时效5年的触变成形ZA27合金微观形貌观察

通过OM、SEM和XRD,对触变成形并经5年自然时效的ZA27合金的微观组织进行了观察。结果表明：ZA27合金是由富Al枝晶和枝晶间的共晶组织组成。经触变成形和自然时效后的ZA27合金由球状初生粒子α′相、晶间的二次凝固组织及半固态成形时没有凝固完全的小液池组成。共晶方式主要为离异共晶及其中“蜂窝”状棒状共晶,部分区域出现不规则层片共晶组织。ZA27合金通过随后的冷却和自然时效过程,经过了一系列的相变,β相发生胞状分解,形成规则的共析（α＋η）层片组织或是不规则的复杂形状组织,从一些层片区域逐渐向低铝的α′相区域中心生长为粗大的层片组织,当其生长被α′相中心的连续分解所阻挡时,致使其芯部形成细小的（α＋η）颗粒组织。     

触变成形ZA27合金的微观组织

通过OM、SEM和XRD对触变成形并经5年自然时效的ZA27合金的微观组织进行了观察。结果表明:经触变成形后的ZA27合金由球状初生粒子α′相、晶间的二次凝固组织及半固态成形时没有凝固完全的小液池组成。共晶方式主要为离异共晶及其中"蜂窝"状棒状共晶,部分区域出现不规则层片共晶。ZA27合金在后期的冷却和自然时效过程中,经过了一系列的相变,β相发生胞状分解,形成规则的共析α+η层片组织或不规则的复杂形状组织,从一些层片区域逐渐向低铝的α′相区域中心生长为粗大的层片组织,当其生长被α′中心的连续分解所阻挡时,在其芯部形成细小的α+η颗粒组织。     

冷却速率对Zn-30Al-1Cu合金组织的影响

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射仪研究了冷却速率对Zn-30Al-1Cu合金微观组织的影响.结果表明,Zn-30Al-1Cu合金初始凝固组织主要由初生相α’相、包围在初生相周围的包晶β相和共析组织(α+η)组成,共析组织由包晶β相分解而来.凝固后期共析胞向枝晶中心生长,使α相分解为层片α+η组织.随冷却速率增大,初生相由枝晶状变成等轴晶粒,尺寸也越来越小,沉积态晶粒尺寸最细小,铸态晶粒尺寸最大.冷却速率提高Cu元素在基体相中的固溶度,沉积态合金中没有发现富铜相ε,Cu元素全部固溶到基体中;普通铸造和快速凝固合金中均发现富铜相ε,它们存在于枝晶间和η相中.     

Zn-Al合金中Al和Cu对α′相和β相分解速率的影响

利用XRD研究了Al和Cu对Zn-Al合金中α′和β相分解速率的影响.结果表明,Cu元素的加入提高了α′相或β相的稳定性,减缓了时效过程中的分解速率,这是由于ε相的析出在某种程度上制约了α′相或β相的分解.ZA27合金的β相和Zn-40Al二元合金的α′相所需时间基本相同（4320min）,但在时效的初期（0～500min）,β相的分解速度远远高于α′相的;而ZA40合金的α′相即使时效时间延长到10 080 min时仍未完成分解.ZA27合金和ZA40合金α′相或β相的分解伴随着四相反应α＋ε→T＇＋η.     

Zn—Al合金先共晶相的形核与生长特性

采用定向凝固－液淬技术和金相定量分析,研究了铝的质量分数为3．0％－28．4％和Zn-Al二元合金先共晶固溶体的析出规律。结果表明,共晶富锌相和先共晶富铝相都具有瞬时形核特点,但生长规律不同。先共晶富锌η相在形核后生长速度较快,随后逐渐减慢;共共晶富铝β相或α相在形核后生长较慢,达到一定过冷度后迅速长大。β相除了通过包晶反应L＋α→β依附于α相析出外,还从剩余液相中直接形核。     

ZA27合金250℃时效时间对阻尼性能的影响

研究了淬火态ZA2 7合金在 2 50℃下时效不同时间后的阻尼性能。结果表明 ,ZA2 7合金时效0 5h后 ,组织由细小层片状α相和 η相组成。随时效时间延长 ,相组成和相成分不变 ,但层片厚度和层片间距加大 ,层片长度先增加后缩短 ,组织不断粗化。时效 4h后 ,组织趋于稳定。与淬火态相比 ,时效使合金的阻尼性能提高 ,时效 4h后合金阻尼达到稳定值。其中室温下 32 0Hz时的阻尼为 1 2× 1 0 -3 ,0 1Hz时的阻尼为 6 2 1× 1 0 -3 。与铸态合金相比 ,时效使合金阻尼降低。研究发现 ,ZA2 7合金的阻尼随温度的升高单调增大 ,并与频率相关。当温度较高时 ,随着频率增大 ,阻尼值减小     

Pb-Bi包晶合金定向凝固微观组织演化

对Pb-(26,28,30,34)Bi(质量分数,%,下同)包晶合金进行平界面生长的低速定向凝固到枝晶状生长的高速定向凝固实验,研究了Pb-Bi包晶合金的微观组织形成及其演化。实验结果表明,在温度梯度G=30K/mm条件下,当凝固速度V=0.25μm/s时,初生α相和包晶β相均以平界面生长,凝固组织的演化过程为:单相初生α相→两相竞争组织→β单相。V=0.5μm/s时,定向凝固组织的演化过程为:单相初生α相→胞状α相+胞间包晶β相→α+β两相竞争组织→β单相。在G=20K/mm条件下,当凝固速度V=1μm/s时,初生α相以胞状领先生长,包晶β相则在胞状α间形核生长,并包裹住α胞。当凝固速度增加至V≥2μm/s时,初生α相由胞状转变为枝晶状,包晶β相则在枝晶间包围α枝晶。     

Zn-Al合金在压蠕变过程中微观组织变化

通过X射线衍射和SEM研究了铸态ZA27合金在160℃，30MPa时的压蠕变过程中的微观组织变化。结果表明，合金在压蠕变过程中产生了负蠕变，压蠕变促使亚稳相η′相的分解和四相转变的产生，即：α ε→T^v η，四相转变导致合金体积膨胀从而引起负蠕变。随着压蠕变量的增大，合金的微观组织由片层状组织向球形组织变化，压蠕变诱发了合金在热处理时效过程中的相变。     

热型连铸锌铝合金定向凝固线材的组织分析

对热型连铸锌铝合金定向凝固线材的铸态及热处理组织进行了观察、分析和讨论。结果表明：热型连铸锌铝合金线材的显微组织为定向生长的平行柱状枝晶组织;共晶合金ZA5的枝状芥是的每个枝晶都由多层片状共晶β和η两相构成,过共晶合金的组织为初生树枝晶和枝晶间共晶组织,其中ZA8,ZA12初生相为β相,ZA22和ZA27的初生相是α相。     

铸态U-5.5Nb合金中的胞状分解

研究了铸态U-5.5Nb合金连续冷却过程中的组织及相转变行为。利用OM、SEM和XRD对组织特征及相组成进行了分析。结果表明,U-5.5Nb合金在连续冷却过程中发生了不完全的胞状分解,形成了类似于珠光体的片层组织,片层间距为86~186 nm。XRD分析表明片层组织由贫Nb的α相和富Nb的γ1-2中间相组成。胞状分解优先在晶界和夹杂物周围形核并长大。通过对晶界处胞状分解组织特征以及热力学计算分析可以得到U-5.5Nb合金胞状分解满足Fournelle-Clark热激活分解机制。在夹杂物界面上观察到了一层连续的但厚度不均匀的γ1-2相薄膜(30~60 nm),并且夹杂物和胞状分解聚集体分离。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.