单个冲击对不锈钢管道焊接头低周疲劳寿命的影响

完成了单个冲击对１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９１不锈钢管道焊接头试样低周疲劳寿命影响的试验研究。单个试验最大瞬时峰值应变率达４８０ｓ＾－１。试样未经消除焊接残余应力。采用成组法试验（每组７个试样）,对称加载模式,总应变幅为０．００２２８。结果表明,冲击影响受到焊接残余应力和冲击塑性导入机制的耦合作用。焊接残余应力与冲击应力叠加将增加材料损伤,而冲击塑性导入将减缓疲劳损伤和降低疲劳寿命分散性。前者扼制后者。考虑疲     

滚筒强化对2D70铝合金厚板表面应力以及组织和性能的影响

2D70铝合金是应用广泛的中强度铝合金,为了消除材料经机加工后在表面形成的残余拉应力,本工作研究了滚筒强化工艺对2D70铝合金厚板表面残余应力、表面形貌、高低频光滑疲劳性能及疲劳裂纹源的影响.结果表明,滚筒强化处理在2D70试样表面造成了残余压应力,但是同时也对试样表面造成某种程度的损伤,对最终材料高、低频光滑试样的疲劳性能影响不大,滚筒强化处理改变了疲劳裂纹的起源.     

应力环实测轧辊的残余应力

选用球墨铸铁、冷硬铸铁、贝氏体铸铁3种轧辊材料,分别在不同的热处理工艺处理和未处理的轧辊本体上截取应力环试样,测定了轧辊内部的残余应力。从理论上推导证明了应力环试样应力计算的关系式。确定了轧辊中存在的应力分量。测试结果显示了处理状态对消除应力的影响程度,轧辊中的残余应力在不同材料和不同热处理状态差别较大。     

透明聚碳酸酯材料疲劳断裂行为

研究不同应力比(R)以及退火处理对透明聚碳酸酯(PC)板材疲劳性能的影响规律与机理,并对聚碳酸酯疲劳裂纹扩展过程与机理进行分析。结果表明:退火后聚碳酸酯试样的残余应力明显变小,疲劳性能明显提高,这是由于机加工造成PC试样残余拉应力,而消除残余拉应力能够明显改善PC的疲劳性能;正应力比(拉拉疲劳)情况下,随着应力幅值变大,PC的疲劳性能明显下降,而负应力比(拉压疲劳)对PC的疲劳性能影响较为复杂。断口形貌分析表明,PC疲劳裂纹断口存在明显的裂纹源区、稳定扩展区与失稳区,而PC的疲劳裂纹扩展机理是首先在应力作用下产生银纹,当应力超过银纹中微纤维强度或在多次循环应力作用下疲劳而造成微纤维破坏时,银纹便发展为裂纹。     

6063T4铝合金脉冲电流辅助拉伸力学性能实验研究

为研究电流密度对材料力学性能的影响,对6063T4铝合金板材进行了脉冲电流辅助单向拉伸试验.理论分析了拉伸过程中电能转化温升的效率,探讨了脉冲电流辅助拉伸过程中材料的动态应变时效(DSA)现象及其机理,定量分析了电流密度与应力降之间的关系,并观察了试验前后试样的微观组织及断口形貌.结果表明,脉冲电流降低了材料流动应力,提高了材料塑性;电能转化为温升的效率约为60%;随着电流密度或脉冲数的增加,DSA现象越发显著;在给定的电流密度下,应力降值随着变形量的增加呈线性增加;光学微观组织表明,材料在相对较低的温度(165℃)下发生了动态再结晶;断口形貌分析显示电流辅助单向拉伸所获得的断口中韧窝数量以及撕裂棱增多,材料塑性提高.     

测量复合材料残余应力场的新方法

本文建立了一维表面光栅衍射光强分布与表面应变之间的理论关系,再利用弹性理论,即可求出材料中的残余应力,从而开拓了残余应力的测试方法;在测试技术方面本方法是在试样表面制作一维表面光栅,在激光束的照射下,形成一列清晰的衍射光斑,当试样背面剥层释放残余应力而发生形变时,引起表面光栅栅距d的变化,反映为放大了一列衍射光斑间距的变化,用电荷耦合器件将光信息快速地转换为电信号,以及A/D转换和微机控制的光信息处理系统,可高精度(m)、快速(s)地测试表面应变和残余应力的定量结果,这是一种测试分析表面应变和残余应力及其之间关系的新方法.      

脉冲电流条件下Ni箔流动应力及其尺寸效应的神经网络模型

目的揭示脉冲电流对金属箔材室温流动应力及其尺寸效应的影响规律,构建脉冲条件下Ni箔室温塑性流动的本构模型。方法采用单向拉伸试验,测试不同试样尺寸的Ni箔在不同电流密度条件下的单向拉伸性能。根据本构方程的输入、输出参数,设计BP神经网络结构,并利用试验数据对其进行训练及预测精度检验。结果单向拉伸试验结果表明,箔材厚度与晶粒尺寸之比及变形过程中引入的脉冲电流均会对材料的流动应力产生显著影响,且其影响规律高度复杂。脉冲电流条件下,构建的金属箔材流动应力尺寸效应神经网络模型,其预测相对误差控制在6%以内,相关系数R达到0.99。结论该神经网络模型准确描述了脉冲电流条件下金属Ni箔流动应力尺寸效应,为该材料塑性变形过程分析及合理制定工艺参数奠定了理论基础。     

规定非比例伸长应力σpε和规定残余伸长应力σrε

规定非比例伸长应力和规定残余伸长应力都属规定微量塑性伸长应力.所谓非比例伸长是指外力与伸 长不呈比例关系的伸长;而残余伸长则是指外力卸除后,弹性变形回复,试样标距部分的残余伸长.因此,两 者的区别在于所采用的试验方法不同.前者是在受力状态下测定的,后者是在试样卸除外力后测定的. 严格来说,材料的残余伸长不完全等于非比例伸长,因而规定残余伸长应力与规定非比例伸长应力是不 等的,这是由于材料的滞弹性(应变落后于应力)所致. 必须指出的是,滞弹性很大的金属材料是极少数(如GCr15,1Cr18Ni9Ti等),多数材料的滞弹性很小, 甚至可忽略不计.于是可认为规定残余伸长应力与规定非比例伸长应力相等,即σr0. 01=σp0.01=σr 0.05=σp0.05, σr0.2=σp0.2.在试验工作中,当有关材料技术标准对上述指标未作明确规定时,可任意选择一种试验方法进行 试验.     

脉冲强磁场处理固态铝基复合材料的力学性能和强韧化机制

在脉冲强磁场(2T、3T和4T)中对固态纳米Al_2O_3颗粒增强Al-Zn-Mg-Cu基复合材料进行磁场处理,研究了磁场处理对复合材料的残余应力和拉伸性能的影响,并分析了强化机制。结果表明:在磁场强度B为3T时残余应力达到最小值(-1 MPa),比磁场处理前初始态试样的残余应力降低了102.4%。外加磁场降低了位错密集区和稀疏区间的长程应力。在B=4T时材料的质量因数比磁场处理前初始态试样提高12.7%,位错密度的提高有助于发挥位错强化机制;在磁场的作用下合金的析出相以非稳态η′(MgZn_2)相为主,有助于材料强韧性的提高。基于第一性原理计算了在磁场作用下MgZn_2相成键过程中的自旋态密度,为η′相的析出提供了理论依据。在B=2T时材料拉伸断口的特征主要表现为韧性断裂,对应较高的延伸率9.3%,比磁场处理前的初始态试样提高了12%。     

喷丸处理对6151-T6铝合金旋转弯曲疲劳性能的影响

对经过电解抛光、喷丸处理和喷丸处理再抛光的三种6151-T6铝合金试样的表面粗糙度及喷丸处理后试样表面硬化层的硬度进行测试。对三种表面状态不同的铝合金材料进行旋转弯曲疲劳实验。研究喷丸处理试样表面残余应力随疲劳实验的变化情况,以及喷丸处理对该铝合金疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:喷丸处理对材料疲劳性能的影响与加载的压应力水平有关。当加载的压应力与表面残余压应力之和不超过材料表面硬化层的循环屈服强度时,硬化层中的残余压应力在疲劳过程中不发生应力松弛,疲劳寿命得到大幅度提高;反之,将发生应力松弛现象,疲劳寿命的提高程度受残余压应力松弛程度的影响。此外,喷丸处理造成的材料表面粗糙度的增加,在全应力幅范围,使材料的疲劳寿命略有降低。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.