燕麦麸添加量对燕麦麸猪肉丸品质的影响

为采用燕麦麸糊替代猪肉丸中部分脂肪以开发最佳的低脂肉丸,本实验对不同燕麦麸添加量对传统猪肉丸的感官品质、色泽、质构、基本成分、风味物质及氧化程度的影响进行研究,从而为低脂燕麦麸猪肉丸的开发提供可行性建议。结果表明：当燕麦麸添加量为3.09%时,燕麦麸猪肉丸感官总评最高。随燕麦麸添加量增加,燕麦麸猪肉丸硬度、咀嚼性显著降低;亮度逐渐减小,红度与黄度增加;脂肪含量显著减少,粗纤维、蛋白质、水分含量增加。根据电子鼻及气相色谱-质谱分析发现,5 组样品的风味差异明显且脂肪氧化产物的含量降低;高效液相色谱分析显示,燕麦麸猪肉丸核苷酸含量并无显著差异,而氨基酸总量显著下降;过氧化值逐渐降低,但硫代巴比妥酸值却增加。综上,燕麦麸添加量对产品各方面的品质具有不同影响,因此,选择适当的燕麦麸添加量（3.09%）能保证燕麦麸猪肉丸综合品质最佳。     

菊粉面条的研制

以小麦面粉为主要原料,添加菊粉研制一种富含膳食纤维的优质面条。通过对不同菊粉添加量的面条进行蒸煮品质与感官品质的评价,探讨菊粉在面条生产中的最适添加量。研究结果表明:菊粉添加量对蒸煮品质影响具有双向性, 2%～6%的菊粉添加量均可显著提高面条的蒸煮品质,超过6%时有负向影响;当菊粉添加量为6%时,面条的感官品质最佳。因此, 6%的菊粉为此类面条制作的最适添加量。试验结果将丰富面条种类,为高品质健康面条的工业化生产提供重要依据。     

魔芋精粉对鲜湿米粉品质的影响

目的:开发低血糖指数魔芋米粉产品。方法:分别添加20%,10%,5%魔芋精粉于大米粉中制作鲜湿米粉，使用质构仪、快速黏度分析仪等研究魔芋精粉的添加对米粉质构、蒸煮性能、感官品质的影响，并通过体外消化模型研究魔芋米粉的淀粉水解率、消化速度以及估计血糖生成指数。结果:5%魔芋米粉蒸煮损失率与蒸煮浊度显著降低，感官评分与白米粉无显著差异，具有较好的食用品质；与估计血糖生成指数较高的白米粉相比，5%魔芋精粉添加量米粉的估计血糖生成指数显著降低至60.49,且具有更高的营养价值。结论:5%魔芋精粉添加量的魔芋米粉产品可以显著降低米粉的血糖生成指数，且食用品质可以与传统白米粉相媲美。     

加工工艺对菊粉鲜湿面品质影响

菊粉作为一种膳食纤维,具有良好的加工性能和生理功能。将不同添加量的菊粉和小麦粉混合,进行面条的制作,研究菊粉添加量、加水量、静置时间、静置温度对菊粉鲜湿面条质构品质、蒸煮品质和感官品质的影响。结果表明:当菊粉添加量为5%、加水量为32%、静置时间为30 min、静置温度为30℃时,制作的鲜湿面条最大拉伸力为48.67 g,硬度为5315.45 g,黏性为2983.16 g,蒸煮损失率为6.32%,面条品质最佳,感官评分达到86.1分。     

猪肉丸主要原料对其凝胶性质和感官品质的影响

研究主要原料玉米淀粉、大豆分离蛋白、肥肉、水,在不同添加量时,对猪肉丸凝胶性质中硬度、弹性、黏聚性、咀爵性、蒸煮损失率和感官品质的影响.通过质构分析和感官评价,结果表明:玉米淀粉的不同添加量对猪肉丸的硬度、弹性、黏聚性、咀嚼性、蒸煮损失率有显著差异,在添加量22％时感官评分最高;大豆分离蛋白的不同添加量对猪肉丸的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、蒸煮损失率有显著差异,在添加量为2.0％时感官评分最高;肥肉的不同添加量对猪肉丸的硬度、咀嚼性、蒸煮损失率有显著差异,在添加量30％时感官评分最高;在水的不同添加量对猪肉丸硬度、黏聚性、咀嚼性、蒸煮损失率有显著差异,在添加量35％时感官评分最高.     

圆苞车前子壳粉协同猴头菇粉对猪肉灌肠品质的影响研究

文章将圆苞车前子壳粉和猴头菇粉作为猪肉肠制备原料，研究其添加量对猪肉肠品质的影响，并以感官评分为评价指标，优化圆苞车前子壳粉和猴头菇粉在猪肉肠制备中的最适添加量。结果表明，圆苞车前子壳粉能提高猪肉肠的感官品质并降低蒸煮损失率(P<0.05)，表现为圆苞车前子壳粉可以通过提高猪肉原料的斩拌乳化效果，降低猪肉肠的硬度，并且提高产品的亮度和黏聚性，从而提高产品的食用品质；而猴头菇粉对猪肉肠的蒸煮损失率无显著影响(P>0.05)，但是可以提高猪肉肠的感官品质。另外，优化试验表明，圆苞车前子壳粉和猴头菇粉与冰水之间存在影响猪肉肠感官评分的显著交互作用(P<0.05)，并且当圆苞车前子壳粉添加量为0.53%、猴头菇粉添加量为4.34%、冰水添加量为8.24%时，猪肉肠有最佳的感官品质。     

复配膳食纤维对低盐香肠食用品质的影响

以猪肉香肠为研究对象,研究低盐条件下（竹盐添加量1.75%）复配膳食纤维（低聚果糖、菊粉、燕麦粉质量比1∶2∶1）完全替代淀粉对低盐香肠食用品质的影响。以感官评价、质构特性、蒸煮损失和色泽等食用品质为评价指标,确定低盐条件下复配膳食纤维的最佳添加量,并与1.75%精制盐淀粉香肠、复配膳食纤维香肠比较食用品质差异。结果表明：添加8%复配膳食纤维的竹盐香肠总体可接受性最高,香肠组织致密、切面整齐、呈肉红色、香味浓郁、鲜美多汁、质地柔软且富有弹性;复配膳食纤维添加量为5%、11%、14%时,香肠总体可接受性相对较差,风味稍差;复配膳食纤维的添加量由5%增加至14%,蒸煮损失由11.28%减小至8.38%;用复配膳食纤维替代淀粉,香肠质地变软,风味、口感评分增加,蒸煮损失由5.71%增加至9.07%。综上可知,复配膳食纤维添加量影响香肠食用品质,添加8%复配膳食纤维的竹盐香肠食用品质最高。     

马铃薯全粉-碎米混合粉的糊化特性及其挤压重组米品质

将马铃薯全粉与碎米按不同比例混合,测定混合粉的糊化特性及其挤压重组米的感官品质、质构特性和蒸煮损失率,探讨马铃薯全粉添加量对混合粉糊化特性及其挤压重组米品质的影响。结果表明:随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加,马铃薯全粉-碎米混合粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、衰减值和回生值均逐渐减小;马铃薯挤压重组米的感官评分先增大后减小,在添加量为40%~50%时较高;质构特性中硬度显著(p<0.05)减小,弹性、黏聚性、咀嚼性先增大后减小,在添加量为50%时最大;蒸煮损失率显著(p<0.05)增大。结合感官品质、质构特性、蒸煮损失率结果,马铃薯全粉添加量≤50%时,加工出的马铃薯挤压重组米品质较好。马铃薯全粉的添加量、马铃薯全粉-碎米混合粉糊化特性与马铃薯挤压重组米品质特性存在显著(p<0.05)相关性。     

麦麸膳食纤维对发酵挂面品质的影响

发酵挂面是近年来市场上盛行的新型营养面制食品,麦麸膳食纤维的添加可以提高发酵挂面的营养价值,但也会对其品质特性造成影响。本文通过单因素实验,研究了不同麦麸膳食纤维添加量对发酵挂面蒸煮特性、质构特性以及孔隙率的影响,并对麦麸膳食纤维添加量和发酵挂面品质进行了相关性分析。结果表明：随着麦麸膳食纤维添加量增加,挂面的孔隙率、抗断裂强度、吸水率、最佳蒸煮时间、内聚性、回复性、拉伸距离显著降低（P<0.05）,柔韧性、蒸煮损失率、硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性、拉伸阻力显著提高（P<0.05）,感官评价得分下降。在添加量为2%的情况下,麦麸膳食纤维对发酵挂面的蒸煮和质构特性,及感官评价得分影响较小。本文为提高发酵挂面品质的相关研究提供了理论指导。     

麦麸添加量和粒度对饺子皮品质的影响

为了研究麦麸添加量和粒度对饺子皮品质的影响。以饺子粉和不同添加量(1%、3%、5%)及粒度(0.096、0.12、0.18、0.38 mm)的麦麸为原料制成饺子皮,测试饺子皮的质构特性和蒸煮特性,并对饺子皮进行感官评价和微观结构进行观察。结果表明,硬度、胶粘性随着麦麸添加量的增加而显著增加(p<0.05),且随着麦麸粒度的减小而增加;吸水率随着麦麸添加量的增加而显著增加(p<0.05),且随着麦麸粒度的减小而增加;蒸煮损失率随着麦麸添加量的增加而显著减小(p<0.05),且随着麦麸粒度的减小而减小;麦麸可以改善饺子皮口感,增加饺子皮的麦麸香味,但饺子皮的颜色、光泽、光滑性等会有所下降;随着麦麸添加量的增加和粒度的减小,面筋网络结构更加紧密,空隙减小。研究表明,添加5%的粒度为0.12 mm左右的麦麸时,感官评价最好,饺子皮具有较好的综合品质。     

南瓜粉对挤压米膳食血糖指数及品质的影响

针对稻米中可溶性碳水化合物含量高,食用后极易引起血糖升高,不适于糖尿病患者食用等问题。作者以燕麦粉、马铃薯全粉等为主要原料,研制一款适合糖尿病人的食疗挤压米。结果表明：南瓜粉添加量为质量分数15%时,体外消化实验血糖指数最低,GI值为68.36;扫描电镜观测到其截面平整,结构紧密;蒸煮后测其加热吸水率、膨胀率分别高至191.35%、266.67%,米汤可溶性固形物质量分数仅为26.042 mg/g;质构特性良好,米粒饱满,感官评分最高。     

不同添加物对挤压重组米血糖生成指数和理化性质的影响

研究燕麦膳食纤维、大米蛋白、高直链玉米淀粉的添加对挤压重组米熟化后血糖生成指数(GI)及理化性质的影响。结果表明:高直链玉米淀粉挤压重组米(HMER)熟化后的GI值相比天然大米(NR)显著降低(P<0.05),原因是添加高直链玉米淀粉促使米样形成更多难酶解的V型淀粉结晶。燕麦膳食纤维挤压重组米(DFER)和大米蛋白挤压重组米(RPER)蒸煮后的GI值高于NR而略低于挤压空白米(ER)。红外光谱图和X衍射结果表明:添加燕麦膳食纤维和高直链玉米淀粉会促进挤压重组米的淀粉老化,而添加大米蛋白则会抑制挤压重组米淀粉老化。HMER在透明度和颜色上与天然大米相近,而DFER、RPER则与天然大米差别较大。HMER、DFER、RPER的蒸煮性质和蒸煮后的黏度与挤压空白米(ER)无显著差异(P>0.05)。DFER、RPER蒸煮后的硬度显著低于ER(P<0.05),而HMER和ER的硬度无显著性差别(P>0.05)。     

低GI挤压重组米配方优化及食用品质评价

采用双螺杆挤压法,以大米粉为基料,配比一定量的酸改性淀粉、抗性糊精、魔芋粉、聚甘油酯,探究制备低血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)重组米优化配方.体外消化法测定挤压重组米GI值,通过感官、质构、蒸煮品质综合评价低GI重组米的食用品质,使用扫描电镜观察微观形貌.结果显示,添加量为大米粉60％、酸改性淀粉3...     

In vitro fermentation of polysaccharides of rye,wheat and oat brans and inulin by human faecal bacteria

The in vitro fermentabilities of rye, wheat and oat brans and of a commercial fibre preparation, inulin, were compared. The brans were first digested enzymatically to remove starch and protein. The digested brans and inulin were then fermented with human faecal inoculum. The progress of fermentation was studied by following the consumption of carbohydrates and the production of short‐chain fatty acids and gases. Inulin, a short fructose polymer, was consumed significantly faster than the more complex carbohydrates of cereal brans. Carbohydrates of oat bran (rich in β‐glucan) were consumed at a higher rate than those of rye and wheat brans (rich in arabinoxylan). In all brans, glucose was consumed faster than the other main sugars, arabinose and xylose, and arabinose was degraded only slightly. The total production of short‐chain fatty acids was slightly higher with oat bran than with rye and wheat brans and inulin. In the fermentation of inulin, relatively more butyric acid and less propionic acid were produced than in the fermentation of brans. The decrease in pH was also greater in the case of inulin. Wheat bran led to a slightly slower gas formation than rye and oat brans. Formation of gases was fastest and greatest in the case of inulin. In conclusion, rye, wheat and oat brans were fermented in a rather similar way. Fermentation of the brans was different from that of inulin. Cereal brans might serve as a more balanced source of dietary fibre supplement than gas‐producing, readily fermentable polysaccharides such as inulin. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

糯米香菇营养快餐香肠的工艺配方优化与特性

以糯米和猪肉为主要原料,辅以牛奶、鸡蛋、香菇、莲子和低聚异麦芽糖等营养物质开发营养均衡、风味独特的糯米香菇营养快餐香肠.通过单因素试验,探究糯米、香菇、牛奶、鸡蛋、大豆蛋白、谷氨酰胺转胺酶(TG)的加量及蒸煮时间对产品感官品质和质构特性的影响,得出牛奶、香菇、鸡蛋、大豆蛋白、谷氨酰胺转氨酶质量分数对产品品质影响较大,糯米及蒸煮时间对产品品质影响较小.通过正交试验,借助因子分析和极差分析对影响产品品质的主要因素进行优选,得到牛奶、香菇、大豆蛋白、鸡蛋、谷氨酰胺转氨酶理想添加量(占肉质量百分比)分别为15％、20％、3％、10％、1.5％.     

Maize bran/oat flour extruded breakfast cereal: A novel source of complex polysaccharides and an antioxidant

A maize bran/oat flour extruded breakfast cereal was developed as a novel source of an antioxidant and complex polysaccharides. Six levels of maize bran/oat flour were formulated (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%, w/w). The breakfast cereal containing 30% maize bran was the most accepted by consumers. A 100 g serving of this cereal formulation provides 0.2 g of ferulic acid, and 8 g of complex polysaccharides, which includes 1.2 g of β-glucans and 6.8 g of arabinoxylans. This cereal breakfast could be an alternative to maize bran, which is a by-product scarcely used for human consumption.     

Rheology and tribology properties of cereal and legume flour paste from different botanical origins

Paste made from eight types of cereal grains (low fiber containing grains [LF grains]: rice, sticky rice, black rice, and millet; and high fiber containing grains [HF grains]: wheat, buckwheat, oat, and barley), and four types of legumes (soybean, red bean, kidney bean, and mung bean), were studied in terms of particle size, rheological, and tribological properties. Sticky rice and soybean pastes showed lower yield stress, viscosity and consistency coefficient than other pastes. Most cereal pastes showed a major peak at approximately 160 µm except for oat and barley, while legume pastes showed mono modal profiles except for soybean. Tribological results showed that starch tended to develop type A friction profiles, showing a typical Stribeck curve; bran/fiber tended to develop type B profiles, showing an ascent curve with clear onset of hydrodynamic regime; protein and lipids promoted type C profiles, showing a flat plateau shaped curve. Water soluble polysaccharides in grains or legumes could improve the paste lubrication. In general, 5% of the black rice paste and sticky rice in the LF grain group, and the soybean paste in the legume group, showed a low friction coefficient (μ) in the entire entrainment speed range; barley paste and oat paste in the HF grain group showed relatively low μ at low entrainment speed (0.5 mm/s) and medium entrainment speed (5 and 10 mm/s), respectively.     

Effects of cooking, drying and pretreatment methods on texture and starch digestibility of instant rice

Instant rice produced from a conventional process consisting of the cooking, washing and drying steps possesses poorer eating quality compared with that of freshly cooked rice. The objective of this work was therefore to study the effects of cooking, pretreatment and drying methods on microstructure, textural properties and starch digestability of instant rice after rehydration; jasmine white rice was chosen as a test material. Conventional boiling method and electric rice cooking were selected as the methods to prepare cooked rice. In the case of boiling, cooked rice was frozen at −20 °C or cooled at 4 °C for 24 h prior to drying, while the cooked rice from an electric rice cooker was washed with ambient or cool water for 30 s prior to drying. After pretreatment the cooked rice was dried either by freeze drying or hot air drying at 80 °C. Based on the scanning electron microscopic results it was found that the cooking, pretreatment and drying methods all affected the rice morphology. The hardness and stickiness of instant rice after rehydration were lower for samples prepared from the rice cooker than those of freshly cooked rice, while both textural properties appeared to be improved significantly for the samples from boiling. The texture of the freeze-dried products was not different from that of the air-dried one. The freezing pretreatment provided the texture and glycemic index of instant rice after rehydration similar to those of the freshly cooked rice. On the other hand, the cooling pretreatment resulted in the harder texture and higher glycemic index of the samples.     

马铃薯-籼米粉特性及其挤压成型品质

为推进马铃薯主食化研究,将马铃薯全粉和籼米粉混合并通过螺杆挤压技术制备米粉。研究添加马铃薯全粉对籼米粉糊化、流变、凝胶质构、微观结构以及对米粉蒸煮、质构和色差等品质的影响。结果表明,与纯籼米粉相比,马铃薯全粉增加,混合粉糊化后的糊化特征参数、弹性模量、黏性模量、凝胶强度均降低,凝胶流动性更好,呈现较少、均匀程度相同的孔状结构,且连接较紧密。米粉的蒸煮时间、透射比亦降低,而吐浆值和断条率升高。米粉质构特征值呈降低趋势,与凝胶质构变化一致。添加20%马铃薯全粉能使米粉亮度值L显著减小,红值a显著增大;30%马铃薯全粉能使黄值b显著增大。综合各项指标,马铃薯全粉添加量在30%以内,米粉仍具有可接受的品质。     

燕麦麸皮与挤压燕麦麸皮特性比较

对燕麦麸皮和挤压燕麦麸皮进行碱法和酶法水解,并研究最优条件。通过碱解和酶解发现,燕麦麸皮的碱解液和酶解液中的蛋白质含量和β-葡聚糖含量都要高于挤压燕麦麸皮。另外通过傅里叶红外光谱及扫描电子显微镜对燕麦麸皮和挤压燕麦麸皮的微观结构进行分析,发现两者微观结构差别很大,燕麦麸皮的微观结构简单分散,表面平滑平整,而挤压燕麦麸皮的微观结构层次复杂,挤压特征明显,表面粗糙。最后对两者进行美拉德反应,对反应后的提取液进行气相色谱分析,发现燕麦麸皮含有28 种不同芳香物质,挤压燕麦麸皮含有29 种,二者主要芳香物质含量差别较大。