低阶煤热解提质技术发展现状及趋势研究

本文围绕褐煤资源综合开发利用的问题进行了探讨;对褐煤煤质的特殊性进行了分析;对国内外褐煤提质加工技术进行了分类,简要说明了各类工艺的工作原理和技术特点;重点分析了国内外褐煤干燥热解技术的研究进展和工业应用情况,对工业化示范装置出现的问题进行了评价和总结;分析了制约褐煤发展的主要因素,并指出了未来产业发展的方向和重点.     

2010年度工作会议

<正>2010年1月16日—17日,公司召开了2010年度工作会议。会议认真回顾总结了2009年的主要工作,分析了当前的形势和机遇,部署了2010年的工作任务。会上,公司董事长蒋明作了重要讲话,总经理毛绍融作了行政工作报告,党委副书记陈百河作了党委工作报告,副总     

焦炉生产操作改进

介绍了焦炉生产中的改进措施,通过改进装煤方式,减少了装煤冒烟;配制新型填料,增强了炉体维护;改进了1M管的冲洗方式;改进炉顶水箱槽的高度;降低上升管底座的高度,杜绝连接处冒烟;改进装煤孔底座。通过采取这些改进措施,大大降低了生产成本,改善了职工的操作环境,降低了职工的劳动强度,提高了职工的工作效率,有效地保障了生产的平稳顺行。     

关于丁二烯生产技术及使用新途径的研究探讨

文中详细介绍了几中丁二烯的生产工艺并进行了比较，总结出了它们的特点。对各地区丁二烯的生产能力以及消费状况进行了分析，并探究了丁二烯的新用途。     

淀粉的化学改性研究

简要介绍了淀粉的结构及其化学改性的原理和方法;综述了国内外淀粉化学改性的研究工作;详细介绍了非离子淀粉、阴离子淀粉、阳离子淀粉以及两性淀粉的合成方法.淀粉通过化学改性改善了水溶性、大大降低了水不溶物的含量、增加了黏度的稳定性、从而扩大了淀粉的应用领域,使得改性淀粉广泛应用于食品、纺织、造纸、油田和医药等众多领域.     

带式过滤机在多品种氢氧化铝生产中的应用

介绍了带式真空过滤机的工作原理及其在多品种氢氧化铝生产方面的应用情况,并对带式真空过滤机使用过程中存在的问题进行了改造。改造之后,提高了洗涤过滤效率,降低了滤饼水分,降低了能耗,提高了产量,确保了产品质量,取得了较好的经济效益。     

庄信万丰发布《铂金2009年年鉴》

据庄信万丰公司最近出版的《PLATINUM 2009》报道,2008年,全球铂金市场出现了11.7t的短缺,铂金的供应量下降了9.5%,达到了185.7t。汽车尾气净化催化剂行业对铂金的需求下降了8.2%,达到了118.3t。除去回收料,全球首饰行业对铂金原材料的需求下降了6.2%,达到了42.5t。     

分析GPS在油田井位测量上的应用

我国科学技术的不断发展,推动了我国GPS技术的不断进步,在我国多个领域获得了应用,实现了我国国民经济的快速、高效的增长。GPS在我国油田井位测量中的应用,大大提高了工作人员的工作效率,且保证了油田井位测量结果的准确性。本文先是对GPS全球定位系统进行了概述,又详细阐述了GPS技术在井位测量中的建立,后分析介绍了GPS全球定位系统的其它应用。     

对羟基苯甲醛合成技术研究及应用进展(待续)

叙述了对羟基苯甲醛的合成方法,对比了各种方法的优缺点,着重介绍了Reimer-Tiemann法和对甲酚催化氧化法;简述了对羟基苯甲醛参与的主要反应,讨论了羟基和醛基参加的反应.     

焦化苯脱噻吩工艺进展及噻吩衍生物的综合利用

概述了焦化苯脱噻吩工艺进展,重点阐述了烷基化脱噻吩的方法,并叙述了一下噻吩衍生物的应用,最后对焦化苯的烷基化方法进行了展望.     

The notch sensitivity of polymeric materials

Stress–strain tests were made on about five dozen polymeric materials using unnotched and notched specimens containing six different types of notches. Notches decrease the strength, but they decrease the elongation to break even more drastically in general. Notch sensitivity factors are defined for strength and for energy to fracture in such a manner that the greater the notch sensitivity factor, the greater is the effect of a notch relative to the unnotched material. The notch sensitivity factor for breaking (or yield) strength is not the same as the notch sensitivity factor for energy to fracture as measured by the area under the stress–strain curve. Brittle polymers and composites tend to have greater notch sensitivity factors for strength than ductile polymers. For brittle polymers, the notch sensitivity factor for energy to fracture tends to increase with the elongation to break of the unnotched polymer. Notches generally are more detrimental to ductile polymers than to brittle ones as far as the energy to fracture is concerned. For ductile polymers, the shape of the stress–strain curve is important in determining the sensitivity to notches. The ratio of the upper to lower yield strengths should be small for low notch sensitivity. It is desirable to have the breaking strength greater than the yield strength. Glass fibers and filler in ductile matrices increase the notch sensitivity for strength but decrease the sensitivity for energy to fracture relative to the unfilled polymer. Rubber–filled polymers have a reduced notch sensitivity for strength relative to the unfilled polymer, but the notch sensitivity for energy to fracture may be either increased or decreased, depending upon the system. The energy to fracture for notched specimens correlates better with Izod impact strength than does the energy to fracture for unnotched specimens. It is recommended that notched stress–strain specimens be routinely measured along with unnotched specimens.     

Prediction of gas flow directions in gas assisted injection molding when cavities and runners are involved

In the prediction of gas flow-direction for gas-assisted injection molding (GAIM), the statement“Gas goes to the direction of the last area to fill with resin”, has been accepted as a correct one. When there exists more than one area to fill with resin, a mold design engineer for GAIM technologies has to determine to which direction gas goes that commercial software for GAIM (e.g., Moldflow) may be utilized for its mold design. However commercial software is generally expensive and is sometimes hard to become familiar with. As a rule of thumb, it is suggested that the resistance to the initial velocity of melt polymer at the nearest geometry to a gas injection point should be used as its criterion since gas goes in the direction of least resistance to initial resin-velocity. Neither the flow rate nor the resistance to flow rate can be a criterion in the prediction. Thus the statement“Gas goes to the direction of the least resistance to flow rates”, should be corrected to“More flow rate goes to the direction of the least resistance to flow rates.”, The rule of thumb suggested in this paper was verified by using commercial software, Moldflow, in the prediction of gas flow directions in GAIM under geometries where cavities and runners were involved. When the ratio of initial resin-velocity is so close to unity it is proposed as the adapted rule of thumb to calculate new emerging resin-velocities and resistances to resin-velocity at the first coming change of diameters in series of pipes and to compare those for upper and lower sides each other to predict the gas direction. Thus the judgment as to which point is the point where gas starts to choose a preferred direction is very important in the prediction.     

Consolidation of sand formation using freon'll gas hydrate

Freon 11 gas hydrate was used to block the pores of four size ranges of sand from 24 mesh to 60 mesh. A 50.8 mm deep bed of sand when thus “frozen” with hydrate could sustain a dfferential water pressure of at least 6895 kPa. A subcooling of about 5 to 6°C below its thermodynamic formation temperature was required to cause the hydrate to form such a plug. Once formed, the hydrate remained stable at temperatures up to its decomposition temperature. The time required for the hydrate crystal to grow to a size large enough to block the pores of the bed was about two hours. The amount of hydrate forming agent required to block the sand pores was found to be approximately that calculated from the ideal composition of the hydrate.     

Adhesives in construction: A contractor's viewpoint

The development of epoxy- and polyester-based adhesives has dramatically widened the scope of adhesive bonding in the civil engineering industry but the technology of the adhesives used has often been more appropriate to the workshop than to the construction site. There is a need for the suppliers of structural adhesives to recognize this and to develop compositions and application techniques more amenable to site use. It is equally necessary for the construction industry to make more effort to understand these materials, to take advantage of their outstanding properties, and hence to use them successfully for the construction and repair of concrete structures.     

Long-term residual value of North Carolina and Queensland rock phosphates compared with triple superphosphate

The effectiveness of large single applications of North Carolina reactive rock phosphate, Queensland non-reactive rock phosphate, and Calciphos, were compared to the effectiveness of superphosphate in field experiments in south-western Australia for up to 11 years after application. As measured using plant yield, superphosphate was the most effective fertilizer in the year of application, and relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, the effectiveness of the superphosphate residues declined to be about 15 to 65% as effective in the year after application, and 5 to 20% as effective 9 to 10 years after application. Relative to freshly-applied superphosphate, all the rock phosphates were 10 to 30% as effective in the year of application, and the residues remained 2 to 20% as effective in the 10 years after application. The bicarbonate soil test reagent predicted a more gradual decrease in effectiveness of superphosphate of up to 70% 10 years after application. For rock phosphate, the reagent predicted effectiveness to be always lower than for superphosphate, being initially 2 to 11% as effective in the year after application, and from 10% to equally as effective 10 years later. Therefore rock phosphates are unlikely to be economic alternatives to superphosphate in the short or long term on most lateritic soils in south-western Australia.     

Optimization of low pressure chemical vapour deposition reactors using hybrid differential evolution

In this study, hybrid differential evolution (HDE) was applied to solve four low‐pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) reactor optimal design problems. The mathematical model for this reactor is described using a two‐point boundary value differential‐algebraic equation (TPBVP‐DAE) problem. HDE is not only applied to solve the optimization problems but also to obtain the solution to TPBVP‐DAE. Under this situation, the HDE subroutine should call itself to evaluate the optimal solution to the optimization problem and the solution to TPBVP‐DAE. In this study, Fortran 90 was used to implement the HDE subroutine to achieve the calling itself requirement. The recursive HDE subroutine can be efficiently applied to solve the four LPCVD reactor optimal design problems. From the computational results, we observed that the combined optimal design obtain the smallest axial uniformity variation. Furthermore, test function maximization problems were used to compare the performance of the HDE with other methods.     

绿色环保意识的趋向

随着消费者环保意识的提高,人们除了认清绿色环保能对社会和全世界起到巨大的促进作用,还认为绿色环保能够直接、积极地反映其社会地位,在某种程度上反映出消费者自己的绿色环保意识。介绍了消费者对"绿色化"的认识,对"绿色产品"的期望以及生产厂家对"绿色原料"的认证和对"可持续发展"所做的贡献。     

Optimal biocompatible solvent design for a two-stage extractive fermentation process with cell recycling

In this study, crisp and fuzzy multiple-goal optimization approaches are respectively introduced to design an optimal biocompatible solvent to a two-stage extractive fermentation with cell recycling for ethanol production. When designing a biocompatible solvent for the extractive fermentation process, many issues, such as extractive efficiency, conversion, amount of solvent utilized and so on, have to be considered. An interactive multiple-goal design procedure is introduced to determine a trade-off result in order to satisfy such contradicted goals. Both approaches could be iterated to solve the interactive multiple-goal design problem in order to yield a trade-off result. However, the crisp optimization design is a tedious task that requires the designer to provide various pairs of the upper bounds for the design problem to obtain the corresponding solution. The fuzzy optimization approach is able to be trade-off several goals simultaneously and to yield the overall satisfactory grade for the product/process design problem.     

Ultrasonically initiated free radical‐catalyzed emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (i)

The emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by ultrasound has been studied at ambient temperature using sodium lauryl sulfate as the surfactant. The investigation includes the: (1) nature and source of the free radical for the initiation process; (2) effects of different types of cavitation; and (3) dependence of the polymerization rate, polymer particle number generated, and the polymer molecular weight on acoustic intensity, argon gas flow rate, surfactant concentration, and initial monomer concentration. It was found that the polymerization could be initiated by ultrasound in the emulsion systems containing methyl methacrylate, water, and sodium lauryl sulfate at ambient temperature in the absence of a conventional initiator. The source of the free radical for the initiation process was found to come from the degradation of the sodium lauryl sulfate, presumably in the aqueous phase. The weight average molecular weight of the poly(methyl methacrylate) obtained varied from 2,500,000 to 3,500,000 g mol⁻¹, and the conversion for polymerization was up to 70%. Deviations from the Smith–Ewart kinetics were observed. The polymerization rate was found to be proportional to the acoustic intensity to the 0.98 power; to the argon gas flow rate to the 0.086 power; to the surfactant concentration to the 0.08 power, with the 0.035M–0.139M surfactant concentration range; and to the surfactant concentration to the 0.58 power, with the 0.139M–0.243M surfactant concentration range. The polymerization rate was found to increase with increasing initial monomer concentration up to a point where it became independent of initial monomer concentration. The polymer particle number generated per milliliter of water was found to be proportional to the acoustic intensity to the 1.23 power; to the argon gas flow rate to the 0.16 power; to the surfactant concentration to the 0.3 power, with the 0.035M–0.139M surfactant concentration range; and to the surfactant concentration to the 1.87 power, with the 0.139M–0.243M surfactant concentration range. The polymer weight average molecular weight was found to be proportional to the acoustic intensity to the 0.21 power, and to the argon gas flow rate to the 0.02 power. It was found to be inversely proportional to the surfactant concentration to the 0.12 and 0.34 power, with the 0.035M–0.139M and the 0.139M–0.243M surfactant concentration ranges, respectively. The polymer yield and polymerization rate were found to be much larger than those obtained from an ultrasonically initiated bulk polymerization method. The polymerization rates obtained at ambient temperature were found to be similar to or higher than those obtained from the conventional higher temperature thermal emulsion polymerization method. This investigation demonstrated the capability of ultrasound to both initiate and accelerate polymerization in the emulsion system, and to do this at a lower temperature that could offer substantial energy savings. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 797–825, 1999     

PARAMETERS ESTIMATION FOR A FIRST ORDER IRREVERSIBLE REACTION. A STOCHASTIC APPROACH

A first order irreversible reaction is investigated using a stochastic model in order to account for the perturbations inherent to any chemical process. The main conclusion is that the concentration is distributed according to a lognormal law rather than to a normal one. This approach leads to a maximum likelihood estimate of the kinetic constant which is different with respect to the usual least squares estimate. Moreover, the stochastic model allows us to predict not only the expected value of the concentration, but to get a confidence interval, too. Statistical tests are provided in order to detect outliers, high-leverage and influential points.