCl₂ (22.4%), and HgCl₂ (13.4%), while CaCl₂, MnCl₂, and ZnSO₄ did not have any effect. Starch had a protective effect on thermal stability of honey amylase. Therefore, it might be critical to process or control the amylase in honey before incorporation into starch-containing foods to aid in the preservation of starch functionality. One step could involve heat treating honey with other ingredients, especially those that dilute and acidify the honey environment.     

Thermal kinetics on antiradical capacity of mulberry fruit extract

The effects of temperature and pH on the kinetics of the antiradical capacity of mulberry fruit extract were investigated. The browning index (A₄₂₀/A₅₁₀) increased as pH increased. The change in browning index at pH 2.0 was less than that at pH 4.0. The antiradical capacity increased as browning index increased. The correlation values (slop) of antiradical capacity and browning index were 135.8 (80 °C), 164.4 (90 °C), and 179.7 (100 °C). The antiradical capacity variation was adequately described by both first order and zero order kinetics; however, a zero order kinetic model was proposed because of a better fit. According to the Arrhenius model, the activation energies for antiradical capacity in the range 80–100 °C for the three different pH values were 82.0 kJ/mol for pH 2.0, 70.8 kJ/mol for pH 3.0, and 41.1 kJ/mol for pH 4.0.     

香蕉汁储藏过程中非酶褐变的研究

本文探讨了香蕉汁储藏中非酶褐变的原因与动力学。结果表明还原糖与氨基化合物发生的Maillard反应是造成香蕉汁储藏期间非酶褐变的主要原因。经与一级动力学和零级动力学模型拟合，推测香蕉汁储藏期间的非酶褐变符合零级动力学方程，其发生非酶褐变的活化能为80．46kJ／mol。     

THERMAL BROWNING OF TOMATO SOLIDS AS AFFECTED BY CONCENTRATION AND INHIBITORS

SUMMARY– The amount of brown color developed was always determined by reconstituting the sample to 5.6% total solids and measuring optical density (O.D.) of an acetone extract at 420 mμ. Tomato solids at concentrations of 5.6 to 98% were heated for 15 min at 95°C. The O.D. increased slowly with increasing concentration to about 50% solids. Thereafter, the O.D. increased rapidly to a peak at 95% and decreased to half this value at 98%. The effect of heating time at 55, 75 and 95°C and at 5.6 and 45% solids was studied. The browning rate was slight at the lower 2 temperatures relative to that at 95°C, and was much more rapid at the higher concentration than at single strength. Under each temperature and solids condition, the rate of browning was highest at the earlier times. The inhibition effects of pH and SO₂ were studied. Browning was at a minimum at pH 2.5. Browning could be further reduced at each pH by increasing levels of SO₂. The protective effect of acidification and SO₂ addition increased with increasing solids concentration.     

Modelling ascorbic acid thermal degradation and browning in orange juice under aerobic conditions

The thermal degradation of ascorbic acid (AA) in orange juice was analysed over in a 20–45 °C temperature range. Dehydroascorbic acid (DA), pH and browning were also monitored. Small amounts of AA degradation could be described by first order kinetics, but when only low amounts of AA were retained sigmoidal kinetics were clearly appropriate. The Weibull model was used to describe this pattern (R²_adj > 0.995). The rate constant increased with temperature according to an Arrhenius-type relationship. The activation energy was 38.6 kJ/mol and at the average temperature of the range tested, 32.5 °C, the rate constant was 64.4 × 10⁻³ h⁻¹. The shape constant decreased linearly with temperature, from 2.17 to 1.13. Before the time when the maximum degradation rate occurred, pH, DA concentration and browning remained fairly constant, and then increased. It was found that this behaviour, as well as the dependence of the shape constant on temperature, might be explained by (i) the reconversion of DA into AA, following first order kinetics in relation to DA and second order kinetics in relation to AA, and by (ii) different sensitivities of the reaction rate constants to temperature. Browning was also well described by the Weibull model with a temperature independent shape constant.     

INFLUENCE OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING ON GROWTH OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS IN COOKED TURKEY

Clostridium perfringens containing samples of sterile ground turkey were studied to assess growth under modified atmosphere conditions. Samples were packaged under various atmospheres (CO₂/O₂/N₂: 75/5/20, 75/10/15, 75/20/5, 25/20/55, 50/20/30), stored at 4, 15 and 28C, and sampled periodically for growth. Diluted samples were plated on Shahidi Ferguson perfringens agar (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI) to determine vegetative cell counts. Temperature abuse (cyclic and static) of the turkey product was also investigated. The results showed that the growth of C. perfringens was slowest under 25–50% CO₂/20% O₂/balance N₂ at 15 and 28C. There was no growth at 4C for up to 28 days. Temperature abuse (28C storage) of refrigerated products for 8 h did not permit C. perfringens growth. Use of 25–50% CO₂/20% O₂/balance N₂ may extend the shelf-life of turkey, but in the absence of proper refrigeration, it cannot be relied upon to eliminate the risk of C. perfringens food poisoning .