Pilot-Assisted Fine Frequency Synchronization for OFDM-Based DVB Receivers

After coarse synchronization in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, there might still be a residual frequency offset (RFO) and a sampling clock frequency offset (SFO), which seriously degrade the performance of the systems. This paper proposes a simple way of jointly estimating the RFO and SFO by using a continual pilot (CP) defined in an OFDM-based digital video broadcasting (DVB) system. For deriving an unbiased joint RFO and SFO estimator in the current DVB system, a CP subset is selected to simultaneously remove the effect of RFO and SFO. We can observe by simulation that the proposed frequency estimator endowed with a properly selected CP subset is unbiased and performs robustly.      

Decision-directed fine synchronization in OFDM systems

A new decision-directed (DD) synchronization scheme is proposed for joint estimation of carrier frequency offset (CFO) and sampling clock frequency offset (SFO) in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. By exploiting the hard decisions, we report accurate estimators of residual CFO and small SFO. The performance analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed novel DD scheme achieves much better performance than the conventional pilot-based schemes in both additive white Gaussian noise and frequency-selective channels.     

Sampling Frequency Offset Estimation for Pilot-Aided OFDM Systems in Mobile Environment

In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, most of the conventional sampling frequency offset (SFO) estimation methods work under the assumption of time-invariant or slow time-variant channels. In mobile environment, the time-variant channel significantly degrades the accuracy of SFO estimation. To solve the problem, we first analyze the properties of time-variant channels. If terminal moves within some tens of the wavelength of radio frequency (RF) signal, channel path delay almost remains unchanged. For most practical OFDM systems, our analysis indicates that channel path delay can be regarded as unchanged during the interval of some tens of OFDM symbols in time-variant channels. Based on the analysis, we propose a novel SFO estimation method for pilot-aided OFDM systems. Different from the conventional methods, the proposed method estimates SFO by detecting the variation of the symbol timing error caused by SFO. The detection is finished by implementing correlation between the channel impulse responses (CIRs) estimated by different OFDM symbols. Performance of the proposed method is simulated and compared with that of two conventional post-FFT methods. Numerical results show that, the proposed SFO estimation method performs better than the conventional methods not only in time-variant channels, but also at low SNRs and large residual carrier frequency offsets (CFOs).     

RLS-Based Joint Estimation and Tracking of Channel Response, Sampling, and Carrier Frequency Offsets for OFDM

This paper proposes a pilot-aided joint channel estimation and synchronization scheme for burst-mode orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Based on the received signal samples containing pilot tones in the frequency domain, a cost function that includes the carrier frequency offset (CFO), sampling clock frequency offset (SFO) and channel impulse response (CIR) coefficients is formulated and used to develop an accompanying recursive least-squares (RLS) estimation and tracking algorithm. By estimating the channel CIR coefficients instead of the channel frequency response in the frequency domain, the proposed scheme eliminates the need for an IFFT block while reducing the number of parameters to be estimated, leading to lower complexity without sacrificing performance and convergence speed. Furthermore, a simple maximum-likelihood (ML) scheme based on the use of two long training symbols (in the preamble) is developed for the coarse estimation of the initial CFO and SFO to suppress dominant ICI effects introduced by CFO and SFO and to enhance the performance and convergence of the fine RLS estimation and tracking. Simulation results demonstrate that, over large ranges of CFO and SFO values, the proposed pilot-aided joint channel estimation and synchronization scheme provides a receiver performance that is remarkably close to the ideal case of perfect channel estimation and synchronization in both AWGN and Rayleigh multipath fading channels.      

MSE Analysis of Sampling Frequency Offset Estimation Scheme for OFDM-Based Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) Systems

A precise estimation and compensation of sampling frequency offset (SFO) is an important issue in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system because of its time-variant behavior. This paper considers the problem of SFO estimation for OFDM-based digital radio mondiale (DRM) systems. In this study, we develop expressions for the mean square error (MSE) of the conventional SFO estimators used in the OFDM-based DRM system. Their low-complexity variants and computation complexity are reported. The theoretical MSE analysis for different algorithms are validated by Monte-Carlo simulations within the framework of the OFDM parameter and pilot pattern defined in the DRM specification. It is also shown that the computation complexity of the low-complexity variants is significantly reduced, compared with that of original versions.     

Joint Estimation of Carrier and Sampling Frequency Offsets in the Uplink of Multiuser OFDM Systems

Wireless Personal Communications - This paper considers the joint estimation of the carrier frequency offset (CFO) and sampling frequency offset (SFO) in the uplink of multiuser orthogonal...     

高阶QAM调制下OFDM的载波与采样频偏联合纠正

采用高阶QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)调制的正交频分复用(OFDM,Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing)系统,相对于低阶调制来说,密集的星座点分布更容易受到载波频偏与采样频偏的影响.本文分析了高阶QAM OFDM系统对频率同步精度的要求,提出了一种载波与采样频偏联合纠正的方法,并分别针对时不变多径信道和块衰落多径Rician信道给出了频偏估计的均方误差解析表达式.均方误差的理论分析与计算机仿真结果吻合;误比特率性能仿真表明,频偏纠正后的误比特率性能与无频偏情况比较,差异小于1dB.     

A Robust SFO Estimation Scheme for OFDM-Based DRM with Non-Symmetric Distributed Pilots

This paper proposes a robust sampling frequency offset (SFO) estimation scheme in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based digital radio mondiale system with non-symmetrically distributed pilots. In particular, a post fast Fourier transform SFO estimation method is suggested to provide an unbiased estimate of SFO in the presence of frequency selectivity of the channel as well as non-symmetrically distribution of pilot symbols. In order to verify the performance of the proposed frequency-offset estimation scheme, a closed-form expression for the mean square error (MSE) is derived. We show via simulations that the proposed estimation scheme achieves a remarkable robustness against frequency selectivity fading and the theoretical MSE analysis is proven accurate.     

Pilot-aided sampling frequency offset estimation and compensation using DSP technique in DD-OOFDM systems

To improve the outage performance of an optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system under the frequency offset between the sampling clocks in the transmitter and receiver, a pilot-aided sampling frequency offset (SFO) estimation and compensation scheme for the optical OFDM system with intensity-modulation and direct-detection (DD-OOFDM) is experimentally demonstrated. The experimental and simulated results show that the scheme can work effectively even with large sampling frequency offsets. In addition, it can achieve a good bit error rate (BER) performance without the sampling clock frequency synchronization in the receiver.     

一种新的OFDM采样频偏盲估计算法

针对OFDM技术对系统的时钟同步要求非常高的问题,提出了一种新的采样频偏盲估计算法,该算法可较好地解决估计精度和估计复杂度的折中问题。通过仿真结果表明,在高斯白噪声信道下,与同类算法相比,该算法不仅估计精度高,而且估计复杂度低,符合实际工程应用。     

Frequency offset estimator for multipath fading channels

A fast and exact frequency offset estimator (FOE) algorithm using peak phase error detection and frequency offset smoothing is proposed for time division multiple access (TDMA) systems. The proposed peak phase error detection scheme avoids the large phase errors which lead to poor FOE performance. To control the AFC, frequency offset smoothing using a simple filter is utilised. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is adequate for the frequency offset estimator of TDMA systems for burst data transmission     

MC-CDMA系统存在频偏时的性能分析

多载波码分多址(MC-CDMA)是把正交频分复用(OFDM)和码分多址(CDMA) 结合起来的新一代移动通信系统.详细构建了一个MC-CDMA 系统的数学模型,并给出了载频偏移和多径信道存在时的矩阵-向量表示模型.在此系统模型的基础上,分析了频偏对MC-CDMA系统多用户检测器性能的影响.MATLAB仿真显示了MC-CDMA系统对频偏极为敏感,当经历多径Rayleigh信道时,系统只能忍受较小的频偏.     

Decimal frequency offset estimation in COFDM wireless communications

Timing jitter, frequency offset, carrier phase jitter and sampling clock frequency offset are the main synchronization errors encountered by OFDM systems. As many literature studies have proved, OFDM systems are very sensitive to frequency errors. In this paper, an improved method for decimal frequency offset estimation in time domain is proposed. In addition, lots of simulations have proved that when the decimal frequency offset in data streams approaches 0.5 of the subcarrier spacing, a wrong estimated frequency offset with inverse polarity will be presented, and therefore, a novel adjusting model to deal with this problem is also proposed in this paper. Simulation results show that the mean square error (MSE) can be significantly improved by over three orders of magnitude at high SNR with the proposed method compared with the conventional method. The corresponding field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit through test in HDTV prototype in Team of Engineering Expert Group (TEEG) proves its feasibility and availability.     

Carrier Frequency Offset Compensation with Successive Cancellation in Uplink OFDMA Systems

Similar to OFDM systems, OFDMA systems also suffer from frequency mismatches between the receiver and the transmitter. However, the fact that each uplink user has a different frequency offset makes the compensation more challenging than that of OFDM systems. This letter proposes successive interference cancellation (SIC) for compensating the frequency offset in the uplink OFDMA systems. A decorrelator is used to remove the inter-carrier interference (ICI) within a user's signal and successive cancellation is applied to mitigate the multi access interference (MAI) arising due to the frequency difference among uplink users. The proposed algorithm is shown to eliminate the interference and has a manageable complexity.     

BER Analysis of OFDM Systems Impaired by DC Offset and Carrier Frequency Offset in Multipath Fading Channels

We perform bit-error-rate (BER) analysis of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems impaired by both direct current (DC) offset and carrier frequency offset (CFO) in multipath Rayleigh fading channels. Since the performance of OFDM systems is sensitive to the CFO, it is necessary to estimate and correct the CFO at the receiver. The existence of DC offset degrades the performance of CFO estimator and results in large residual CFO after compensation. Moreover, the process of CFO compensation spreads the DC offset energy and causes DC offset interference to all subcarriers. By deriving the BER formula for OFDM systems employing binary phase-shift keying modulation, the dependency of BER on the DC offset, CFO, and estimated CFO is accurately quantified. Simulation results validate the correctness of our theoretical analysis.     

OFDM同步跟踪阶段的频偏估计算法

ＯＦＤＭ对栽频偏差是很敏感的，因此不仅在同步的捕获阶段，而且在同步的跟踪阶段，精确的频偏估计是很重要的。文献［３］提出了一种简化的相干判决反馈的迭代算法来估计同步跟踪阶段的载频偏差，对于１２８个子载波、ＱＰＳＫ调制的ＯＦＤＭ系统，在多径衰落信道下，当频偏小于子载波间隔的１５％时，频偏估计的标准方差小于１％，但是这个结果是在假设信道频率响应、定时偏差、载波相位等参数已知的条件下取得的，而当这些参数的估计存在误差时，由仿真结果可看出，频偏估计性能恶化了，因此，提出了采用差分判决反馈的频偏估计算法，虽然只能估计小于子载波间隔 ８％的频偏，但差分判决反馈算法不需要知道信道的参数，由于在同步跟踪阶段，频偏一般都较小，因此采用差分判决反馈算法可以很好地估计出同步跟踪阶段的频率偏差。     

Statistical approximation based fine frequency synchronization for OFDM systems

The paper proposes a novel approach for fine frequency synchronization of OFDM syn- chronization systems in multi-path channels. Maximum Likelihood (ML) function of frequency offsets including integral and decimal parts in frequency domain is developed according to the law of great number to eliminate the noise impact of the signal. When the timing delay close to the actual time, the proposed function produces a deep valley indicating frequency offset when large Valley-Square- Error (VSE) appears. Coarse timing offset can also be detected when function’s Valley-Square-Error (VSE) is maximized. Simulation results shows that the proposed algorithm gives very robust estimation of frequency offset, and a coarse timing offset estimation.     

瑞利衰落信道中MC-CDMA系统的载波频率偏移性能

多载波CDMA（MC－CDMA）技术结合了OFDM和CDMA技术的优点,在无线衰落信道中传输高速数据时具有突出的性能。但由于MC－CDMA采用了多载波技术,载波频率偏移对系统性能的影响非常大。本文对瑞利衰落信道下存在载波频率偏移的MC－CDMA系统性能进行了理论分析并对误码率进行了详细讨论。     

MIMO DS/CDMA系统中基于信号周期平稳特性的频偏盲估计算法

MIMO DS／CDMA通信系统巾,每对收发天线问的载波频偏各不相同,这使得频偏估计变得异常困难。该文基于DS／CDMA信号的周期平稳特性提出了一种适用于该系统的频偏盲估计算法。该算法主要特点在于：（1）它能够分别估计每对收发天线间的载波频偏：（2）综合利用了信号在所有非零周期频率处的周期自棚关函数值,（3）它是一种盲估计算法,不需要专门的训练序列,不会降低系统的带宽利用率。仿真结果表明在FIR信道模型下,该算法能够准确地估计出系统巾各个收发天线对间的载波频偏。     

MIM0-OFDM系统小数倍频偏估计算法研究

由于多输入多输出-正交频分复用（MIMO-OFDM）系统对频偏很敏感,很小的频偏就能引起系统性能的大幅下降。为了提高MIMO-OFDM系统频偏估计的精度和频谱的利用率,采用一种基于新训练序列的小数倍频偏估计算法。该算法利用构造的新训练序列获得比传统算法更精准的频偏估计,可有效地对小数倍频偏进行估计,同时提出的算法减少训练序列的数量,提高系统频谱利用率。仿真结果表明,在加性高斯白噪声信道环境下,所提出的方法在载波频偏估计中能有很好的性能。