燃油锅炉掺烧火炬气经济性试验及分析

锅炉本体结构是根据燃料的特性设计的 ,燃料改变会影响锅炉性能。介绍燃油锅炉掺烧火炬气后的性能试验方法和结果 ,指出了燃油锅炉掺烧火炬气时 ,只要合理调整燃烧 ,锅炉性能不仅不会受到影响 ,而且热效率有所提高     

高压油炉掺烧火炬气的可行性试验与分析

为了获得燃油锅炉掺烧火炬气的最佳方案，确保锅炉运行的安全性和经济性，锅炉在冷态条件下，根据不同的掺烧火炬气的工况，对其进行了空气动力场试验，并根据锅炉在不同的负荷和不同的火炬气掺烧量时，对其进行了性能试验。空气动力场试验结果表明：在满负荷时，炉内气流充满度良好，无冲刷后墙水冷壁现象。但是，入炉火炬气压力太大，会发生刷边现象。性能试验结果表明：在掺烧火炬气时，合理调整燃烧，锅炉性能不仅不会受到影响，而且热效率有所提高。可见，控制好火炬气入炉时的压力，防止火焰刷边，燃油锅炉掺烧火炬气是可行的。图6表2参3     

燃油锅炉讲座(一)

1　中国燃油工业锅炉的现状工业上最早使用的是燃煤锅炉 ,随着石油和天然气工业的发展 ,相应出现了燃油锅炉和燃气锅炉。现在的中小型燃油锅炉 ,是在不同发展进程中形成的产物 ,大致可以分为三种情况。(1 )从燃煤锅炉的基础上发展而来的燃油锅炉。这种锅炉称它为燃油锅炉 ,其实它的基本结构仍保留着燃煤锅炉的布置形式和结构特点 ,只是去掉了炉箅、供煤和排渣设备 ,对炉膛略加改装后 ,加装了燃油燃烧器。这样的燃油锅炉 ,很多生产厂家都有产品。燃油炉在油田使用 ,燃用原油 ;在炼油厂或一年中某个时期锅炉使用燃油的单位 ,一般采用简单机械…     

锅炉烟气侧的积灰与腐蚀

锅炉高效、可靠是锅炉运行的基本要素.燃油锅炉的尾部积灰或腐蚀,常困扰着锅炉的安全经济运行.文章简析了燃油锅炉尾部腐蚀的成因,提出可通过调整燃烧来缓解腐蚀,提高锅炉的运行效率.     

燃油锅炉改烧乳化油的可行性分析

分析了目前我国燃油锅炉的使用现状,论述了燃油锅炉改烧乳化油的意义。从探讨乳化油作为锅炉替代燃料的优点出发,在理论和实践两个方面分析了采用乳化油作为锅炉替代燃料的可行性。     

立式燃油锅炉的创意设计

介绍了一种突破水管锅炉与火管锅炉界限的新型立式锅壳、炉胆、水管组合的燃油锅炉,旨在使立式燃油锅炉在容量、参数与性能上有所突破。     

家用锅炉的开发及实验研究

以３万大卡燃油锅炉为例,介绍了家用燃油锅炉的开发过程及锅炉控制系统、锅炉运行时的最佳喷嘴、风量、油压等参数的设计方法,并用实例介绍了锅炉性能和应用前景。     

锅炉"油改气"的可行性分析

通过介绍国内能源现状及供应状态,探讨了锅炉发展方向,对燃油锅炉改造为燃气锅炉进行经济成本分析,为用户锅炉运行节省成本.     

燃油锅炉改造燃煤的技术路线

概述和分析燃油锅炉和燃煤锅炉的特性和区别，并对燃油锅炉改烧煤粉工作的改造方案和措施进行研究和介绍。     

新型节能锅炉——水煤浆锅炉

1水煤浆锅炉简介水煤浆锅炉集传统燃油锅炉与燃煤锅炉的优势与一体,既有燃油锅炉燃烧控制自动化、即开即停、场所洁净、环保排放的优点,又保持了燃煤的低成本运行的特点。它采用了类似燃油的雾化喷燃技术,大大提高了水煤浆燃料的燃烧效率和燃烬率,热效率一般稳定在83％左右,     

能源动力系统除灰新技术的机理及应用

我国能源动力系统尤其是电站锅炉燃用大量高灰煤,致使系统尾部受热面严重积灰,影响锅炉的效率和出力,中国科学院力学研究所采用了可燃气体快速燃烧,产生燃气脉冲清除积灰的原理,研究发展了一种适用于我国大型电站锅炉的新一代除灰技术,目前,燃气脉冲除灰技术已在全国几十台125MW-600MW机组上获得成功应用。图9参4     

Aging is Important: Closing the Fouling–Cleaning Loop

Process units subject to fouling often require regular cleaning, giving rise to repeated cycles of fouling and cleaning. The initial stages of fouling are strongly influenced by the effectiveness of the most recent cleaning step and, similarly, the effectiveness and rate of cleaning are determined by the extent and nature of the deposit layer present on the surface. The optimal operating cycle will therefore be determined by fouling–cleaning interactions. Deposit aging is an important factor in this, as an aged deposit is usually more difficult to clean. Aging therefore introduces an element of choice into fouling–cleaning operating cycles, between in situ “chemical” methods and ex situ “mechanical” methods, with associated differences in effectiveness, time, and cost. This paper reports a reformulation of the cleaning scheduling problem to consider the choice of cleaning method, as well as the timing of cleaning. A case study based on a shell-and-tube heat exchanger processing crude oil is used to illustrate the concepts and scope of application of this approach. A novel and more general formulation of the problem, linking design, fouling, and cost aspects via dimensionless groups, is then presented and illustrated with a second case study based on a simpler exchanger model.     

节能技术在上海市公共卫生临床中心的应用

上海市公共卫生临床中心在其公寓楼及职工浴室使用太阳能热水系统取代燃气锅炉提供热水,节约了天然气;对中央空调系统进行技术改造,增加PES在线物理清洗装置清除空调机组冷凝器污垢热阻,提高了中央空调冷凝器换热效率,通过节能技术改造,节约了电能。     

Evaluation of Crude Oil Heat Exchanger Network Fouling Behavior Under Aging Conditions for Scheduled Cleaning

Heat exchanger network (HEN) fouling is an endemic operational challenge prevalent in many process industries. Its impact on both plant operating cost and productivity is significant and can be compounded by aging effects of the foulant. In this paper, we model and simulate the effect of aging on tube-side fouling and cleaning dynamics in a crude oil refinery preheat train (PHT) comprising a 14-unit HEN. A prescient, HEN modeling and dynamic simulation were performed wherein the transients of fouling and aging as well as the interactions between individual units were captured. To assess the temporal effects, different crude oil deposit (gel) aging scenarios (no aging vs. slow, medial, and fast aging) in the downstream units were considered for the PHTs’ overall heat recovery, cleaning options, and operability. The results show that the deleterious impact of fouling and concomitant aging, quantified in terms of thermal resistances, was significantly reduced by fast aging as opposed to medial, slow, or no aging of the gel deposit. Faster aging rate reflected improved heat recovery and a lesser demand for and lower cost of PHT cleaning. The concomitant higher growth of coke deposit due to aging, however, resulted in greater hydraulic resistance, which is inimical to operability.     

Fouling Reduction Characteristics of a No-Distributor-Fluidized-Bed Heat Exchanger for Flue Gas Heat Recovery

Heat exchangers and heat exchanger networks are extensively used for the purpose of recovering energy. In conventional flue gas heat recovery systems, the fouling by fly ashes and the related problems such as corrosion and cleaning are known to be major drawbacks. To overcome these problems, a single-riser no-distributor-fluidized-bed heat exchanger is devised and studied. Fouling and cleaning tests are performed for a uniquely designed fluidized bed-type heat exchanger to demonstrate the effect of particles on the fouling reduction and heat transfer enhancement. The tested heat exchanger model (1 m high and 54 mm internal diameter) is a gas-to-water type and composed of a main vertical tube and four auxiliary tubes through which particles circulate and transfer heat. Through the present study, the fouling on the heat transfer surface could successfully be simulated by controlling air-to-fuel ratios rather than introducing particles through an external feeder, which produced soft deposit layers with 1 to 1.5 mm thickness on the inside pipe wall. Flue gas temperature at the inlet of heat exchanger was maintained at 450°C at the gas volume rate of 0.738 to 0.768 CMM (0.0123 to 0.0128 m³/sec). From the analyses of the measured data, heat transfer performances of the heat exchanger before and after fouling and with and without particles were evaluated. Results showed that soft deposits were easily removed by introducing glass bead particles, and also heat transfer performance increased two times by the particle circulation. In addition, it was found that this type of heat exchanger had high potential to recover heat of waste gases from furnaces, boilers, and incinerators effectively and to reduce fouling related problems.     

Evaporator Fouling Tendencies of Thin Stillage and Concentrates From the Dry Grind Process

ABSTRACT

In the United States, more than 200 maize processing plants use multiple-effect evaporators to remove water from thin stillage and steepwater during dry grind and wet milling processes, respectively. During the dry grind process, unfermentables are centrifuged and the liquid fraction, thin stillage, is concentrated in multiple effect evaporators. Evaporator fouling occurs during thin stillage concentration and may be from deposition of proteins, fat, fiber, and/or carbohydrates on evaporator surfaces. Studies on evaporator fouling from maize processing streams are limited and fundamental causes are not well understood. Therefore, the overall objective was to investigate effects of compositional variation on evaporator fouling during thin stillage concentration. Effects of total solids during evaporator concentration, removal of post fermentation oil, corn oil and glycerol addition, and overall plant operation were studied. Thin stillage had lower fouling rates compared to evaporator concentrates. Addition of postfermentation corn oil (0.5 to 1.0% added) increased thin stillage fouling rates, but at higher oil concentration (1.5% added), rates decreased. At 10% solids content in evaporator concentrates, oil recovery had no influence on fouling rates. Glycerol addition (1%) to thin stillage increased fouling rates. Simultaneous plant shutdown and evaporator cleaning decreased subsequent fouling rates.     

生物质燃烧过程中结焦、积灰及腐蚀形成机理及其制剂开发研究进展

大力发展生活垃圾及农林废弃物等生物质直接燃烧发电和煤炭掺烧生物质燃烧发电对缓解我国能源安全问题和实现“双碳”战略目标具有重要意义。然而生活垃圾和农林废弃物中较高含量的碱/碱土金属、硫、氯和硅等元素在高温燃烧过程中会发生复杂交互反应,导致锅炉结焦、积灰和腐蚀等一系列问题,严重影响锅炉的安全稳定运行。通过系统分析生活垃圾和农林废弃物等固体燃料燃烧过程中可能的结焦、积灰和腐蚀形成机理,探讨了原料灰分组成和结焦、积灰、腐蚀形成的关联关系和预测方法,在此基础上比较了不同类型结焦、积灰和腐蚀抑制剂的作用机制及其施加效果,并对未来高效抑制剂的开发进行了展望。     

Design of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers to Achieve a Specified Operating Period in Refinery Preheat Trains

Fouling dominates the design of heat exchangers used in crude oil preheat trains. It also dominates the lifetime cost of the trains, where the most important cost factor is lost profit through reduced production. Thus, the design objective should be the identification of geometries that provide acceptable performance throughout a desired operating period. This paper suggests a new design approach for shell-and-tube heat exchangers in refinery preheat trains that uses dynamic crude oil fouling models rather than conventional fouling factors to yield designs that are capable of achieving a specified operating period between cleaning operations.     

稠油热采注汽锅炉弱爆炸除灰技术应用研究

本文针对稠油热力开发在用23t／h工业注汽锅炉燃烧渣油过程中出现的炉管结渣和积灰严重、导致热效率下降的状况,通过技术调研,根据弱爆炸吹灰原理,经过优化设计,首次在稠油油田注蒸汽锅炉上应用弱爆吹灰技术,确保注汽锅炉的高效运行,有明显的节能效果。     

Scheduling cleaning in a crude oil preheat train subject to fouling: Incorporating desalter control

Fouling is a serious operating problem in oil refinery distillation preheat trains (PHTs) as the reduction in heat transfer effectiveness not only reduces the overall rate of heat transfer but also causes difficulty in maintaining key temperatures in the network within their defined operating envelopes. This work considers the problem of controlling the desalter inlet temperature by using hot stream bypassing, within a PHT fouling mitigation strategy based on heat exchanger cleaning. The formulation of the problem is incorporated in the PHT simulator described by Ishiyama et al. (2009) [1]. The methodology is illustrated using a case study based on an industrial network subject to fouling, where the fouling rates of heat exchangers were extracted through a data reconciliation exercise. The case study scenarios suggest that our simulation-based tool should be effective in controlling desalter inlet temperature within a fouling management strategy.