基于神经网络的多机协同编队控制器设计

针对多架无人机协同编队飞行控制问题,设计了一种基于BP神经网络的无人机编队飞行控制器.以两机编队为单元,僚机同时跟踪长机和相邻僚机,根据相对位置和参考坐标系统,采用BP神经网络训练得到最佳的PID控制参数,设计三通道PID控制器并对编队系统进行分布式协同控制,使系统快速跟踪指令并保持编队队形.对四架无人机组成的编队系统进行仿真,系统编队可快速保持期望队形,表明设计的编队控制系统具有良好的稳定性和较强的抗干扰能力.     

基于领航-跟随的有人/无人机编队队形保持控制

针对有人/无人机编队飞行过程中的队形保持问题,采用领航-跟随策略设计一种有人/无人机编队队形保持控制器.首先从编队作战体系和控制原理角度设计有人/无人机编队控制系统结构;然后基于领航有人机与跟随无人机平面位姿的几何关系,建立编队内相对距离-角度运动学模型;最后在考虑僚机控制系统时变扰动的情况下,针对编队运动学模型特点设计动态反馈自适应编队队形保持控制器,并利用李雅普诺夫理论证明编队控制器的稳定性.仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器能够克服僚机控制模型不确定性带来的扰动影响,可以实现编队由初始误差到期望队形的快速调整以及稳定队形的保持.     

无人机编队队形保持变换控制器设计

研究无人机编队队形保持变换的控制设计问题.由于控制系统队形跟踪应保证姿态的稳定性,针对两架无人机在“长机-僚机”编队结构中的左菱形编队飞行控制系统,为了有效控制飞行队形,保持变换,提出了根据编队飞行的几何关系推导编队相对运动学方程,结合无人机的自动驾驶仪模型建立了相应的编队飞行线性化数学模型.采用PID控制方法分别对速度、航向和高度设计了一种能通过控制编队间距实现队形变换的三维编队队形保持变换的控制器,并进行仿真.仿真结果表明所设计的控制器能够有效地控制无人机编队,在飞行过程中可以稳定地保持队形,并能根据任务要求合理进行编队,并无碰撞,为设计提供了依据.     

基于非线性动态逆的无人机编队协同控制

针对多无人机在空间机动过程中的编队形成与保持控制问题,提出一种基于非线性动态逆的无人机编队控制方法.将编队控制过程分解为两步:首先给出分布式长机状态估计算法,各编队无人机根据"相邻"无人机状态解算自身的期望运动指令;其次是设计接于非线性动态逆的编队控制器,使各无人机快速跟踪其期望指令并形成和保持稳定队形.仿真实验表明,编队长机进行空间机动过程中,各僚机能够准确估计其状态,快速形成并维持队形稳定.     

小型无人机编队飞行的控制律设计与仿真

针对一种小型无人机模型及其编队飞行的实际背景和限制条件,采用长一僚机（leader—wingman）编队模式,按前向、侧向和垂直方向3个通道分别设计了僚机编队控制律,从而使三维编队问题得以简化．对于多机编队的情况,应用基于长机模式（leadermode）和前机模式（frontmode）的2种编队控制策略,并通过仿真实验和比较分析,证实了长机模式的优越性．通过2架小型无人机编队队形保持和多架无人机在大机动飞行情况下的队形保持与队形变换等一系列仿真实验,验证了提出的编队飞行控制律的可行性和有效性．     

基于多任务的无人机编队控制研究

考虑到多架无人机编队飞行的特点,将松散编队及协同思想应用到紧密编队控制中,提出了一个三架无人机协同作战编队的飞行控制系统设计方法;在编队飞行动力学模型的基础上,设计了基于特征结构配置的无人机横侧向控制律,进行指定航路的飞行控制;然后,设计编队控制器,两架僚机可紧紧跟随长机并保持队形稳定;仿真结果表明,设计的控制器可以控制多架无人机进行紧密编队飞行,具有一定的实用性和推广价值。     

基于三维程控的无人机协同编队飞行研究

基于三维程控飞行策略,对多无人机(UAV)协同编队飞行控制进行研究,提出一种多机同方位任务需求的编队控制方法.采用“长机-僚机”编队结构模式控制编队飞行,以编队中的长机航迹坐标为基准坐标系实现了僚机与长机相对位置一致的控制;实现了编队中所有无人机同时到达指定位置并保持速度相对稳定的控制.通过航路规划和编队遥调,实现了人工干预与自动控制结合的编队飞行策略.仿真结果表明,该方法具有较好的可实施性、管理性、应用性和安全性.     

BP神经网络PID控制器在无人机编队飞行中的应用

无人机编队飞行可以大幅提高作战效率,因而受到了越来越多的关注.从近距离编队出发,采用长机-僚机编队结构,设计一种基于BP神经网络参数整定的PID控制器,并以双机菱形编队为基础,对其进行仿真验证.仿真结果表明,该控制器能够实现双机近距离队形保持及重构,与常规PID控制器相比,省去PID参数整定时间,并且具有更快的响应速度、更小的超调量及更好的鲁棒性.     

大规模固定翼无人机集群编队控制方法

针对大规模固定翼无人机集群的编队控制问题,提出一种分层分组控制方案.首先,设计一种分布式的无人机集群分层分组控制架构,将集群内所有无人机分成若干独立且不相交的群组,并在群组内分别形成“长机层”和“僚机层”;其次,对各群组内的长机设计协同路径跟随控制律,使长机收敛到各自期望路径上的虚拟目标点,并通过对各虚拟目标点的协调控制实现长机的协同,进而实现各群组间的协同;然后,对各组的僚机设计控制律以跟随其所在群组的长机,使其与长机保持期望的相对位置且朝向一致.设计的大规模集群编队控制律考虑了固定翼无人机的控制约束和环境中风的影响,并证明了闭环系统的稳定性.100架固定翼无人机集群的全流程数值仿真,验证了所提出控制方法的有效性.     

无人机编队飞行神经网络自适应逆控制器设计

针对无人机编队飞行时存在的气动耦合和外部干扰等影响因素,提出基于“长-僚机”模式的神经网络自适应逆控制器设计方法.详细推导了气动耦合影响,建立了完整的编队飞行非线性数学模型,设计了非线性动态逆控制律,提出了改进的 BP 神经网络算法,自适应地逼近和在线补偿动态逆误差,改善了控制效果,并针对队形变换提出了简单有效的设计思想.仿真表明,该控制器能有效实现编队队形的保持或变换,控制系统结构具有良好的扩充性.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).