L-丙交酯的合成及其纯化条件优化研究

以L-乳酸为原料、辛酸亚锡为催化剂,经缩聚和解聚两步反应合成了L-丙交酯,研究了催化剂用量、脱水温度、解聚温度等因素对L-丙交酯产率及纯度的影响.利用改进的合成工艺得到粗L-丙交酯,然后采用浓度梯度与交替溶剂相结合的方法进行重结晶,使精制L-丙交酯的总产率和纯度同时得到了提高.通过熔点、比旋光度、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱等对产物L-丙交酯进行了表征.     

有机锡化合物引发D,L-丙交酯的开环聚合

D,L-丙交酯在有机锡化合物四苯基锡(Ph4Sn)、三正丁基醋酸锡(Bu3SnOAc)、辛酸亚锡(SnOct2)等催化剂引发下开环聚合,得到高分子量的聚D,L-乳酸,讨论了聚合单体D,L-丙交酯纯度、聚合温度、聚合时间、聚合体系真空度以及引发剂有机锡催化剂与聚合单体D,L-丙交酯的比例对聚D,L-乳酸合成的影响,通过红外光谱和核磁共振光谱对聚D,L-乳酸的结构进行了表征。实验结果表明,D,L-丙交酯开环聚合反应的较佳工艺路线是:D,L-丙交酯重结晶5次,聚合温度140℃,聚合时间24 h,聚合体系真空度13.3~133.3 Pa,引发剂有机锡催化剂与单体D,L-丙交酯比例0.2‰~0.5‰,此时聚D,L-乳酸的粘均分子量最高,分别达到32.46×104,33.43×104和41.36×104。     

2-乙基己酸亚锡催化合成丙交酯的合成工艺研究

丙交酯是以乳酸为原料制备高分子量聚乳酸的中间体。研究以2-乙基己酸亚锡为催化剂,以D,L-乳酸为原料,在催化剂存在下通过脱水环化合成D,L-丙交酯。研究了催化剂用量、脱水时间、解聚温度对丙交酯产率的影响。实验结果表明,采用2-乙基己酸亚锡为催化剂,最佳催化剂用量为1.3%,最佳脱水温度为140℃,最佳解聚时间为90 min。用乙醇作为重结晶溶剂,可获得总产率达25.3%的纯D,L-丙交酯。通过熔点、红外光谱(IR)对产品进行了表征。     

低真空条件下D,L-丙交酯的合成研究

为了提高D,L-丙交酯的收率,研究了D,L-乳酸为单体,低真空条件下使乳酸单体先缩聚后解聚制备D,L-丙交酯的工艺条件。考察了制备过程中脱水温度、脱水率、催化剂量、聚合温度和解聚温度对丙交酯产率的影响。结果表明,以ZnO为催化剂,用量为1.2%,在全程低真空条件下,乳酸分别在120~160℃脱水和220~250℃解聚,以无水乙醇和乙酸乙酯作为溶剂改进了粗产品的提纯方法,可得到产率达40.2%的丙交酯。毛细管熔点法测定了产物的熔点,并用红外光谱、差示扫描量热法、X-射线衍射分析对产物进行了分析表征。所得产物为高纯的环状丙交酯。     

丙交酯及聚乳酸的合成条件研究

以D, L-乳酸为单体、氧化锌为催化剂,使乳酸先缩聚后解聚制备了D, L-丙交酯;再以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,使丙交酯单体开环本体聚合制备了聚乳酸.考察了乳酸脱水温度、氧化锌用量对丙交酯收率的影响;考察了聚合温度、辛酸亚锡用量对聚乳酸相对分子质量的影响;用红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振光谱( 1H-NMR)对丙交酯及聚乳酸的结构进行了表征.结果表明,乳酸在130℃、氧化锌质量分数为1.3%时,仅用3h就可制得丙交酯,且其收率大于24%;丙交酯聚合时,当n(单体)/n(辛酸亚锡)＝ 5000、聚合温度在160℃时,常压聚合5h即可得到粘均分子质量为6.3×104的聚乳酸;IR、 1H-NMR测试结果表明环状丙交酯在辛酸亚锡催化剂作用下发生了开环反应.聚乳酸在氢氧化钠水溶液中降解实验表明,聚乳酸具有很好的降解性,在碱溶液中降解速度较快.     

用厨房垃圾的乳酸发酵液合成丙交酯的研究

以营养丰富的厨房垃圾为原料,通过接种乳酸菌发酵,得到了乳酸含量为31.47g?L?1的厨房垃圾发酵液;用电渗析法从厨房垃圾发酵液中提取乳酸,将电渗析分离液经减压脱水浓缩至乳酸含量为70%~80%(wt),作为合成丙交酯的原料。选用氧化锌作为解聚剂,分析纯D,L-乳酸作为原料通过正交设计实验确定了生成丙交酯的最佳条件为:预聚温度150℃,预聚时间3h,解聚剂用量为1.0%(wt),解聚温度220℃;在此条件下,以厨房垃圾发酵液提取的乳酸为原料合成丙交酯,其产率为60%。该丙交酯经熔点测定、红外光谱和核磁共振分析的结果表明:用厨房垃圾的乳酸发酵液合成的丙交酯为D,L-丙交酯。本工艺不但可降低丙交酯的生产成本,而且解决了厨房垃圾的环境污染问题。     

离子液体催化合成丙交酯

丙交酯是合成可降解材料聚乳酸的重要中间体。以D、L-乳酸为原料,在离子液体催化剂存在下脱水环化合成丙交酯,研究了反应过程中离子液体的种类及用量等因素对丙交酯产率的影响,粗产品经重结晶纯化得到高纯度D、L-丙交酯,通过熔点、红外光谱和紫外光谱对产品进行了表征;实验表明,以离子液体为催化剂制备丙交酯具有可行性,体系粘度降低,反应条件温和,有利于丙交酯的生成;确定了[NH(C₂H₅)₃][HSO₄]为催化剂时的适宜工艺条件为催化剂用量5 wt%,缩聚温度110～140℃,解聚温度190～250℃。     

SnCl_2/Al_2O_3催化乳酸制备丙交酯的研究

采用浸渍法制备了一系列SnCl_2/Al_2O_3催化剂,利用透射电子显微镜X射线衍射、测定比表面积技术对所制备的催化剂进行了表征,以SnCl_2/Al_2O_3为催化剂、以乳酸为原料催化合成丙交酯,考察了催化剂用量、聚合时间及反应温度等工艺条件对丙交酯粗收率的影响,结果表明:催化剂用量2%、聚合温度135℃、聚合时间2h,在真空度-0.098kPa下、解聚温度200~230℃时,丙交酯的最高粗收率可达到99.0%。催化循环使用5次后,催化活性基本维持不变,催化剂具有潜在的工业应用价值。     

丙交酯与聚乳酸的合成

以D,L-乳酸为单体,氧化锌为催化剂,将乳酸合成D,L丙交酯;再以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,使丙交酯单体开环聚合制备聚乳酸。结果表明,乳酸在130℃、氧化锌质量分数为1.1%时,其粗产品产率大于60%;丙交酯聚合时,辛酸亚锡用量为0.02 mL时,聚合温度为160℃,常压聚合5 h即可得到粘均分子质量为6.0×104的聚乳酸;测试结果表明丙交酯在辛酸亚锡作用下发生了开环反应。     

聚乳酸的合成研究

聚乳酸是一种脂肪族聚酯类可生物降解高分子材料,己成为生物降解医用材料领域中最受重视的材料之一。本文以D,L-乳酸（两种光学异构体）为原料,通过二步开环聚合法实验,探讨了乳酸合成D,L-丙交酯,以及丙交酯经重结晶提纯并充分干燥后,作为聚合单体进行聚合反应的反应历程中各种反应参数包括温度、反应时间、溶剂、催化剂种类等对丙交酯的产率和聚合产物的分子量的影响。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。