低温固化环氧粉末涂料的研究

用环氧树脂E12为基体,配合酚类固化剂及其他助剂,经熔融共混制备出低温固化环氧粉末涂料。考察了固化剂、促进剂用量等对体系固化性能、附着力及耐冲击性的影响,并通过非等温差示扫描量热法及红外光谱研究了酚羟基/环氧体系的固化反应。实验结果表明:随着固化剂用量增加,涂膜耐冲击性能先提高后减小;随着促进剂用量的增加,体系固化温度降低,附着力和耐冲击性提高。固化剂、促进剂最佳用量分别为环氧树脂E-12用量的20%和2.0%。     

环氧粉末涂料的固化动力学和固化工艺的研究

采用非等温示差扫描量热法(DSC)研究了E-12/双氰胺(固化剂)和E-12/双氰胺/2-甲基咪唑(促进剂)体系的固化反应动力学。采用Kissinger法和Crane公式对DSC数据进行处理,获得了固化反应动力学参数,应用热重分析(TGA)研究了固化产物的热稳定性。结果表明:双氰胺、2-甲基咪唑的最佳用量分别为环氧树脂质量的4%和0.4%,最佳固化条件为160℃/15min。E-12/双氰胺体系和E-12/双氰胺/2-甲基咪唑体系的表观活化能分别为105.12kJ/mol和70.62kJ/mol,固化反应级数n=0.92。起始分解温度约为410℃,促进剂2-甲基咪唑的加入对体系热稳定性没有影响。     

用于双氰胺环氧树脂固化体系促进剂的研究

用涂膜硬度表征环氧树脂固化反应的速度和固化反应完成程度,研究了六亚甲基四胺、三乙胺、三乙醇胺、尿素、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和三乙基苄基氯化铵6种促进剂的用量对双氰胺环氧树脂固化体系的固化速度影响,及这6种促进剂在较佳用量时对固化温度和时间、室温贮存时间、涂膜吸水性和溶胀度的影响。结果表明,促进剂的较佳用量为1.5%～2.5%;三乙胺的促进作用最大,可使双氰胺环氧树脂固化体系的固化温度降至120℃;加入三乙基苄基氯化铵的双氰胺环氧树脂固化体系室温贮存时间可达2个月以上;这6种促进剂均使涂膜吸水性和溶胀度降低。     

甲基丙烯酸接枝环氧树脂的制备与性能测试

通过丙烯酸类单体与环氧树脂接枝共聚反应,在环氧树脂中引入强亲水性基团-COOH,制备水性环氧乳液。探索了不同单体用量和加水温度对所得水性乳液的pH值、黏度、粒径、水分散性和储存稳定性的影响;考察了涂膜固化条件对涂膜的附着力、耐冲击性、耐水性的影响。试验结果表明,随着甲基丙烯酸用量增加,所制备的水性环氧乳液水分散稳定性增强,pH值降低,粒径变小;随着加水温度的增加,储存稳定性变差;固化剂含量占环氧树脂含量的15%和固化温度为120℃时,涂膜的外观、附着力、耐冲击性、耐水性等综合性能最好。     

低温固化聚酯/环氧粉末涂料研究

以聚酯树脂P-5127和环氧树脂E-12为固化主体,添加其它的助剂熔融共混制备低温固化聚酯/环氧粉末涂料。用红外光谱和差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究粉末涂料的固化反应,讨论了固化促进剂2-甲基咪唑(2-MI)用量对粉末涂料固化性能及涂膜性能的影响,确定了2-MI的用量;并对该配方进行非等温动力学分析得出了理论最佳固化温度等固化参数,在此基础上将粉末涂料涂装固化确定实际固化条件。结果表明:粉末涂料中聚酯的端羧基和环氧树脂的环氧基发生反应;随着2-MI用量的增加,固化温度先降低后增加,2-MI的较佳用量为0.4 g;最佳固化条件为:140℃、30 min或是150℃、20 min。     

双氰胺固化双酚F/间苯二酚共聚型环氧树脂的研究

为提高双酚F环氧树脂的综合性能,以双酚F、间苯二酚与环氧氯丙烷反应制得双酚F/间苯二酚共聚型环氧树脂。通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑对双氰胺-双酚F/间苯二酚共聚型环氧树脂体系固化反应的促进作用,并系统地探讨了固化体系及固化条件对固化物性能的影响。结果显示,其最佳固化工艺条件是:间苯二酚与双酚F质量比为20∶80,双氰胺质量分数为6%,2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑质量分数为4%,固化温度为110℃,固化时间为3 h。     

固化促进剂用量对集成电路封装环氧模塑料固化行为的影响

选用酚醛树脂为固化剂,2-甲基咪唑为固化促进剂,制备了集成电路封装用环氧树脂模塑料。用非等温DSC法研究了固化促进剂用量对环氧模塑料的固化行为的影响,利用Kissinger方程、Crane方程和Ozawa方程计算出了环氧树脂模塑料的固化活化能、反应级数等固化反应动力学参数,推导出了固化过程的凝胶化温度、固化温度、后处理温度等最佳固化工艺条件,为环氧模塑料的配方优化和集成电路封装工艺的制定提供了基础数据。     

苯基缩水甘油醚改性2-甲基咪唑促进剂的研究

采用苯基缩水甘油醚对2-甲基咪唑进行改性,制备了几种不同改性比例的改性2-甲基咪唑(M-2MI),对其反应机理和结构进行了讨论。对环氧树脂/双氰胺/M-2MI体系的凝胶时间、玻璃化转变温度(Tg)进行了测定,并采用差示扫描量热法研究了体系的固化反应动力学。结果表明,M-2MI对环氧树脂/双氰胺具有良好的促进活性,计算得到的表观活化能为77.0k J/mol。随着苯基缩水甘油醚用量的增加,固化物的Tg有逐渐降低的趋势。粘接性能试验结果表明,采用M-2MI作为促进剂比采用未经改性的2-甲基咪唑作为促进剂的剪切强度和剥离强度更高。     

咪唑促进双氰胺固化环氧树脂体系固化动力学

采用差示扫描量热(DSC)法研究了2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑(2E4MI)的含量对双氰胺(DICY)固化环氧树脂体系固化动力学的影响。非等温DSC测试结果表明,2E4MI能大幅度降低DICY固化环氧树脂所需要的温度和活化能,从而加快反应的进行。当2E4MI用量为0.2份时,活化能最低为84.2 kJ/mol且整体活化能随固化度的变化较小、固化更均匀。在2E4MI最佳用量(0.2份)下对固化体系进行等温DSC以及潜伏性测试,结果表明,该体系在160℃下20 min内可完成固化,室温储存15 d的固化度仅为0.146,说明其适合用作快速固化环氧树脂储存体系。     

固化促进剂种类对集成电路封装材料固化行为的影响

选用酚醛树脂为固化剂,分别以2-甲基咪唑和三苯基磷为固化促进剂,制备了集成电路封装用环氧树脂模塑料。用非等温差示扫描量热（DSC）法研究了固化促进剂种类对环氧模塑料的固化行为的影响,利用Kissinger方程、Crane方程和Ozawa方程计算出了环氧树脂模塑料的固化活化能、反应级数等固化反应动力学参数,推导出了固化过程的凝胶化温度、固化温度、后处理温度等最佳固化工艺条件。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。