米糠贮藏期间米糠谷蛋白结构变化的研究

将新鲜米糠贮藏不同时间后脱脂制备米糠谷蛋白,研究米糠酸败对米糠谷蛋白结构的影响。结果表明,随着新鲜米糠贮藏时间的延长,米糠谷蛋白羰基、二硫键含量增加,游离巯基含量下降,表明米糠酸败导致米糠谷蛋白氧化。随着新鲜米糠贮藏时间的延长,米糠谷蛋白二级结构中α-螺旋和β-折叠含量下降,β-转角和无规卷曲含量上升,Zeta电位绝对值、表面疏水性和内源荧光强度下降,内源荧光最大吸收波长发生蓝移,并且伴随着蛋白质聚集体的出现,表明米糠酸败使得米糠谷蛋白结构发生变化,逐渐形成氧化聚集体。     

米糠贮藏时间对米糠蛋白结构的影响

米糠贮藏不同时间脱脂制备米糠蛋白,研究米糠贮藏时间对米糠蛋白结构的影响。结果表明:随着米糠贮藏时间的延长,米糠脂质逐渐水解和氧化,米糠蛋白羰基和二硫键含量分别从1.76和5.69 nmol/mg增加到9.16和8.25 nmol/mg,游离巯基含量从7.58下降到1.22 nmol/mg,表明米糠贮藏期间米糠蛋白发生了氧化。当米糠贮藏时间由0 d增加到10 d,米糠蛋白内源荧光强度下降,最大荧光峰位蓝移,表面疏水性下降,米糠蛋白分子量分布图中蛋白质聚集体比例和粒径增加,表明米糠贮藏期间米糠蛋白逐渐形成氧化聚集体;傅里叶红外分析表明蛋白质氧化导致米糠蛋白α-螺旋和β-折叠含量下降,β-转角和无规卷曲含量上升。电泳分析表明,蛋白质氧化导致米糠蛋白形成了氧化聚集体,二硫键和非二硫共价键参与了氧化聚集体的形成。表明米糠酸败可诱导米糠蛋白氧化,导致米糠蛋白结构改变和形成氧化聚集体。     

酸沉条件对米糠蛋白镉含量和功能性质的影响

以脱脂米糠为原料采用碱溶酸沉法制备米糠蛋白,研究8种酸在不同p H条件下酸沉对米糠蛋白镉含量和功能性质的影响。结果表明:酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸在p H 3条件下酸沉制备米糠蛋白镉含量小于0.1 mg/kg,符合国标GB 2762—2012中谷物碾磨加工品镉含量的要求。采用同种酸在不同p H条件下酸沉时,随着酸沉p H的下降,米糠蛋白溶解性、持水性、泡沫稳定性和乳化稳定性均下降;持油性、起泡性和乳化性先增加后下降,在酸沉p H为3时达到最大值。与传统碱溶酸沉法制备米糠蛋白所用的盐酸相比,酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸酸沉制备米糠蛋白功能性质较好。研究表明采用酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸在p H 3条件下酸沉既能有效脱镉,又能较好地改善米糠蛋白的功能性质。     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对米糠蛋白结构和功能性质的影响

将不同比例的表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)与米糠蛋白在常温下进行反应,研究EGCG对米糠蛋白结构和功能性质的影响。结果显示:随着EGCG添加比例的增加,米糠蛋白的总巯基含量从41.26 nmol/mg降低至25.99 nmol/mg。添加EGCG导致米糠蛋白β-折叠和氨基酸残基侧链含量增加,无规卷曲、α-螺旋和β-转角含量下降,同时使得米糠蛋白表面疏水性和内源荧光强度下降,内源荧光最大荧光峰位红移。随着EGCG添加比例的增加,米糠蛋白的溶解性持续下降,持水性、持油性、起泡能力和泡沫稳定性先增大后下降,乳化性和乳化稳定性则呈现上升-下降-上升-下降的复杂变化趋势。当EGCG和米糠蛋白的质量比为0.15∶1时,米糠蛋白的持水性、持油性和泡沫稳定性分别达到最大值;当EGCG和米糠蛋白的质量比为0.2∶1时,米糠蛋白的起泡能力、乳化性和乳化稳定性分别达到最大值。     

pH酸性偏移结合热处理对米糠蛋白结构的影响

研究pH酸性偏移（pH 1.5）结合热处理（50、60 ℃）对米糠蛋白结构的影响。结果表明,pH酸性偏移使得米糠蛋白部分无规卷曲和β-转角结构展开,形成氨基酸侧链;结合热处理时,随着处理时间的延长,米糠蛋白二级结构呈现去折叠-复折叠的复杂变化。pH酸性偏移使得米糠蛋白巯基氧化,热处理会加剧米糠蛋白巯基氧化程度。分子量分布、蛋白质电泳和内源荧光光谱结果表明,pH酸性偏移使得米糠蛋白聚集体解离;而结合热处理后,随着处理时间的延长,米糠蛋白又会通过疏水相互作用或氧化作用形成聚集体。表面疏水性和溶解性的变化进一步说明了米糠蛋白在pH酸性偏移结合热处理过程中的分子展开-聚集行为。     

过氧自由基氧化对米糠蛋白结构和功能性质的影响

采用不同浓度的2,2’-盐酸脒基丙烷（2,2’-azobis(2-amidinopropane),AAPH）有氧热分解产生的过氧自由基氧化米糠蛋白,研究过氧自由基氧化对米糠蛋白结构和功能性质的影响。结果显示：随着AAPH浓度的增加,米糠蛋白羰基、二硫键和二酪氨酸含量分别从2.0?nmol/mg、12.04?nmol/mg和84.54增加到7.09?nmol/mg、14.69?nmol/mg和127.1,游离巯基含量从23.97?nmol/mg下降到15.29?nmol/mg。过氧自由基氧化导致米糠蛋白α-螺旋和无规卷曲相对含量下降,β-折叠相对含量增加,氨基酸残基侧链含量先增加后略微下降;同时使得米糠蛋白表面疏水性和内源荧光强度下降,最大荧光峰位蓝移。过氧自由基氧化对蛋白质亚基结构影响较小,可同时使得米糠蛋白多肽链聚集和主肽链部分断裂形成多肽。随着AAPH浓度的增加,米糠蛋白溶解性逐渐降低,持水性、持油性、起泡能力、泡沫稳定性、乳化性和乳化稳定性先上升后下降。     

米糠贮藏期间米糠球蛋白的结构变化

将米糠贮藏不同时间脱脂制备米糠球蛋白,研究米糠贮藏对米糠球蛋白结构的影响。结果表明:随着米糠贮藏时间的延长,米糠脂质逐渐水解和氧化,米糠球蛋白羰基和二硫键含量增加,游离巯基含量下降,表明米糠贮藏期间米糠球蛋白发生了氧化。当米糠贮藏时间由0 d延长到10 d,米糠球蛋白内源荧光强度下降,最大荧光峰位蓝移,表面疏水性下降,分子质量分布图中蛋白质聚集体比例和粒径增加,表明米糠贮藏期间米糠球蛋白逐渐形成氧化聚集体;傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明,米糠贮藏导致米糠球蛋白α-螺旋和β-折叠含量下降,β-转角和无规卷曲含量上升;电泳分析表明,蛋白质氧化导致米糠球蛋白形成了氧化聚集体,二硫键和少量非二硫共价键参与了氧化聚集体的形成。     

脱脂豆粕预处理对大豆β-伴球蛋白结构的影响

采用新鲜低温脱脂豆粕、干热处理脱脂豆粕和溶剂浸提脱脂豆粕为原料制备大豆β-伴球蛋白,研究低温脱脂豆粕预处理对制备大豆β-伴球蛋白结构的影响。新鲜低温脱脂豆粕制备大豆β-伴球蛋白羰基、游离巯基和总巯基含量分别为2.93 nmol/mg、1.39nmol/mg和11.87 nmol/mg,干热处理脱脂豆粕制备大豆β-伴球蛋白羰基、游离巯基和总巯基含量分别为5.24 nmol/mg、0.41 nmol/mg和5.42 nmol/mg,溶剂浸提脱脂豆粕制备大豆β-伴球蛋白羰基、游离巯基和总巯基含量分别为1.85 nmol/mg、1.93 nmol/mg和15.64nmol/mg,表明干热处理脱脂豆粕增加制备大豆β-伴球蛋白氧化程度,溶剂浸提脱脂豆粕降低制备大豆β-伴球蛋白氧化程度。随着蛋白质氧化程度的增加,大豆β-伴球蛋白二级结构中α-螺旋和β-折叠含量、表面疏水性和内源荧光强度下降,内源荧光最大吸收峰发生蓝移,并且伴随着蛋白质聚集体的出现,表明蛋白质氧化使得大豆β-伴球蛋白聚集。     

高水分挤压温度对绿豆蛋白结构的影响

本文以绿豆蛋白为原料,在不同挤压温度下通过高水分挤压技术制备组织化绿豆蛋白,利用傅里叶红外光谱、内源荧光光谱、SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳、扫描电镜等方法对蛋白质结构进行分析。结果表明,高水分挤压后,离子键、疏水相互作用、二硫键含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,游离巯基含量呈先降低后上升的趋势。绿豆蛋白二级结构中β-折叠含量显著降低（P<0.05）,α-螺旋和β-转角含量显著增加（P<0.05）。通过内源荧光光谱发现,蛋白质在130和140℃条件下最大发射波长发生红移,在150和160℃条件下蛋白的最大发射波长没有明显变化。通过扫描电镜可以明显观察到绿豆蛋白形成了纤维结构。综上,经过高水分挤压处理后的绿豆蛋白结构会发生变化,挤压温度对绿豆蛋白高水分挤压组织化产品有显著影响。     

脱脂豆粕预处理对大豆球蛋白结构的影响

以干热预处理低温脱脂豆粕和溶剂浸提预处理低温脱脂豆粕为原料制备大豆球蛋白,研究脱脂豆粕预处理对制备大豆球蛋白结构的影响。结果表明,相比对照低温脱脂豆粕,干热预处理使得大豆球蛋白氧化程度增加,而溶剂浸提预处理则减小大豆球蛋白的氧化程度。随着蛋白质氧化程度的增加,大豆球蛋白游离巯基和总巯基含量、二级结构中α-螺旋和β-折叠含量、表面疏水性以及内源荧光强度下降,内源荧光最大吸收峰发生蓝移,并且伴随着氧化聚集体的出现。     

蛋白质氧化对核桃蛋白质结构的影响

为了深入明晰氧化对核桃蛋白质结构性的影响,本文以核桃分离蛋白为研究对象,采用不同浓度的2,2'-盐酸脒基丙烷(AAPH)热降解形成烷过氧自由基(ROO·)代表脂质过氧化反应过程中产生的脂质自由基,对核桃分离蛋白进行氧化修饰得到不同氧化程度的核桃氧化蛋白。对不同氧化程度蛋白的羰基、巯基和总巯基,表面疏水性(H₀)、内源荧光、粒径分布、相对分子质量和二级结构进行研究和分析。结果表明,随着AAPH浓度的增加,核桃氧化蛋白羰基含量显著增加(p<0.05),巯基和H₀显著降低(p<0.05);圆二色谱结果表明,随着AAPH浓度的增加,核桃蛋白α-螺旋结构和β-折叠含量下降,而无规卷曲结构含量增加,说明氧化破坏了蛋白质的二级结构,使有序结构变为无序结构。最大内源荧光值降低,且出现蓝移现象,说明烷过氧自由基氧化导致分子聚集,使得色氨酸残基包埋;粒径分布结果表明,核桃氧化蛋白可溶性聚集体可被共价交联和非共价聚集转变成不可溶性部分;体积排阻色谱结果表明,核桃氧化蛋白相对分子质量随着氧化浓度的增大聚集程度逐渐增大。研究结果表明,核桃蛋白在烷过氧自由基(ROO·)氧化体系中产生了显著氧化作用并导致其结构发生一定的改变,为进一步阐明核桃蛋白氧化机理提供理论依据。     

Changes in composition of lipids,free amino acids and organic acids in rice-bran-fermented- sardine (Etrumeus teres) during processing and subsequent storage

Changes in composition of lipids, free amino acids and organic acids in rice-bran-fermented sardine—one of the traditional marine products of Japan—were investigated. The moisture content decreased rapidly during pre-curing and then slowly during rice bran fermentation. The salt content of the finished product was about 234 g kg⁻¹ on a dry weight basis. The pH decreased from 6.1 in the raw sardine to 5.3 in the finished product. Total volatile basic nitrogen increased up to 1.0 g kg⁻¹ after 2 months of rice bran fermentation and then remained almost unchanged. Most free amino acids except histidine and taurine increased during rice bran fermentation. The histamine content increased to 0.75 g kg⁻¹ at 2 months of rice bran fermentation and subsequently decreased gradually. Certain polyamines also accumulated on relatively lower levels. Lactic acid (8.14 g kg⁻¹ at 2 months of rice bran fermentation) was a prominent organic acid produced during processing. Considerable decompositions of triglyceride and phospholipids occurred accompanied by production and accumulation of a correspondingly high concentration of free fatty acids. The peroxide value and the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the extracted total lipids decreased gradually during rice bran fermentation. It was concluded that lipid oxidation was restricted during rice bran fermentation although remarkable proteolysis occurred. The present traditional manufacturing process seems to be applicable to the technology of processing and subsequent preservation of fish products in the developing countries.     

Effects of malondialdehyde-induced protein oxidation on the structural characteristics of rice protein

Malondialdehyde (MDA) was selected to represent a secondary by-product of lipid peroxidation during rice ageing. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MDA modification on the structural characteristics of rice protein. The results showed that as MDA concentration increased, rice protein carbonyl and disulphide groups increased, but sulphydryl content decreased. The blue shift of maximum fluorescence peak, the decrease of rice protein intrinsic fluorescence intensity and the reduction of surface hydrophobicity indicated the formation of protein aggregates caused by MDA oxidative modification. The results of molecular weight distribution and particle size distribution showed that MDA modification resulted in the formation of soluble protein aggregates, and the decrease of rice protein solubility indicated that insoluble protein aggregates were formed. Results of protein electrophoresis showed that MDA modification contributed to rice protein aggregation via non-disulphide covalent bonds. The results showed that rice protein gradually aggregated with increasing MDA concentration.     

酸沉除镉制备米糠蛋白乳液稳定性的研究

采用粒径分布、微观结构、Zeta电位和分层系数研究米糠蛋白质量分数和预热处理对盐酸、酒石酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸酸沉除镉制备米糠蛋白乳液稳定性的影响。结果表明:当米糠蛋白质量分数为0.5%时,4种酸酸沉除镉制备米糠蛋白的乳液稳定性无显著性差异(P0.05),并且乳液稳定性均较差;当米糠蛋白质量分数为1.0%和2.0%时,酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸酸沉除镉制备米糠蛋白乳液的粒径较小,显示出较好的乳液稳定性;4种酸酸沉除镉制备的米糠蛋白经过预热处理之后,乳液粒径减小,乳液稳定性提高,并且乳液稳定性无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

Effect of stabilization of rice bran on the extractability and recovery of proteins

The extractability profile of rice bran proteins under different conditions were studied to determine optimal conditions of extraction. Milling and differential sieving of rice bran increased the protein content in fine fraction by 7%. Maximum extractability of protein from defatted rice bran at pH 11.0 was 72%, out of which 70% could be precipitated at isoelectric pH 4.0. Increasing the time of extraction or using sodium chloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium hexametaphosphate were not effective in extracting more protein. The extraction and precipitation profiles of proteins from acid stabilized rice bran were comparable to untreated rice bran. However, it was very low for heat stabilized and parboiled rice bran. Denaturation of protein due to heat treatment affected the extractability of protein. Protein contents of protein concentrates obtained from untreated rice bran and acid stabilized rice bran were in the range of 71–73% whereas protein concentrates from heat stabilized rice bran and parboiled rice bran had lower protein contents of 39.5 and 54.5%, respectively.     

米糠酸败对米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化产物结构特征的影响

将新鲜米糠贮藏不同时间后进行稳定化和脱脂制备米糠蛋白,研究米糠酸败对米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化产物结构特征的影响。结果表明：随着米糠酸败程度增加,米糠清蛋白亚基、谷蛋白酸性亚基和球蛋白亚基完全被胃蛋白酶消化降解的时间先提前后延迟,而米糠谷蛋白碱性亚基和醇溶蛋白亚基表现为更难被胃蛋白酶消化;分子质量分布和粒径分布结果表明,米糠酸败过程中形成的米糠蛋白氧化聚集体会抑制米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化;此外,随着米糠酸败程度的增加,米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化产物内源荧光峰位的红移幅度先增大后减小,表面疏水性则逐渐下降。总之,米糠酸败导致的米糠蛋白氧化对米糠蛋白消化产物的共价交联状态、聚集行为和表面疏水性等结构特征产生了重要影响。     

Dephytinisation of rice bran and manufacturing a new food ingredient

Rice bran was extruded at 130 °C and a screw speed of 140 rpm for 20 s to inactivate lipase and prevent lipid oxidation. Although the extrusion process induced further complex formation between phytic acid and protein as well as between phytic acid and starch, nearly 94% of phytic acid in the extruded rice bran could still be removed by solid/liquid extraction conducted at 25 °C for 30 min using hydrochloric acid at pH 2 as solvent and a solvent/rice bran ratio of 15. After the extract had been neutralised and phytic acid removed, it was added back to the rice bran solid to replenish the nutritional and functional components of the solid. The mixture was then dried in a drum dryer to yield a powdered product. The dephytinised rice bran product contained most of the protein, fat, dietary fibre and B vitamins and more than 50% of the oryzanol originally present in the raw rice bran. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Physicochemical and functional properties of acidic and basic polypeptides of soy glycinin

The amino acid composition, some selected physicochemical and functional properties of acidic and basic polypeptides of soy glycinin were investigated and compared. Large amount of these polypeptides were obtained by DEAE-Sepharose fast flow column chromatography. Free sulphydryl contents, surface hydrophobicity, solubility and emulsifying activities (at different pH values) were evaluated. Different polypeptides had different patterns of amino acid composition, especially contents of acidic (and basic) and hydrophobic amino acids. The free sulphydryl contents (including total and exposed) and surface hydrophobicity considerably varied with the type of polypeptides. Compared with glycinin, isoelectric point (pI) of individual polypeptides shifted towards a more acidic pH. At a given pH value (e.g. above or below pI), the solubility and emulsifying ability index of these polypeptides were closely related to their relative contents of acidic (and basic) amino acids. The results indicated that glycinin polypeptides with different amino acid character have different physicochemical and functional properties, especially solubility and emulsifying ability.