电化学充氢对X80管线钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用电化学技术、慢应变速率拉伸实验和扫描电镜(SEM)对电化学充氢后的X80管线钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为进行了研究。结果表明：X80管线钢静态充氢后在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中具有较高的应力腐蚀(SCC)敏感性,其断口模式为穿晶断裂;随着电化学充氢时间的延长,氢致塑性损失不断增加,拉伸断口由韧窝状韧性断口向脆性解理断口发展,SCC敏感性增大;电化学充氢促进了点蚀坑的萌生,点蚀坑和第二相夹杂是SCC裂纹萌生的重要原因。     

电化学充氢条件下X70管线钢及其焊缝的氢致开裂行为

采用电化学充氢的方法研究了X70管线钢在不同浓度硫酸溶液中的氢致开裂(HIC)行为．结果表明,增大充氢电流密度、延长充氢时间以及降低充氢溶液的pH值能够促进氢进入X70钢基体．微观观察表明,X70钢中的非金属夹杂物如氮化物和氧化物等对其氢致开裂行为有不同的影响,氮化物夹杂并不是充氢裂纹的必然形核位置,而Mg,Al,Ca等的氧化物是更为有害的氢致裂纹源．通过氢渗透实验测得室温下氢在X70钢中的有效扩散系数为3．34×10-9cm2／s．对XT0管线钢基体及焊缝试样电化学预充氢后拉伸,焊缝试样的拉伸塑性较差,各项塑性指标在充氢前、后均低于X70钢基体材料．     

X70管线钢电化学充氢后的力学行为研究

应用拉伸试验和慢拉伸试验，研究X70管线钢电化学充氢后材料拉伸性能的变化．结果表明：电化学充氢对X70管线钢的强度没有显著的影响，主要降低了材料的塑性，从而降低了材料的断裂延性和断裂强度．在静态电化学充氢条件下，材料的塑性随充氢时间的增加，依次降低．在慢拉伸条件下，动态电化学充氢显著降低材料的塑性．断口分析表明：静态电化学充氢后的断口以韧窝为主要特征，但韧窝直径变小；慢拉伸的动态电化学充氢断口出现准解理断裂．     

电化学充氢条件下管线钢焊接接头对氢的吸收能力分析

采用电化学的方法研究X65管线钢母材及其高频电阻焊(high-frequency welding-HFW)焊缝对电化学充氢的吸收能力. 结果表明,随着充氢时间的增加,母材和焊缝中的扩散氢的含量有着一样的变化趋势,先升高然后降低达到稳定值,但是焊缝中的扩散氢含量最高值4.11×10-5mol/cm3、稳定值2.96×10-5mol/cm3均高于母材的4.02×10-5mol/cm3和2.78×10-5mol/cm3,所以焊缝对电化学充氢有着更高的敏感性. 这是因为材料的晶粒尺寸和晶界面积对氢在其中的扩散吸收有着极其重要的作用,同时,相比于X65管线钢母材,焊缝中珠光体与铁素体的显微硬度差值更大,这为氢提供了有效的扩散路径.     

外加电位对X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位扫描方法和慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)研究了X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为,并用扫描电镜观察分析了不同外加电位下的断口形貌。结果表明,X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的极化曲线具有典型的活性溶解特征。随外加电位的负移,X80管线钢的应力腐蚀敏感性明显增加。阴极极化条件下,X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的SCC的开裂机制为氢致破裂(HIC)。     

外加电位对X80管线钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用电化学动电位极化技术、慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)实验和SEM对X80管线钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为进行了研究.结果表明:X80管线钢在酸性土壤环境中具有较高的SCC敏感性,其断口模式为穿晶SCC;SCC机制随外加电位的不同而改变,在外加电位高于-930 mV时,其SCC机制由阳极溶解和氢致腐蚀两种电极过程控制,呈现阳极溶解和氢脆复合机制;当电位低于该电位时,其SCC为氢脆机制.随着外加阴极电位的降低,X80管线钢的SCC敏感性不断增大;与X70钢相比,氢脆作用在X80管线钢SCC过程中发挥了更重要的作用.     

氢对酸性气田低合金钢氢渗透及应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用电化学氢渗透、慢应变速率拉伸（SSRT）实验和体视显微镜、SEM观察断口形貌的方法进行探究80SS低合金油管钢在饱和CO2模拟采出水环境中，氢对氢渗透和应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响。结果表明，随着溶液H+浓度增大，酸性的增加，氢渗透参数i^∞、D和"C" _"0" ^"H" 均会增大，有助于氢原子的扩散行为；在拉应力和氢原子的协同作用下，与空拉对比，80SS低合金钢的断裂时间减少了近50%，发生了由韧性断裂到脆性断裂的变化，随着溶液氢浓度的增大，对钢材引起的力学损伤增强，应力腐蚀敏感性增大；80SS钢在含饱和CO2采出水介质中拉伸时，预充氢前后的指数Iδ由3.16增大到8.49，预充氢加大了试样的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性；在含1% HAc的饱和CO2采出水中拉伸时，预充氢前的微观形貌呈现出河流花样，出现准解理断裂特征，而预充氢后的80SS钢纤维区分布有不连续裂纹和小孔状结构，与预充氢前的相比，预充氢增加了钢的塑性性能，降低了钢材的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性。     

阴极极化下X80钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为研究

采用电化学阻抗和慢应变速率方法,结合扫描电子显微镜,研究了不同阴极极化电位下X80钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为。结果表明：鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中,X80钢/溶液界面处电荷转移电阻随阴极极化程度增加先升后降。在自腐蚀电位条件下开裂机理为阳极溶解,当外加电位为-1000 mV (vs SCE),应力腐蚀敏感性最低,此电位为最佳保护电位;继续增大阴极极化程度,应力腐蚀敏感性增加,此时开裂机制为氢和应力协同作用下的氢致开裂。     

高强度管线钢电化学充氢行为

通过对X70、X80高强度管线钢在0.5 mol/L H2SO4溶液中进行电化学充氢,应用排油集气法研究了氢在这两种钢中的扩散行为。结果表明,在一定的充氢电流密度下管线钢吸收氢存在一个稳定的扩散氢浓度,该氢浓度与充氢电流密度的平方根呈线性关系。管线钢吸收可扩散氢的浓度随钢的强度提高而升高。     

CO_3~(2-)-HCO_3~-溶液中X80管线钢焊接接头的应力腐蚀开裂分析

采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)、扫描电镜(SEM)观察研究了国产X80管线钢焊接接头在0.5mol/LNa2CO3 1mol/LNaHCO3溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感性。结果表明,拉伸试样全部断裂在焊缝或热影响区。在所研究的电位区间,拉伸试样随着外加电位正向增加,断面收缩率、断裂时间和断后伸长率增加,而断口部位的裂纹平均扩展速率减小,SCC敏感性降低。试样断口形貌在阴极电位条件下呈准解理断裂,在自腐蚀电位和阳极电位条件下,焊缝试样断口主要是韧性断裂。应力腐蚀机理可以用阳极溶解理论和氢致破裂来解释。     

Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Assessment in Pipeline Steels Through Permeation and Crystallographic Texture Measurements

Electrochemical hydrogen charging and permeation techniques were used to characterize hydrogen distribution, trapping, and diffusion in X60 and X60 sour service (X60SS) pipeline steels. The results obtained contribute to better understanding of hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC). SEM observations illustrated that all HIC cracks were formed at the center of cross section in the X60 steel after 3-h hydrogen charging and length of cracks increased with charging time. No HIC cracks were recorded at the cross section of X60SS steel after the same charging for different durations. Hydrogen permeation tests showed that the density of reversible hydrogen traps was lower at the center of cross section in the X60SS steel compared to the X60 one, and this is considered as one of the main reasons for high resistance of X60SS steel to HIC. EBSD orientation imaging results proved that the accumulation of <111>||ND-oriented grains at the center of the cross section in the X60SS steel was high. This is also considered as another reason for higher resistance of this steel to HIC. Finally, the center segregation zone with higher hardness value in the X60 steel was more pronounced than in the X60SS steel which made the X60 steel susceptible to HIC cracking.     

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依据NACE标准研究了X80级管线钢的抗硫化物应力腐蚀开裂（SSCC）和氢致开裂（HIC）行为。研究表明该X80级管线钢具有较好的抗SSCC和HIC性能,其中临界名义应力Sc达到：1 265 MPa;裂纹敏感率、裂纹长度率和裂纹厚度率均为0;酸性环境下氢的扩散以及应力集中的交互作用导致材料的韧性损失,从而促使裂纹的形成和扩展,最终导致材料断裂。以均匀细小的针状铁素体为主的显微组织具有优良的抗SSCC＆HIC性能。     

X100管线钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为

采用慢拉伸(SSRT)、动电位极化和SEM观察等方法,研究了在不同的阴极保护电位条件下X100钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为.结果表明,X100钢发生穿晶裂纹的应力腐蚀,裂纹的萌生和发展与阴极保护电位有关.完全阳极过程控制时,X100钢无裂纹出现,但出现晶间腐蚀;在混合过程控制时,应力腐蚀敏感性较低,裂纹发展缓慢;在完全阴极过程控制时,氢脆机制起主要作用,裂纹扩展迅速.     

Effect of different microstructural parameters on hydrogen induced cracking in an API X70 pipeline steel

In this study, the surface and cross section of an as-received API X70 pipeline steel was studied by SEM and EDS techniques in order to categorize the shape and morphology of inclusions. Then, an electrochemical hydrogen charging using a mixed solution of 0.2 M sulfuric acid and 3 g/l ammonium thiocyanate has been utilized to create hydrogen cracks in X70 steel. After hydrogen charging experiments, the cross section of this steel has been accurately checked by SEM in order to find out hydrogen cracks. The region of hydrogen cracks was investigated by SEM and EBSD techniques to predict the role of different microstructural parameters involving hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) phenomenon. The results showed that inclusions were randomly distributed in the cross section of tested specimens. Moreover, different types of inclusions in as-received X70 steel were found. However, only inclusions which were hard, brittle and incoherent with the metal matrix, such as manganese sulfide and carbonitride precipitates, were recognized to be harmful to HIC phenomenon. Moreover, HIC cracks propagate dominantly in transgraular manner through differently oriented grains with no clear preferential trend. Moreover, a different type of HIC crack with about 15-20 degrees of deviation from the rolling direction was found and studied by EBSD technique and role of micro-texture parameters on HIC was discussed.     

Relationship between electrochemical characteristics and SCC of X70 pipeline steel in an acidic soil simulated solution

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X70 pipeline steel in simulated solution of the acidic soil in Yingtan in China was investigated using slow strain rate test (SSRT), SEM and potentiodynamic polarization technique. Experiment results indicate that X70 steel is highly susceptible to SCC as applied potential reduces, which is manifested in loss of toughness and brittle fracture. Constant polarization current can detect the occurrence of SCC. The lower the polarization current is the sooner stress corrosion cracking occurs. The SCC mechanisms are different at varying potentials. When potential is higher than open circuit potential, anodic process controls SCC, whereas when potential is far lower than open circuit potential, cathodic process controls SCC, and between these two potential regions, a combined electrochemical process controls the SCC. Stress or strain has a synergistic effect with electrochemical reactions to accelerate the cathodic hydrogen evolution process, which makes the X70 pipeline steel to be more susceptible to SCC.     

X70管线钢在近中性及高pH值溶液中的电化学行为和SCC敏感性

采用动电位极化曲线测试法研究了温度、通气条件和pH值对X70管线钢在NS4溶液和0.5 mol/LNa2CO3 1 mol/L NaHCO3溶液中的电化学极化行为的影响,并用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)研究了X70管线钢在这些溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)敏感性。结果表明,X70管线钢在NS4溶液中不出现活化—钝化转变区,随外加电位负移,SCC敏感性增加,表现出氢致破裂(HIC)的特征;在0.5 mol/L Na2CO3 1 mol/L NaHCO3高pH值溶液中出现活化—钝化转变区,在阴极极化区,也表现出氢致破裂(HIC)的特征,但在阳极极化区,发生的是阳极溶解型应力腐蚀破裂(ADSCC)。     

外加电位对X70管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀开裂敏感性的影响

采用慢应变速率拉仲试验(SSRT)研究了不同外加电位下X70管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为,并用扫描电镜分析了不同电位下的断面形貌.结果表明,X70管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中具有SCC敏感性;在Ecorr附近施加弱极化时,应力腐蚀开裂敏感性增加;施加强阳极电位时,发生强烈阳极溶解,导致阳极溶解断裂;施加强阴极电位时,析氢过程加强,导致氢致应力腐蚀断裂.