Chronic back pain

Low-back pain is a very common disease in Switzerland as elsewhere, with a prevalence of 65%. The pain is usually due to degeneration of the motion segment, but subsides spontaneously in some 95% of cases irrespective of the treatment. Only 5% of patients still have pain after one year; but account for over 80% of the costs due to low-back pain. Some patients can be helped by surgical fusion; however; preoperative identification of the pain source is mandatory. Since there is no consistent correlation between pain and the degree of degeneration of motion segments as seen on plain radiographs, functional radiographs, CT scan or MRI, other diagnostic methods such as facet blocks, discography and external diagnostic fixation must be used. After careful patient selection a fusion operation may be considered. Good results after fusion operations are reported in 60-80% of patients. The operative techniques are described.     

Chronic low back pain. What are the treatment options?

The fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) mutation is strongly correlated with specific and marked neurobehavioral and neuroanatomical abnormalities. The protein product, FMRP, is highly expressed in neurons of the normal mammalian brain, and absent or in low levels in leukocytes from individuals with fragile X (FraX)-associated mental impairment. Inferences which arise from these findings are that FMRP has a critical role in the development and functioning of the brain, and that leukocyte-derived molecular assessments provide a good indicator of FMR1 expression in that organ. This latter conclusion appears true in most cases even though the typical FMR1 mutation is an unstable triplet repeat expansion which demonstrates somatic heterogeneity within and across tissues. Blood to brain correspondence in FraX patients has only rarely been confirmed by the direct study of human brain specimens and, to our knowledge, it has never been studied in living individuals with the FMR1 mutation. In this report, we describe the FMR1 patterns in olfactory neuroblasts (ON) from two living brothers with expansion mutations in their leukocytes who are mentally retarded and autistic. ON were chosen for study because they are accessible neurons closely linked to the brain. In both subjects, the ON genotype was highly, but not perfectly, consistent with that observed in leukocytes. Protein phenotypes across tissues were completely consistent showing the absence of FMRP-immunoreactivity (-ir). These results augment the limited amount of direct evidence which indicates that FMR1 mutation patterns in leukocytes are a good, albeit potentially fallible, reflection of such patterns in the brain. This report further demonstrates the feasibility of using ON samples to evaluate the FMR1 mutation in humans in vivo.     

Chronic low back pain: Toward an integrated psychosocial assessment model.

Reports on the integration of 6 dimensions of chronic low back pain to provide a multidimensional profile of the patient. These dimensions were pain intensity, functional disability, attitudes toward pain, pain coping strategies, depression, and illness behavior. Cluster analysis of the data obtained from 100 patients with chronic low back pain revealed the presence of 3 distinct patient groups: patients who were in control, patients who were depressed and disabled, and patients who were active copers with high denial. The validity of these clusters was supported by significance testing on several external variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Patients with low back pain

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the clinical utility of low-dose oral prednisone in preventing severe paclitaxel-associated arthralgias and myalgias. METHODS: Patients treated with paclitaxel in the gynecologic oncology program of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation who developed arthralgias/myalgias which were uncontrolled through the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications received low-dose oral prednisone (10 mg B.I.D. starting 24 h after the completion of chemotherapy and continuing for a total of 5 days) with their next paclitaxel course. RESULTS: Of 46 patients meeting the criteria for treatment with the oral prednisone regimen (i.e., subjective feeling of unacceptable discomfort despite the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents), 39 (85%) experienced substantial relief of symptoms. All but one of the responding patients requested continuation of the oral prednisone regimen with subsequent paclitaxel treatment cycles. There were no significant toxicities noted in any patient receiving prednisone. CONCLUSION: This low-dose oral prednisone regimen results in substantial improvement in the majority of patients experiencing significant paclitaxel-associated arthralgias/myalgias.     

Clinical evaluation of low back pain

To properly diagnose and treat low back pain, a thorough history and physical examination are the cornerstones. The most important diagnoses for the physician to be aware of are cauda equina syndrome, back strain, herniated disc, stenosis, and spondylolisthesis.     

Physical therapy in low back pain

We report on physical measures in the treatment of patients with lower back pain due to mechanical factors. Acute low back pain improves mostly without specific measures. Intervention for this condition is useful for prevention of relapses. More demanding and difficult is the treatment of chronic lumbar back pain. After an exact diagnosis, information about the disease, the therapeutic procedure and the prognosis follow in order to agree on a common therapeutic goal. To this goal, a close cooperation between physician, physiotherapist, possibly a psychologist and a social worker, is optimal. The employer should be involved in the rehabilitation on the workplace. Patients should become mobilized inspite of pain, and the return to their workplace should be prepared step by step. The most important physiotherapeutic modalities are demonstrated.     

Conservative management of low back pain

The importance of using appropriate conservative care in the management of low back pain has been increasingly stressed in recent years, initially as a backlash to the many failures following surgical intervention (particularly repeated surgeries), and, more recently, as a means of controlling health care costs and instituting patient-centered systems of care. It is difficult to define and determine just what "appropriate conservative care" is and should be. Perhaps even more important in this current era of health care reform is the question of who makes this determination.     

Epidemiology of occupational low back pain

Lack of awareness of mental disorder in schizophrenia has been increasingly identified by researchers during recent years due to a resurgence of interest in the subject. In addition, better measurement methods have led to more valid and detailed investigations on insight in schizophrenia. Poor insight has been reported as a common phenomenon which may have both nosological and prognostic value. Specifically, due to recent studies indicating that lack of insight in schizophrenia may lead to poor treatment outcome, research focused on this phenomenon could lead to increasingly effective and efficient treatment strategies. However, many past and present studies reporting a correlation between insight and outcome in schizophrenia demonstrate significant theoretical or methodological limitations which may limit the implications and generalization of findings. This article lists and critically analyzes historical and contemporary research focusing on insight, illness, and outcome in schizophrenia. The role of insight is outlined, as are current methods for assessing awareness of mental disorder in schizophrenia. Cumulative research in this area is then reviewed, in terms of hypotheses, methods, conclusions, and limitations. Finally, suggestions for future research in this area are delineated.     

Prevention strategies for occupational low back pain

Ethnic comparisons are extremely important and useful for studying the HLA component involved in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) predisposition. To date there have been only a few reports on the association of HLA loci and IDDM in Chinese. We report here a study on DQA1*Arg52, DQB1*nonAsp57, and DRB1*04 in IDDM children and control adults among Han Chinese living in Taiwan. One hundred and fourteen unrelated children (62 boys) with IDDM were studied. Their ages at diagnosis were between 0.3 and 15.0 years (6.8 +/- 3.6 years). The control population consisted of 120 randomly selected normal adults. DQA1*Arg52(+/+), DQB1*nonAsp57(+/+), and DRB1*04(+/-) were associated with IDDM (RR = 11.50, 2.21, and 2.82; p = 1.11 x 10(-15), 2.84 x 10(-3), and 1.98 x 10(-4), respectively). DQA1*Arg52, DQB1*nonAsp57, and DRB1*04 conferred risks for IDDM (RR = 12.79, 7.11, and 2.83; pc = 8.22 x 10(-4), 5.35 x 10(-3), and 5.68 x 10(-4), respectively). Combinations of DQA1*Arg52 and DRB1*04 conferred the highest risk for IDDM (RR = 19.64, pc = 5.4 x 10(-5)). DQA1*Arg52 was associated with IDDM in subjects with DQB1*nonAsp57+ (RR = 14.87, pc = 2.41 x 10(-4)) and DQB1*nonAsp57 was also associated with IDDM in subjects with DQA1*Arg52+ (RR = 8.41, pc = 1.54 x 10(-3)), suggesting that DQA1*Arg52 and DQB1*nonAsp57 are interacting. This study demonstrates that DQA1*Arg52, DQB1*nonAsp57, and DRB1*04 confer susceptibility for IDDM to Chinese children. A combination of DQA1*Arg52 and DRB1*04 confers the highest risk and it is suggested that a susceptibility gene might be situated between DQA1*Arg52 and DRB1*04 or both are synergistic. There is an interaction between DQA1*Arg52 and DQB1*nonAsp57 and homozygosity for DQA1*Arg52/DQB1*nonAsp57, which encodes four susceptibility DQ heterodimers, confers a high risk.     

Whole body vibrations and low back pain

Whether exposure to whole body vibration (WBV) in transport vehicles and moving machinery constitutes a health risk is unclear. The literature on this subject is vast, but most is of limited scientific value. A recent review covering the literature up to 1992 has been used as a basis for a further search concerning the period 1992-1996. Fifty-three articles were found: 14 epidemiological studies, 15 human laboratory experiments, four animal experiments, seven field studies and 13 reviews. Almost all epidemiological studies yielded insufficient information and had methodological shortcomings. Of the reviews, only three were critical. Experimental data support the hypothesis that WBV can have a negative effect on the spine. Epidemiological studies have shown drivers to have an increased prevalence of low back pain, probably in a dose-related fashion. Hence, it is likely that long-term exposure to WBV can contribute to back disorders. Present studies do not allow for a quantitative specification of the association between exposure and effect.     

The surgical treatment of low back pain

If nonoperative management fails to relieve a clearly identifiable and surgically treatable cause of lumbar pain, then surgery may be beneficial. Certain "red flags" indicate the need for urgent or emergent surgical intervention. Low back pain is associated with several degenerative conditions in the lumbar spine, including degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, degenerative scoliosis, facet joint syndrome, and disc herniation.     

Identification and management of pregnancy-related low back pain

A nonconcurrent prospective study was done on the relationship between a number of variables and the progression to AIDS among persons diagnosed with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The variables included sociodemographic ones, behavioral ones, and, most importantly, those persons' difficulties in obtaining public health services for HIV/AIDS. The course of the infection was monitored from the first to the last visit to the health services by means of an individual, diagnostic-based classification, using categories established in 1993 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States of America. Participating in the study were 758 patients seen between 1989 and 1992 in the public AIDS referral services of the city of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais). All the persons had been diagnosed with HIV and classified in a pre-AIDS stage. Both the patients who developed AIDS during the study as well as those who did not were assessed according to the selected study characteristics. During the study period, 39.5% of the patients developed AIDS. For the group as a whole, the median time without AIDS was 32.4 months. Multivariate analysis showed that the patients who had less risk of developing AIDS were those who had had fewer than 8.8 medical consultations per year (relative risk = 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.26 to 0.50) and an interval of at least 6 months between consultations (RR = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.55). The risk was greater in patients age 30 and older (RR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.84), in those who were not treated with zidovudine (AZT) (RR = 1.91; 95% CI, 1.37 to 2.64), and those who were initially classified in stage "B" of the disease (RR = 4.83; 95% CI, 3.59 to 6.48). The results of this investigation show the dynamics of the supply and demand of services by these patients, and the information will be useful in planning and organizing care for persons with HIV. Recommendations include giving priority to early intervention with a focus on ongoing outpatient care, and more study of the process that persons with HIV follow in seeking and obtaining health care.