不同品种马铃薯全粉对馒头品质及抗氧化活性的影响

为探究不同品种马铃薯全粉对制成的馒头品质及抗氧化活性影响,以小麦粉馒头为对照,分析并比较了分别以90 g夏波蒂、黑美人、黑金刚马铃薯全粉替代小麦粉(混粉总重300 g)制成的馒头其质构、色差、比体积及径高比、感官品质、总酚含量和抗氧化活性差异。结果表明,马铃薯全粉对馒头的硬度、色差、总酚含量、抗氧化活性等指标影响显著。所有马铃薯馒头的硬度、抗氧化活性均显著优于小麦粉馒头(P0.05),且3种马铃薯馒头中总酚含量和抗氧化活性差异显著(P0.05)。黑金刚马铃薯馒头的总酚含量最高,清除自由基的能力最强;黑美人马铃薯全粉在保证馒头品质的同时可有效提高馒头的抗氧化活性,为马铃薯主食化的营养研究提供新的思路,也丰富了人们营养主食的选择。     

马铃薯全粉的改性及在食品中的应用研究进展

马铃薯全粉是一种营养丰富的食品原料,可以改善面制品的营养和品质特性,对马铃薯全粉进行适当改性处理,有助于马铃薯全粉在各类加工食品中的应用。对马铃薯全粉的改性及在食品中的应用研究进行了综述,为马铃薯全粉的生产及综合利用提供参考。     

紫马铃薯全粉加工技术研究

目的:为完善紫马铃薯全粉的加工技术,提高产品品质。方法:对紫马铃薯全粉品质的影响因素和花青素含量的变化进行研究,并对产品品质进行评价。结果:通过正交实验优化发现,将紫马铃薯进行分拣清洗、去皮、切片护色、蒸煮、60℃下干燥10h,粉碎60~80目,紫马铃薯全粉得率为20.69%;产品为深紫色,颗粒组织均匀细腻,具有浓郁的鲜薯泥香味,有润滑的沙质口感,无其他杂质;紫马铃薯全粉中淀粉占54.50%,蛋白质占7.30%,总多酚含量为466.40mg/100g,花青素含量为348.03mg/100g,其中花青素保存较多;在紫马铃薯全粉加工过程中,蒸煮和干燥处理对花青素影响最大,是生产的关键环节。结论:采用本工艺能得到品质较优的紫马铃薯全粉产品,而高温对花青素有破坏作用,生产上尽量缩短蒸煮和干燥时间并控制干燥温度。     

马铃薯生全粉干燥工艺及品质分析

针对新鲜马铃薯水分高、易褐变等原因,探索了热风气流干燥、真空冷冻干燥和真空低温干燥等不同干燥方式和干燥温度对马铃薯生全粉游离淀粉含量、微观结构、糊化特性及L*值、b*值等品质影响。结果显示,经破碎脱水后的薯块使用热风气流干燥与真空冷冻干燥和真空低温干燥相比,产品的组织结构完整度高,游离淀粉含量低,干燥效率高。随着气流干燥温度升高,破碎的薄壁组织结构增加,细胞完整度下降,生全粉的糊化度增加、吸水指数增加、峰值黏度升高。当干燥温度为60℃时,能降低淀粉酶及多酚氧化酶活性,减少淀粉损失和酶促褐变,保证薯块内部水分均匀蒸发,快速脱水。与马铃薯全粉现有的滚筒干燥和冻融干燥相比,热风气流干燥下马铃薯细胞破损程度小,成品糊化度低,并能更好保留马铃薯原有品质。     

马铃薯全粉制备工艺简化及改良研究

随着马铃薯主粮化进程的不断推进,马铃薯全粉不仅是多种食品加工行业的主要原料,更以相当的比例进入粮食产品中成为主粮。马铃薯全粉以新鲜马铃薯为原料,经过清洗、去皮、切分、蒸煮和破碎等工序加工而成。研究在传统的制片打粉工艺基础上对其改良、简化,探究切片厚度、蒸煮时间、干燥温度和时间这4个因素对全粉品质的影响,通过正交试验获得最佳的工艺参数:切片厚度8 mm,蒸煮10 min,热风干燥温度90℃,干燥时间7h。所得马铃薯粉理化指标均达到行业标准,粉中营养物质VC含量高,色泽好,有马铃薯香味。     

马铃薯全粉烤饼制作配方的优化及其质构特性研究

为丰富马铃薯主食化产品，改善烤饼的感官品质，本研究测定了马铃薯全粉与小麦粉混合粉面团的流变学特性，并以感官评分和质构特性为评价指标，通过单因素和正交试验优化了马铃薯全粉烤饼的制作配方。结果表明，马铃薯全粉能提高小麦粉的吸水率，缩短面团的形成时间，但会导致面团的弹性和筋力下降，面团的品质降低。因此，综合考虑马铃薯全粉的合适替代比例为20%；马铃薯全粉烤饼的最佳工艺配方为以小麦粉与马铃薯全粉混合粉质量为基础，马铃薯全粉添加量20%、水添加量68%、酵母粉添加量0.8%、白砂糖添加量6%。在此配方工艺下制作的马铃薯全粉烤饼具有较好的质构特性，硬度为342.63 g，咀嚼性为106.76 N。研究结果为烤饼品质的改善和马铃薯全粉产品的开发提供了一定的理论基础。     

马铃薯全粉剂量效应对面团特性以及馒头品质作用分析

为丰富馒头营养和品种,向面团中加入马铃薯全粉,分析马铃薯全粉基本成分及物化特性,探究马铃薯全粉剂量效应对混粉、面团特性,以及馒头品质影响的研究。结果表明,马铃薯全粉中主要成分为淀粉,含量约为67.07%;马铃薯全粉的持水性、吸水膨胀性分别为3.57 g/g、2.49 mL/g;马铃薯全粉的粘度为12.71 m2/s,与面粉混合可以增强面团的物化特性。马铃薯全粉的添加使得面团粉质特性变差,揉混特性变好,添加量为8%~15%时,面团糊化特性和拉伸特性较好;随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加,马铃薯馒头表皮、内瓤白度降低;马铃薯全粉添加量为5%~8%时,馒头比容、硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性较大,感官评分高。综上所述,为提高面团特性,马铃薯全粉的建议添加量为8%~15%;为改善馒头品质,马铃薯全粉的建议添加量为5%~8%。     

不同干燥方式对马铃薯全粉糊化特性、风味及薯粉面包品质的影响

为研究不同干燥方式对马铃薯全粉糊化特性及马铃薯面包品质的影响,在鲜马铃薯切片处理后,分别采用漂烫后干燥、蒸后干燥及真空冷冻干燥方式制备马铃薯全粉。测定了不同马铃薯全粉的糊化特性、风味特征、马铃薯全粉占比20%制备的薯粉面团的粉质特性及薯粉面包的质构与感官特性。结果表明:冻干粉的糊化温度最高,为70.1 ℃;蒸干粉的回生值和崩解值最低,分别是284.6和866.3 mPa·s。电子鼻可很好的区分3种不同干燥方式制得马铃薯全粉的气味,其中蒸干粉电子鼻检测响应值最大,风味最浓。添加蒸干粉对面团破坏性最小,其弱化度为65 FU;添加蒸干粉的面包硬度最低,而弹性与比容最大;采用蒸干粉制作马铃薯面包的感官评分最高。     

马铃薯热干面干燥工艺研究

以马铃薯全粉为原料制作马铃薯热干面,在比较几种干燥方式对马铃薯热干面感官品质的影响基础上,采用单因素试验和正交试验对马铃薯热干面热风干燥工艺进行了探讨优化,并以市售干制热干面为对照,分析比较热风干制马铃薯热干面蒸煮、质构及营养特性。结果表明:在马铃薯全粉添加量20%、干燥温度50℃、相对湿度50%的热风干燥工艺下,马铃薯热干面感官评分值最高。相比市售干制热干面,热风干制马铃薯热干面快速消化淀粉(RDS)含量显著下降(p0.05),慢消化淀粉(SDS)、抗消化淀粉(RS)含量及蛋白质体外消化率显著升高,复水后吸水性、黏性显著升高;而剪切力与拉伸力无显著差异。     

营养预制黄米豆包加工工艺研究

为开发新型马铃薯食品,拓宽马铃薯应用范围,响应国家马铃薯主食化的号召,同时推动预制食品的发展,本文以马铃薯全粉部分替代大黄米粉,以感官鉴评和质构分析作为评价指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验研究各因素对营养预制黄米豆包品质的影响,研究营养预制黄米豆包的加工工艺。结果表明:影响营养预制黄米豆包品质的主次因素和最佳配方,影响程度依次为加水量马铃薯全粉比例面粉细度和面水温,最佳配方为马铃薯全粉替代量10%、面粉细度100目、加水量65%、和面水温80℃、汽蒸时间10 min。最佳配方产品形状良好,颜色鲜黄,表皮光滑,口感黏糯,风味独特,感官品质和重复性良好,感官鉴评分数为85分,物性分析各指标表现良好,分别为:硬度33.82,回复性0.10,粘附性1.61,内聚性0.24,弹性2.23,咀嚼性11.81。     

马铃薯粉品质特性研究进展

马铃薯粉营养丰富,是主粮产品的良好原料,以马铃薯粉为原料开发了面条、面包、馒头等产品,改善了产品的感官品质。本文以马铃薯粉为分析对象,综述了马铃薯粉的蛋白质、脂类、淀粉等基本化学组成特征;分析了马铃薯粉的质量密度、pH值、膨胀性和持水性、持油性等物理特性;阐述了马铃薯粉的流变学特性、黏度特性、热力学特性和微观结构特性等加工品质;剖析了马铃薯基本化学组成、物理特性及加工品质特性间的相关关系;展望了马铃薯粉未来的发展方向。     

Progress in Research and Development of Potato Staple Food Processing Technology

In 2014, potato production in China amounted to 96 million tons, which was the highest in the world. As one of the most important nutritional foods in the world, potato is rich in starch, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, etc. Potatoes stand barren environment, drought, saline, and alkaline environment, and cold weather, with a short growing season. These features make them the best rain-fed crops suitable for production even when the annual rainfall is below 400 mm. In 2013, the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture suggested a potato staple food strategy using potatoes to make Chinese traditional staple foods such as steamed bread, noodles, etc. Our research group carried out a study on processing technology of potato staple food, especially fermented staple food. Some new processing technologies of potato staple food have been investigated and developed. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the possible effects of adding potato flour in the dough and of the microstructure characteristics, technological parameters, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity of staple foods. We also systematically describe the processing technology of potato staple foods, which may be of great importance in promoting further expansion of the potato-processing industry and increasing the economic benefit of the companies.     

响应面法优化马铃薯泥面条工艺配方

为加快马铃薯主食化进程,降低马铃薯全粉面条的成本,有效利用马铃薯中的营养成分,以马铃薯泥为原料,对马铃薯泥面条的工艺配方进行研究。在单因素试验的基础上,利用响应面法优化马铃薯泥面条工艺配方,研究面条中马铃薯泥添加量、盐添加量、水添加量对感官得分和断条率的影响,得出回归方程预测模型。结果表明:马铃薯泥、盐和水的添加量分别为40.65%、0.40%、17.13%时,感官得分最高为98.13,面条的断条率最低为6.15%。该研究为马铃薯泥面条的进一步研究提供理论依据。     

Microstructural,cooking and textural characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) tubers in relation to physicochemical and functional properties of their flours

Potato tubers from six different cultivars were freeze‐dried, ground into flour and analyzed for thermal, pasting and textural characteristics (using differential scanning calorimetry, Rapid Visco analyzer and Instron universal testing machine, respectively) to study the relationship between flour characteristics and cooked potato mealiness. The potatoes with higher sensory mealiness scores resulted in flours having lower transition and pasting temperatures, higher amylose content, setback, peak and final viscosity. The flour gels from the mealier potatoes also exhibited higher values of textural parameters such as hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness and springiness. The microstructure of the tuber parenchyma (studied using scanning electron microscopy), cooking and sensory characteristics of potatoes were found to be related to the pasting and textural characteristics of their flours. Potato cultivars with lower mealiness scores, loosely packed cell arrangement, with comparatively large‐size cells and thinner cell walls showed lower values of textural parameters for both raw and cooked potatoes. This information may prove useful for the selection of potato cultivars with desirable textural and flour‐making properties for specific end‐uses. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

马铃薯食品加工研究开发现状及展望

近年来,随着马铃薯作为第四大主粮战略的提出,推进了马铃薯加工主食化进程。马铃薯馒头、面条、面包、糕点等有了快速发展,冷冻薯条、薯片发展速度强劲。本文从加工用途的马铃薯食品原料、马铃薯方便食品、马铃薯主食、其他食品四个方面对我国马铃薯食品加工的研究开发现状进行梳理,以期促进马铃薯食品加工业进一步发展。     

调质马铃薯全粉的稳态流变特性及面条品质评价（网络首发、推荐阅读）

为探讨高含量马铃薯全粉与小麦粉混合对面条加工及品质评价的影响,以大豆分离蛋白和超声波协同作用的调质马铃薯全粉为研究对象,通过测定不同比例调质粉与小麦粉混合体系的稳态流变特性及蒸制熟面条的拉伸特性、质构特性及感官评价,进行综合评价。结果表明,当调质粉含量达到50%时,表观黏度随剪切速率的变化表现最稳定,流动指数值较大,表明小麦粉中添加调质粉可降低流动阻力、有利于产品加工;超声波结合大豆分离蛋白对马铃薯全粉的调质处理在改善原马铃薯全粉的延展性、可塑性以及强度和筋力方面具有积极作用;调质粉系列蒸制熟面条的质构特性及感官品质总体评价良好,咀嚼性低于小麦粉面条。证实经过调质处理的马铃薯全粉可适当提高与小麦粉的混合比例,有利于马铃薯主粮化的推进。     

APPLICATION OF A FUNCTIONAL MATHEMATICAL QUALITY INDEX TO ASPARAGINE,FREE SUGAR AND PHENOLIC ACID CONTENT OF 20 COMMERCIAL POTATO VARIETIES

ABSTRACT

In this article, we apply a functional mathematical index (FMI), introduced in a previous publication, to 20 commercial potato varieties. The index allows evaluation of nutritional, safety and processing “quality parameters” of different potato cultivars. The main goal of the index is to link the quality of the chemical composition with factors that may affect the growth, production, distribution and processing of potatoes and potato products for commercial use. The index has been used to assess FMI values of 20 commercial potato cultivars in terms of their content of asparagine and reducing sugars, which form heat‐induced potentially toxic acrylamide and of antioxidative phenolic compounds, which participate in nonenzymatic browning reactions and may exert beneficial effects after consumption.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The index could be useful to a wide set of users, including consumers of potatoes as well as to potato producers and breeders, because it makes it possible to relate the index to the potato price and operate a more accurate choice for selection of so‐called “optimal potatoes.” Potato producers may find the index useful because it can help them detect the critical points throughout the whole food production chain in order to facilitate selection of high‐quality potatoes for sale to consumers. Potato breeders could apply the index to the development and selection of improved cultivars for commercial use.     

Development and characterisation of gluten-free potato bread

The aim of this study was to develop a novel and entirely potato-based staple bread. Bread-making performance of individual potato components (starch, protein and fibre) were independently evaluated and optimised by their ternary mixture. Flours from yellow and purple potatoes were then incorporated up to 25% of full formula weight to maximise the utilisation of resources. Fresh tuber was further added up to 50% for the full benefits from potatoes. The excessive oven-rising after the crust hardened was manipulated by delicately balancing the strong swelling power of potato starch, which effectively resolved the cracks on the crust. The resultant potato breads showed a typical bread appearance, loaf size, low porosity but high cell density crumb structure and unique favourable sensory qualities, especially those with 2% potato fibre or 30% fresh tuber. Potato breads staled quickly during storage, but reheating could reverse the bread staleness to a nearly freshly baked state.     

Impact of food processing on the glycemic index (GI) of potato products

Potatoes are one of the most popular carbohydrate foods in industrialized and some developing countries. However, contradicting arguments and misconceptions on potatoes as a high glycemic index (GI) food is directly affecting potato consumption during the past years. Potato varieties, maturity level, starch structure, food processing techniques and composition of the meal contribute to the GI of potatoes. Domestic boiling, baking, microwave cooking, oven cooking, extrusion and frying result in different degrees of gelatinization, and the crystallinity of starch in potato. French fried potatoes contain more resistant starch whereas boiled and mashed potatoes contribute to significant digestible starch. Extrusion processing conditions could affect the starch physicochemical structure and resulting nutritional value. Extrusion cooking makes more gelatinized starch than conventional cooking methods. Cooling or storing after processing of potatoes significantly reduces the GI due to retrogradation of starch molecules. This review provides a brief idea about the glycemic index, glycemic load, and their importance to human diseases, and detail information on the effect of food cooking methods on the glycemic index of potatoes.     

优良的马铃薯品种

<正> 理想的栽种温度、肥沃的土壤,再加上现代化的加工处理设备,是生产优质马铃薯产品的先决条件。美国马铃薯产品出类拔萃,产量全年无缺,种植者为加工商供应高品质的马铃薯,包括早期收成的Norkitahs与Shepodys品种,以及晚期收成的Russet Burbanks品种。