Water hardness control by detergent builders

Commercial detergent additives to control water hardness are of three main types, sequestrant, precipitant or ion-exchange builders. These builders lower the free hardness ion (Ca⁺², Mg⁺²) concentration in a wash system by different mechanisms. An electrometric experimental method was used to evaluate the relative water hardness control performances of different builder-types under conditions closely simulating those of detergent’s end-use. Experimental data for the following builders are presented: EDTA, NTA, STPP, PAA, CMOS, Na-Citrate, Na₂CO₃ and type A zeolite. It is shown that the relative rankings of the various builders in water hardness control differ significantly with differences in use level concentration of the builder (0.005–0.100 gm per 100 ml). The application of the method to the selection of optimum molecular weight range of the newly emerging class of organic polymeric detergent builders like sodium polyacrylates (Na-PAA) (M_w=2000−220,000) also is discussed.     

An improved method for surface modification of porous water purification membranes

The surfaces of polysulfone and polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes were coated with polydopamine, yielding hydrophilic membranes that, under constant transmembrane pressure fouling conditions, have previously shown enhanced flux relative to unmodified membranes. When evaluated under constant permeate flux fouling, however, modified membranes exhibited higher transmembrane pressures than their unmodified analogs. This increased transmembrane pressure in the coated membranes was ascribed to the decrease in membrane permeance resulting from applying the polydopamine coating. The membrane permeance could be tuned by varying polydopamine deposition time and, even at the shortest deposition times studied here, a few minutes, a substantial increase in membrane hydrophilicity could be achieved. Therefore, polydopamine was deposited on a membrane of relatively high permeance until the pure water permeance of the modified membrane matched that of a membrane having lower native permeance, permitting a comparison of the fouling performance of a modified and unmodified membrane with the same pure water permeance. This approach was repeated, using a single, high permeance membrane as the base membrane for modification, to produce a family of modified membranes having the same initial pure water permeances as lower permeance, unmodified membranes. When unmodified and modified membranes of the same initial permeance were compared at constant flux fouling conditions, the modified membranes consistently exhibited lower transmembrane pressures and similar organic rejections to the unmodified membranes. Because many porous water purification membranes are operated at constant flux in industrial settings, an interesting methodology for membrane surface modification may be to surface-modify a membrane of high permeance until the desired permeance is achieved, rather than by surface modification of a membrane that natively has the desired water transport characteristics, since the surface modification procedures almost invariably lead to lower pure water permeance.     

Instrumental method for evaluating static control in laundry

The most difficult performance attribute to measure when evaluating a fabric softener has been static control. Several instrumental methods have been used in the past, all with limited success. The most frequently used method has been a subjective evaluation by an experienced operator, but this also has obvious short-comings. The topic method is based on a Faraday Cage. Test swatches are removed from the dryer and placed in an insulated stainless steel tank. As each swatch is removed, a corresponding charge is induced on the tank, which is measured by a high impedence volt meter. Presented at the AOCS meeting in Honolulu, HI in May 1986.     

Organic builders: A review of worldwide efforts to find organic replacements for detergent phosphates

Continuing pressures to reduce phosphates in wastewaters have sustained an intensive worldwide search to develop acceptable substitutes. Organic polycarboxylate salts have been most extensively investigated because there are a large number of structural possibilities, and the possibility for biodegradation to innocuous CO₂ and H₂O offers an optimal answer to most environmental questions. In addition to testing known compounds, many novel structures have been synthesized in efforts to tailor materials with optimum properties. Stringent requirements for functional effectiveness, human safety, environmental acceptability, practical processability, and acceptable costs have limited the number of viable alternatives. Compounds that have been proposed are reviewed with particular attention to recent developments.     

预臭氧化过程水样可生化性的简易评估方法

研究了几种生化难降解有机物在预臭氧化过程可生化性（BOD₅/COD_Cr,即5天生化需氧量与化学耗氧量的比值）的变化情况,并提出了一个氧化度（即有机物的氧化程度,定义为：（4TOC-COD_Cr）/4TOC,其中TOC为总有机碳）的概念。结果表明,在预臭氧化硝基苯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯和磺基水杨酸模拟水样过程中,水样的氧化度和可生化性均有不同程度的提升,而且两者存在一定的正相关性。当体系氧化度大于0.65时,水样的BOD₅/COD_Cr一般均在0.2以上,可直接进行生化处理。对某酸性化工废水进行了预臭氧化处理（Ti（Ⅳ）/H₂O₂/O₃）,120 min后COD_Cr和TOC的去除率分别达到了66.09%和34.09%,此时水样的氧化度从原来的0.346升至0.664,BOD₅/COD_Cr值从原来的0.05升至0.332,显示了较好的正相关性。利用易测的氧化度来预判水样的可生化性,这对推广预臭氧化技术在实际难降解废水处理中的应用具有重要的实际意义。     

Soap-based detergent formulations: XXVI. Hard water detergency of soap-lime soap dispersant combinations with builders and inorganic salts1

Blends of soap and 3 lime soap dispersants—the sulfated tallow alkanolamide (TAM), the coconut-oil-derived amido sulfobetaine (CAHSB) and the cocoamido betaine (CAB)—were formulated with 3 builders—sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), trisodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) and trisodium 2-oxa-1,1,3-propane tricarboxylate (OPT). Varying amounts of sodium sulfate were added to these formulations, and the effects of builders and sodium sulfate on detergency at 300 ppm water hardness were studied. At levels below 60%, STPP was not an effective builder for TAM formulations. Dilution of STPP-built TAM formulations with sodium sulfate substantially decreased detergency. Detergency of TAM formulations was improved by incorporation of NTA or OPT and such formulations could tolerate dilution with sodium sulfate without serious loss in detergency. NTA or STPP improved the detergency of CAB formulations but OPT did not. Addition of sodium sulfate caused some loss in detergency in all CAB formulations. Addition of STPP to CAHSB formulations caused a slight loss in detergency, but addition of NTA or OPT had no appreciable effect. Dilution of STPP-built CAHSB formulations with sodium sulfate affected detergency adversely, although not as severely as in STPP-built TAM formulations. Dilution of NTA-or OPT-built CAHSB formulations with sodium sulfate had little effect on detergency. CAB and particularly CAHSB are superior to TAM in dispersing lime soap curd. Therefore, addition of NTA, STPP, or OPT to the amphoteric formulations did not affect detergency to the same extent as in TAM formulations. Further evidence of the superiority of amphoteric lime soap dispersing agents (lsda) in dispersing lime soap curd was provided by the effectiveness of soap, CAHSB, silicate formulations in detergency studies at 1,000 ppm water hardness. Presented at the Annual AOCS Meeting, San Francisco, April 1979. Agricultural Research, Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

诺氟沙星合成方法的改进

1-乙基-6-氟-7-氯-1,4-二氢-4-氧代喹啉-3-羧酸与哌嗪在聚乙二醇催化下反应,以高收率得到诺氟沙星。     

An improved characterization method for petroleum fractions

An improved characterization of naphtha can be obtained by assuming representative chemical components for each cut and utilizing an empirical model to predict the physical and thermodynamic properties such as critical properties, molar mass, refractive index, enthalpy of vaporization, viscosity, etc. The improved model for feed characterization utilizes a multivariable constraint optimization technique in order to arrive at the properties of the blend. It was found that this model does improve the accuracy of prediction. An application is presented for a naphtha blending system and a naphtha debutanizer. The sensitivity of the column simulation to the developed feed characterization method has been investigated by digital simulation. With the boiling point model, large deviations from the actual column performance data have been observed while a farily good match has been obtained with the improved model.     

An improved method for flow network design

An improved method is presented for the design of a complex flow network system. The method employs head loss and flow rate in the iteration process for the determination of flow rates and/or pressure drop. This represents a major departure from the conventional approach which uses only the flow rate. The two-step iteration method proposed here drastically improves both the convergence rate and iteration stability. Tests on different examples have shown that, for most design applications, three iterations are sufficient to yield an accurate final solution, regardless of the initial guess.     

单硬脂酸甘油酯合成方法的改进

用丙酮保护的一锅合成法,即通过甘油与丙酮在对甲苯磺酸催化下反应制得异亚丙基甘油,在催化剂如吡啶、乙酸钠、乙醇钠等的催化下与相对便宜的原料三硬脂酸甘油酯反应,无机酸水解后制得单硬脂酸甘油酯。研究了酯化反应过程中物料配比、催化剂类型及用量对反应的影响,结果表明:碱性催化剂中又以吡啶的催化效果最好,n(甘油)∶n(三硬脂酸甘油酯)=1.00∶0.35,吡啶用量为甘油质量的4.0%时,可以得到质量分数为93.86%,收率为86.92%的单硬脂酸甘油酯。     

烃基化间苯二酚杯芳烃的合成

NaH作为催化剂,以乙醇为溶剂对间苯二酚杯芳烃进行烃基化衍生反应,合成了4种化合物.该方法反应时间短、产品易处理且产率高.     

异氰酸酯的简单合成法

异氰酸酯是合成磺酰脲类降血糖药物的重要中间体 ,在有机合成中也有着广泛的应用。异氰酸酯有多种制备方法 :( 1 )胺与光气反应 ;( 2 )酰基叠氮物经 Cirtius重排反应制备 ;( 3 )以 CO2 为甲酰化试剂与胺作用 ,经 POCl3 或 P2 O5脱水制备 ;( 4)以 COS为酰化试剂在三乙胺存在下与胺作用 ,再与 Cl COSC2 H5反应制备 ,其中方法 ( 1 )应用较为广泛。我们改变反应溶剂 ,并采用价格相对较低的三光气 (固体光气 )代替常温下为气态的剧毒光气与胺反应。由于三光气为白色或淡黄色固体 ,易于运输、称量 ,因此简化了反应操作条件 ,而且产率较高。…     

有水气藏水体活跃程度评价新方法

以水侵常数为评价指标,基于气藏工程方法与计算机自动拟合方法,利用气藏气井实际生产数据求取各气井控制区域水侵常数,结合气井井位数据,绘制气藏水侵常数分布图。通过该方法分析S气藏2-5-11小层,确定各单井水侵强度为1.2～4.92,平均水侵强度为2.49,判定该小层水体较活跃。通过气藏水侵常数分布图发现小层整体水体较活跃,东北部与西南部水体最为活跃,气藏外部水体侵入存在两条明显水侵路径,小层被水侵入封割为4个独立区域,区域内受水侵影响较小。有水气藏水体活跃程度评价新方法为明确气藏水侵特征与水体活跃程度,制定气藏治水方案提供技术支撑。     

An improved method for determining polymer melting temperatures

A method for determining polymer melting temperatures, T_m, based on a simple modification of thermo-optical analysis is described. The method makes use of a small, highly conducting substrate and a preselected T_m, procedure which results in rapid heating rates (～1500°C/min) without temperature overshoot or superheating. Accuracies to within ±0.15°C are readily obtained. Application of the method to isothermally crystallized polyoxymethylene (Delrin 100 and 500) shows that T_m, increases with both time and temperature of crystallization as well as with increasing molecular weight. The potential of the method for characterizing polymer thermal history and molecular weight is discussed.     

An approximate method of evaluating spinning conditions for polycaproamide yarns

Conclusions An approximate criterion has been developed for evaluating technological processes for preparing technical polycaproamide yarns; it is based on analysis of physicomechanical properties.It is advisable to use the proposed method in comparing processes which differ in yarn stretch ratio.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 4, pp. 16–17, July–August, 1986.     

洗涤剂助剂间的相互影响(Ⅱ)--水玻璃对4A沸石钙离子交换性能的影响

在25℃、pH为10．3、钙离子浓度为2．5mmol/L的条件下，用离子选择电极法测定了4A沸石和4A沸石与水玻璃混合后，在不同温度下的喷雾干燥产物(m(4A沸石)：m(水玻璃干基)为3：1)的钙结合情况。研究表明：在水溶液中，4A沸石与水玻璃没有不相容性问题，两同时使用还可增加Ca^2 浓度的结合速率。X—射线衍射分析结果表明，水玻璃与4A沸石混合，并经在正常温度下的喷雾干燥后4A沸石的结构并没有被破坏；而4A沸石和水玻璃混合物喷雾干燥后，失水水玻璃溶解速度的下降导致了Ca^2 结合速率的下降。再，喷雾温度过高还会使Ca^2 结合量有所下降。