Alcalase碱性蛋白酶酶解绿豆分离蛋白制备小分子肽的工艺研究

以绿豆为原料,用Alcalase碱性蛋白酶酶解绿豆分离蛋白制备小分子多肽.采用单因素及多因素试验方法优化酶解条件.考察酶解过程中绿豆分离蛋白预处理、料液比、酶解温度、加酶量、酶解时间等对小肽得率的影响.测定水解产物的功能特性,并用液质联用技术(LC-MS)考察酶解得到的小肽的分子量分布范围.结果表明:绿豆分离蛋白预处理条件为95℃处理20 min.酶解最佳条件为:65℃、pH8.5、底物浓度9%、加酶量6 000 U/g、酶解240 min,水解度可达35.86%.经液质联用(HPLC-MS)分析证明水解产物的分子量集中在1 000 u以下.绿豆分离蛋白各功能特性得到很好地改善,表明该酶对绿豆分离蛋白水解效果良好,完全能达到制备多肽的水解度要求.     

海参肽的提取分离及其体外抗氧化活性

以水解度为指标,试验研究了复合蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、水产蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶对海参蛋白的水解能力,确定以复合蛋白酶为最佳用酶。以料液比、加酶量、酶解时间为试验因素,水解度为响应值,通过响应面法对提取工艺进行优化,结果表明该酶最佳酶解条件为:加酶量0.79%、料液比1︰5.35 (g/mL)、酶解时间3.93 h。在此条件下,海参蛋白水解度为21.38%。分别用截留分子量3 kDa和1 kDa超滤膜对海参肽进行分级分离,得到分子量大于3 kDa, 1～3 kDa和小于1 kDa 3种海参肽,将不同分子量海参肽分别在ABTS+·清除活性、还原力、DPPH·清除活性、O_2~-·清除活性4种体系下比较三者体外抗氧化能力。结果显示:分子量小于1 kDa海参肽对ABTS+·、O_2~-·清除活性最强, 1～3 kDa海参肽次之,大于3 kDa海参肽最弱;分子量大于3 kDa海参肽还原力以及对DPPH清除活性最强。     

超声波辅助分步酶解法制备菜籽肽及复合酶筛选

以反胶束法萃取得到的菜籽粕蛋白液为原料,以酶解产物的水解度、三氯乙酸氮溶解指数和肽得率为评价指标,并参照酶解液肽的分子量分布,考察超声波辅助分步酶解法对原料水解的影响。从木瓜蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、复合风味酶、胰蛋白酶组成的6 个复合酶中,筛选出制备优质小分子量菜籽肽的适宜复合酶。结果表明,木瓜蛋白酶与复合风味酶、胰蛋白酶与复合风味酶组成的两种复合酶均比较适合酶解此种菜籽粕蛋白,它们的酶解产物水解度和多肽得率较高,所含小分子量肽也较多。     

不同蛋白酶酶解大豆蛋白的过程变化规律研究

选择6种蛋白酶(Alcalase、胰蛋白酶、Protex.7L、Protamex、Flavourzyme和木瓜蛋白酶),对酶解大豆蛋白制备大豆蛋白水解液的过程变化规律进行了研究.以水解度、可溶性蛋白得率、多肽得率、寡肽得率及游离氨基酸得率为指标对酶解过程进行分析.结果表明,Alcalase水解大豆蛋白的能力最强,生成的多肽、寡肽以及游离氨基酸的量最多;胰蛋白酶酶解产物的分子量偏大;Flavourzyme水解出的游离氨基酸含量占可溶性蛋白的比例较高.     

海参体壁蛋白ACE抑制肽酶解工艺及产物分子量分布研究

以血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制率和水解度为指标,筛选出适合海参体壁蛋白水解的酶。采用单因素和响应面法优化最优酶的水解条件,确定其最佳水解工艺,进而采用HPLC法探讨酶解产物的分子量分布。结果表明:中性蛋白酶在50℃、p H7.5、酶量3000 U/g、酶解5 h条件下,所得酶解产物的ACE抑制率最高,达到56.5%。此条件下酶解产物经HPLC分析,200~1000 Da(2~10肽)的海参多肽占44.1%。     

calase碱性蛋白酶酶解绿豆分离蛋白制备小分子肽的工艺研究

以绿豆为原料,用Alcalase碱性蛋白酶酶解绿豆分离蛋白制备小分子多肽。采用单因素及多因素试验方法优化酶解条件,考察酶解过程中绿豆分离蛋白预处理、料液比、酶解温度、加酶量、酶解时间等对小肽得率的影响,测定水解产物的功能特性,并用液质联用技术（LC-MS）考察酶解得到的小肽的分子量分布范围。结果表明：绿豆分离蛋白预处理条件为95℃处理20rain,酶解最佳条件为：65℃、pH8．5、底物浓度9％、加酶量6000U／g、酶解240min,水解度可达35．86％。经液质联用（HPLC-MS）分析证明水解产物的分子量集中在1000u以下,绿豆分离蛋白各功能特性得到很好地改善,表明该酶对绿豆分离蛋白水解效果良好,完全能达到制备多肽的水解度要求。     

内外源酶制备海参肽的组成及抗氧化性质研究

为了对比不同方法制备海参肽的组成和抗氧化性质差异,采用内源酶（海参自溶）方法制备海参肽,并与外源酶（中性蛋白酶,碱性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶）酶解制备的海参肽相比较。结果表明,自溶方法制备的海参粗肽水解度从高到低依次为自溶8 h>自溶4 h>自溶2 h,外源酶制备的海参粗肽水解度从高到低依次为胰蛋白酶酶解>碱性蛋白酶酶解>中性蛋白酶酶解;自溶2、4和8 h 产生的海参肽94%以上分子量小于314 Da,酶解制备的海参肽分子量主要分布在1~8.5 kDa;随着自溶时间的增加,自溶制备海参肽的氨基酸种类逐渐增多,且自溶8 h时呈味氨基酸含量较高;自溶2、4和8 h制备的海参肽比酶解法制备的海参肽具有更好的羟基自由基清除能力、DPPH自由基清除能力以及Fe3+还原能力,在浓度10 mg/mL时,自溶8 h羟基自由基清除率为93.4%,DPPH自由基清除率为85.8%,Fe3+还原力为0.740。综上,自溶方法制备的海参肽具有自身独特的优势,本研究可为海参肽的制备提供理论支撑。     

酶解法综合制备海参多肽、多糖工艺研究

从综合利用海参各种营养成分的角度出发,研究了利用酶解法制备海参多肽的同时分离纯化海参多糖的工艺。通过正交实验得出利用A.S1398精制中性蛋白酶综合提取海参多肽和多糖的最优酶解条件:加水量为鲜海参质量的6倍、加酶量1.0%、温度30℃、水解时间6h。在该条件下多肽得率为12.0%,多糖得率为2.68%,水解度为30.35%。     

加拿大红参(Parastichopus californicus)基本成分分析及其酶解工艺研究

本文以加拿大红参(Parastichopus californicus)为原料,研究其最优酶解工艺。基本成分测定结果表明加拿大红参的蛋白质含量73.33%,脂肪0.97%,灰分23.85%,粘多糖1.68%。研究以多肽得率为指标确定了加拿大红参的最优酶解工艺,并估算了其酶解液多肽分子量分布。实验使用枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶与风味蛋白酶组成的复合酶对海参进行酶解,最优酶解工艺:酶解温度为55℃、p H为7.5、料液比1∶5(g/m L)、酶解时间为3 h、酶加量为1.05%,最优条件下,酶解液中多肽得率为13.99%,通过Sephadex G-50对加拿大红参酶解液多肽分子量分布范围进行估算,得出分子量分布为1133~129457 u。     

刺参不同酶解产物的抗氧化活性分析

为了探究刺参不同酶解产物的抗氧化活性,外源添加了3种蛋白酶（碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶）酶解鲜活刺参。测定了不同蛋白酶组的水解度、分子量分布、3种自由基（DPPH∙、O2-∙、∙OH）的清除率。结果表明：空白组水解度随着酶解时间的延长没有明显差异,蛋白酶组的水解度与酶解时间呈正相关关系,不同蛋白酶组水解度高低顺序为,中性蛋白酶>碱性蛋白酶>木瓜蛋白酶,中性蛋白酶组最高为19.4%,木瓜蛋白酶组最低为16.1%;酶解后大分子量片段减少,<200 u的氨基酸片段增加;碱性蛋白酶组,酶解时间1 h,粗肽得率最高达到64.2%。酶解时间2 h内,蛋白酶酶解后酶解液的抗氧化能力比未处理的样品明显提高,并且与酶解液浓度呈正相关关系;质量浓度为5 mg/mL的中性蛋白酶组（酶解0.5 h）,DPPH∙清除率可达到79.64%;碱性蛋白酶组3 h,∙O2-清除率为49.58%,0.5 h∙OH清除率最高为21.78%。综上所述,在抗氧化活性方面,中性蛋白酶酶解产物在外源添加的三种蛋白酶中效果最好,外源添加蛋白酶是提高刺参蛋白利用率的有效方式。     

海参二肽基肽酶Ⅳ抑制肽的酶解制备及结构鉴定

通过抑制二肽基肽酶IV(Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, DPP-IV)的活性,从而减少GLP-1的降解,提高血液中胰岛素的水平,是控制血糖水平的一种重要手段。本文以海参(Holothariatubulosa)为原料,通过探究蛋白酶种类、加酶量和酶解时间对酶解产物DPP-IV抑制活性、蛋白回收率和水解度的影响,确定了海参DPP-IV抑制肽的制备条件,并进一步测定了其分子量分布和总氨基酸组成,最后通过UPLC-MS/MS鉴定了其潜在的活性肽序列。结果发现,木瓜蛋白酶与复合蛋白酶1:1的复配酶解具有最佳的酶解效果,其产物的得率和DPP-IV抑制活性均最高,且在加酶量为干海参质量的1%,酶解时间为4 h时,海参酶解产物在终浓度为2 mg/mL时的DPP-IV抑制率为66.97%,蛋白回收率为76.25%,水解度为6.10%。酶解产物的分子量大都小于5000 u,且富含脯氨酸(Pro)和丙氨酸(Ala)等与抑制DPP-IV活性有关的氨基酸。将获得的酶解物中的肽段进行液质联用检测,并通过Mascot分析筛选得到28条具DPP-IV抑制肽的肽序列,分子量在500～1936 u。本实验结果为以海参为原料进行降血糖产品的开发奠定了基础。     

Bitterness intensity of soybean protein hydrolysates—chemical and organoleptic characterization

Soluble and isoelectric soluble soybean protein hydrolysates were prepared by Alcalase treatment to a degree of hydrolysis of 3–15%. The bitterness intensity of the hydrolysates obtained was assessed on a five-point scale. The average relative molecular masses of peptides in the soluble hydrolysates (2250-1400) and isoelectric soluble hydrolysates (1313-800) and their hydrophobic peptide fractions (575-400) were determined by the trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid method. The molecular mass distribution of peptides in soluble and isoelectric soluble soybean hydrolysates and their hydrophobic peptide fractions was determined by gel permeation HPLC using a Zorbax Bio Series GF-250 column. The results suggest that the main reason for the bitterness of soybean protein hydrolysates prepared by Alcalase treatment are hydrophobic bitter peptides of relative molecular mass less than 1000.     

Preparation and characterisation of isoflavone aglycone‐rich calcium‐binding soy protein hydrolysates

Isoflavone aglycone‐rich calcium‐binding soy protein hydrolysates were prepared by subcritical water treatment and subsequent protease hydrolysis. Contaminated β‐glucosidase in the Protease M preparation could effectively convert glycosides into aglycones. Compared with Alcalase hydrolysates, Protease M hydrolysates exhibited higher molecular weight (>5000 Da) and more hydrophobic characteristics because of its weaker proteolytic activity. The antioxidant activity of Protease M hydrolysates was obviously improved. Initial increased DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rate of Protease M hydrolysates may be ascribed to the conversion of isoflavones (<30 min) and a gradual release of antioxidant peptides. In the later hydrolysis, a gradual exposure of isoflavones involved in the interior of heat‐induced protein aggregates was mainly responsible for further improved antioxidant activities. Higher calcium‐binding capacity (up to 7.86%) with lower yield of peptide–calcium complex was observed for Protease M hydrolysates. These results could help researchers to develop a feasible protocol for producing nutrient‐enhanced soy protein hydrolysates.     

Impact of ultrasound on egg white proteins as a pretreatment for functional hydrolysates production

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different ultrasound pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of egg white proteins (EWPs) by Alcalase as well as evaluating some functional and antioxidant properties of hydrolysates obtained by various proteases treatment and ultrasound technology. The effects of chosen ultrasound pretreatment parameters including frequency of ultrasonic waves (35 and 40 kHz), temperature (25 and 55 °C), time of pretreatment (15–60 min) and pH of egg white solution (7.00–10.00) were examined. It appeared that controlled ultrasound treatment can improved the hydrolysis process compared with untreated samples, but optimization of the power and length of sonication was important. The optimal ultrasound pretreatment at calorimetric power of 21.3 W and frequency of 40 kHz for 15 min at 25 °C and with naturally basic egg white (pH 9.25) resulted in increased initial rate and equilibrium degree of Alcalase hydrolysis by about 139.8 and 13.86 % compared with the control, respectively. EWP hydrolysates with ≈27.0 % degree of hydrolysis obtained with heat pretreatment and ultrasound pretreatments under optimal conditions were further separated by sequential ultrafiltration into 4 hydrolysate fractions (<1, 1–10, 10–30 and >30 kDa) which were investigated for protein content, peptide yield and antioxidant activity. The hydrolysis after heat pretreatment generated more peptides <1 kDa (19.04 ± 1.02 %) than ultrasound pretreatment did (11.90 ± 0.53 %), whereas the proportion of peptides <10 kDa were higher in the second case (28.80 ± 0.07 vs. 20.46 ± 0.39 %). The fraction obtained by the ultrasound pretreatment containing peptides with a molecular weight between 1 and 10 kDa demonstrated the strongest ABTS radical scavenging efficacy among the fractions (97.54 ± 0.30) with IC₅₀ value of 4.31 mg/mL. Compared with single-enzyme processes, the two-stage enzymatic processes did not significantly improve both antioxidant and functional hydrolysates’ properties.     

不同蛋白酶水解酪蛋白及其对产物功能性质的影响

采用Alcalase 2．4L和Protamex两种蛋白酶分别水解酪蛋白酸钠（蛋白质含量88．03％）至5％、10％、15％和20％等不同的水解度（DH），并对酪蛋白酸钠及填水解产物的各种功能性质进行了分析测定。结果表明：酪蛋白酸钠经水解后，蛋白质、水分和灰分含量发生变化，游离氨基量增加且增加与DH相关；水解产物中的多肽分子量较小，平均分子量小于8103D，并且分子量随DH的增大而减小，在DH为15％和20％的水解产物中多肽分子量均低于5043D：水解产物的溶解性随DH的增大而增强，在pH4．0～5．0、DH10％～20％的范围内产物溶解度84．8％～98％，说明在等电点条件下，酪蛋白酸钠水解后溶解性得到改善：与酪蛋白酸钠相比，水解产物的乳化性和起泡性减弱；不同水解产物的氨基酸组成差异不是很大，与酪蛋白酸钠也很接近。     

Gelation property and water holding capacity of heat-treated collagen at different temperature and pH values

Gelling properties and water holding capacity of collagen were evaluated from the hydrolysis of this protein at different conditions of temperature (50, 60 or 80 °C) and pH (3, 5, 7 or 10) during 6 h. In addition, soluble protein content, surface charge, molecular weight distribution and denaturation temperature of collagen processed at different conditions were analyzed. The products showed soluble protein content between 5 and 82% (w/w), but higher values were obtained from the treatments carried out at the highest temperature and pH below isoelectric point (pI). The pI decreased as the hydrolysates were produced at lower acidity and also with increasing intensity of the heat treatment. Products obtained under extreme conditions of pH (3 and 10) or temperatures above or similar to the collagen denaturation temperature (80 and 60 °C) were completely denatured as observed by differential scanning calorimetry. In addition, electrophoresis analysis showed that the mean molecular weight decreased at acidic pH and elevated temperature. In general, the hydrolysates obtained at acidic pH formed firmer gels, except that produced at the most intense conditions of heat treatment. Gels formed with hydrolysates obtained at other pH values showed low values of stress at fracture, indicating the formation of a structure more fragile and particulate. The water holding capacity (WHC) of gels was approximately 100%, except for hydrolysates obtained at a higher pH (7 and 10) and temperature above denaturation.     

Identification of antioxidative oligopeptides derived from autolysis hydrolysates of sea cucumber (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Stichopus japonicus</Emphasis>) guts

Oligopeptides were prepared from the guts of sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus by autolysis method. Optimum autolysis conditions for preparing oligopeptides from the guts of sea cucumber were determined by response surface methodology using a central composite rotatable design. The effects of two independent variables, namely temperature and pH, on the response of trichloroacetic acid-soluble oligopeptides (mg/g on dry basis) were investigated. Regression analysis indicated that more than 95 % of the variation could be explained by the fitted models. Temperature at 48.30 °C and pH at 4.43 were found to be the optimal conditions to obtain oligopeptides from the guts of sea cucumber. The autolysis hydrolysates prepared at the optimized conditions were further fractionated into four major fractions (I–IV) by size exclusion chromatography on a Sephadex G-15 column. Fraction IV, which exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging capacity, Fe²⁺-chelating ability and protective effect against hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage, was then analyzed by ESI–MS for molecular mass determination and ESI–MS/MS for the characterization of peptides. Two tetrapeptides (Val-Thr-Pro-Tyr and Val-Leu-Leu-Tyr) and a hexapeptide (Val-Gly-Thr-Val-Glu-Met) were found to exhibit protective effects against hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage. These results suggest that antioxidant oligopeptides derived from the guts of sea cucumber by autolysis method could be utilized for functional foods.     

不同蛋白酶水解高温花生粕和低温花生粕及其水解产物抗氧化活性的对比研究

由于高温花生粕中的花生蛋白在高温压榨过程中高度变性,因此在食品工业中蛋白利用率较低。本研究通过对比高温花生粕和低温花生粕经过不同商业蛋白酶(Alcalase 2.4 L,Neutrase,Papain,Protamex及Flavorzyme 500 MG)水解后水解产物特性的蛋白回收率、水解度、分子量分布及抗氧化活性,确定高温花生粕是否适合采用生物酶解的方式利用其中的蛋白质并筛选合适的蛋白酶。结果表明,高温花生粕经不同蛋白酶水解后,其蛋白质利用率均在60.61~67.86%,与低温花生粕相当;水解度及分子量分布方面,高温花生粕Flavorzyme水解产物的DH最高,高达44.92%,且含有较多的3 ku小分子肽及游离氨基酸;此外,高温花生粕不同酶水解产物的DPPH自由基清除活性均高于低温花生粕,这可能是由于高温花生粕水解产物中含有较多具有供电子的小分子肽、游离氨基酸以及高温压榨过程中生成的美拉德反应产物。