三种玉米淀粉对微波复热鸡米花品质特性的影响

本文研究了浸蘸液中三种玉米淀粉,包括普通玉米淀粉、糯玉米淀粉和玉米变性淀粉对微波复热鸡米花脆性及品质特性的影响。结果表明,添加玉米变性淀粉和糯玉米淀粉可以显著降低预油炸和微波复热后鸡米花外壳中油分含量(p0.05);添加糯玉米淀粉和玉米变性淀粉组的鸡米花外壳L*值和b*值显著低于普通玉米淀粉组样品(p0.05);经预油炸后添加普通玉米淀粉、糯玉米淀粉和玉米变性淀粉鸡米花外壳中水分分别为29.16%、28.43%和27.69%,经微波复热后分别为31.36%、29.45%和27.84%,添加玉米变性淀粉显著抑制了水分外迁(p0.05);从脆性测定结果可知,较普通玉米淀粉和糯玉米淀粉而言,添加玉米变性淀粉可以显著提高预油炸和微波复热后鸡米花外壳的脆性(p0.05)。综合感官评价,添加玉米变性淀粉的鸡米花外壳脆性最高,外壳油腻度最低,总体可接受性得分最高(p0.05)。在浸蘸液中添加玉米变性淀粉能够有效阻碍微波复热过程中鸡米花水分和油分外迁移,提高微波复热鸡米花的感官品质特性。     

面糊组分对预油炸微波复热鸡米花品质及水分分布特性的影响

针对鸡米花在微波复热过程中水分“外迁”和油分“外浸”造成脆性降低的问题,研究不同面糊组分,羟丙基羧甲基纤维素（hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,HPMC）和麦芽糊精对预油炸及微波复热后鸡米花含油量、含水量及分布、脆性、颜色、感官品质的影响,以期提高鸡米花微波复热后的脆性及品质特性。结果表明,面糊中添加2%?HPMC和6%麦芽糊精显著降低了微波复热后鸡米花外壳中含水量的增加以及内芯肉中含水量的减少（P＜0.05）,同时使内芯肉T22向快弛豫方向移动,降低了自由水的移动性,同时微波后A22显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,抑制微波过程中内芯肉中自由水向外壳的迁移,从而保证微波复热后鸡米花外壳脆性和内芯肉多汁性;添加2%?HPMC、6%麦芽糊精及两者复配的微波复热鸡米花外壳脆性较对照组均显著提高（P＜0.05）;但添加2%?HPMC的鸡米花外壳硬度最大,添加6%麦芽糊精的鸡米花含油量最高（P＜0.05）。当面糊中同时添加2%的HPMC和6%的麦芽糊精时,鸡米花经微波后其外壳脆性最好,硬度适中且无油腻感。该研究结果为裹粉类微波食品脆性及品质的改善提供了数据基础。     

面糊中添加羟丙基甲基纤维素对微波复热鸡米花品质的影响

针对鸡米花在微波复热中容易发生表面浸湿和脆性下降的问题,在外层面糊配方中添加不同含量的羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC),研究其对产品脆性和品质的影响。结果表明,向鸡米花外层面糊中添加2%和3%HPMC时,可显著提高微波后的鸡米花脆性,降低鸡米花外壳水分和脂肪含量(p0.05),且提高产品的感官质量,对产品风味不会产生不良影响。此外,通过低场核磁研究微波后鸡米花内芯肉中水分分布的变化表明,提高外壳中HPMC的添加量会使其弛豫时间T21和T22向慢的驰豫方向移动,同时对应的峰面积A21和A22升高(p0.05),说明添加HPMC可以减少肌肉中水分的外移。研究表明,向鸡米花外层面糊中添加HPMC可有效保留微波复热鸡米花的脆性,改善其食用品质。     

面糊中食用胶对微波复热鸡米花品质的影响

采用混料设计试验法研究外层面糊中食用胶对微波复热鸡米花品质的影响,以微波复热鸡米花外壳脆性为主要试验指标,同时对其进行色差分析、质构检测和感官评价,筛选出微波复热后制品最佳的食用胶添加比例。试验结果表明,当加入单一或复合食用胶时,鸡米花的脆性明显提高,但对色差没有显著性影响(P0.05)。当面糊中魔芋胶与卡拉胶各添加0.5%时,其脆性和感官评价均优于其他试验组。这表明在面糊中等比添加魔芋胶和卡拉胶能显著提高鸡米花外壳脆性,改善食用品质。     

食用胶复配对微波复热鸡米花品质的影响

针对微波复热鸡米花的加工工艺,在预实验基础上选用黄原胶、卡拉胶以及魔芋胶以不同比例复配,研究其对最终产品品质的影响。微波复热后以鸡米花的脆性作为主要评定指标,同时对制品进行物理性质分析及感官评价,筛选出微波复热后品质最优的胶体复配比例。结果表明,向浸蘸溶液中添加三种食用胶中的任意一种或任意两种食用胶复配添加时,均可以显著改善微波复热后鸡米花的脆性(p<0.05)。而三种食用胶等比例复配对微波复热鸡米花品质则没有明显改善作用。卡拉胶1.00%的添加量会对产品风味产生不良影响。其中0.50%黄原胶和0.50%卡拉胶复配时,微波复热后鸡米花的脆性显著提高,外壳水分和油分含量显著降低(p<0.05),感官质量也较高。这表明向浸蘸溶液中添加0.50%黄原胶和0.50%卡拉胶复配食用胶可以很大程度上改善微波复热鸡米花的食用品质。     

大豆分离蛋白膜阻湿性优化及其在微波食品中的应用

本研究通过添加葡萄糖或亚硫酸钠、采用超高压均质及超高压均质联合葡萄糖改性的方法以提高大豆分离蛋白膜的阻湿性。结果表明其膜阻湿性关系为:超高压均质联合葡萄糖改性超高压均质(100MPa)改性添加葡萄糖(0. 1%)改性添加亚硫酸钠(0. 1%)改性。扫描电镜结果表明,经4种改性方法处理后的大豆分离蛋白膜疏松的网状结构变得致密,且其中经超高压均质联合葡萄糖改性后膜的结构最为致密。利用此复合改性大豆分离蛋白对鸡米花进行涂膜处理后,可有效减少水分向外壳的扩散,复热后鸡米花口感更加酥脆。     

响应面优化大豆分离蛋白、黄原胶和羟丙基糯玉米淀粉对熟制麻团微波复热后脆性影响

油炸食品冻藏后经过微波复热会出现微波浸湿现象,使表面失脆。大豆分离蛋白、黄原胶以及羟丙基糯玉米淀粉都是具有保水功能的食品添加剂。本文采用响应面法,以麻团脆性为响应值,对麻团中添加大豆分离蛋白、黄原胶、羟丙基糯玉米淀粉的添加量进行了优化。结果表明:大豆分离蛋白、黄原胶和羟丙基糯玉米淀粉对麻团脆性有极显著影响(p0.01)。三种添加剂的最优配方为:大豆分离蛋白添加量3.1%、黄原胶添加量1.6%、羟丙基糯玉米淀粉添加量3.1%,此条件下微波复热后麻团的脆性为1569.4 g;而未添加三种添加剂的麻团微波复热后脆性为1019.5 g,由此证明添加大豆分离蛋白、黄原胶和羟丙基糯玉米淀粉可改善微波复热后麻团的脆性。     

淀粉及小苏打添加量对微波复热鸡米花品质的影响

研究浸蘸液中不同淀粉及小苏打对微波复热鸡米花品质的影响,通过三因素三水平L_9(3~3)正交试验观察玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉、小苏打对微波复热鸡米花影响较大的因素对产品色差、质构特性的影响,并对产品的外壳脆性、油腻程度、外壳颜色和内芯肉多汁程度进行感官评定。结果表明:最优配比为玉米淀粉添加量30%、木薯淀粉添加量20%、小苏打添加量0.3%。该组合能显著提高微波复热鸡米花外壳脆性,并且总体可接受度最高。     

鱼鳞胶原蛋白对油炸壳层品质的影响

为了改善油炸食品的品质,研究了向裹层面糊中添加玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、麦芽糊精、谷朊粉、大豆分离蛋白、羟丙基甲基纤维素、黄原胶、瓜尔胶和鱼鳞胶原蛋白对180℃条件下油炸2min壳层的含水量、吸油量、L*、a*、b*、色度、色彩角和脆度的影响,并考察了鱼鳞胶原蛋白对油炸壳层品质的影响。结果表明:添加鱼鳞胶原蛋白可改善油炸壳层的金黄色泽且效果优于实验中其他类添加物。玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和黄原胶可降低壳层7%~12%的含油量,添加麦芽糊精、大豆分离蛋白和CMC可降低壳层5%左右的含油量,而谷朊粉、HPMC和瓜尔胶则可降低壳层1%的吸油量。添加0.2%、0.5%和1%的鱼鳞胶原蛋白可以降低油炸壳层1%~2%的吸油量,且添加1%鱼鳞胶原蛋白壳层的吸油量降低最多,而添加2%、5%和7.5%的鱼鳞胶原蛋白增加了油炸壳层的吸油量。2%与7.5%的鱼鳞胶原蛋白可改善油炸壳层和微波复热壳层的脆性。     

可微波鸡米花预混粉层配料的研究

采用单纯形格子法实验设计优化鸡米花层预混粉的配方，以获得鸡米花微波后表层松脆的口感，通过对鸡米花的脆性、感官指标以及色差的分析，确定预混粉最优的配方为：小麦淀粉21％，变性淀粉25％，蛋清粉2．5％，大豆蛋白4．5％，其他成分占47％。结果表明，采用优化后的预混粉层配方生产出的鸡米花，可以使微波后产品脆性得到显著的提高，而且产品的感官质量较好。     

抗性淀粉对油炸调理鸡排品质特性的影响

针对油炸过程对调理肉制品质量与安全的影响问题,研究面糊中添加0%～40%的抗性淀粉对油炸调理鸡排品质特性（色泽、脆性、水分和油分含量、丙烯酰胺含量、微观结构及感官评价）的影响,以改善产品质量并实现低脂化。结果表明：添加20%～40%抗性淀粉的鸡排可获得良好的感官可接受性;添加20%抗性淀粉能显著降低油炸调理鸡排的含油量（P＜0.05）,提高油炸后外壳的黄度值,鸡排外壳表现出更好的金黄色,形成密实、连续的面糊微结构,改善外壳脆性,降低油炸过程中丙烯酰胺的生成量,提高产品安全性。因此,添加20%抗性淀粉能更好地降低油炸调理鸡排的含油量,提升产品质量。     

微波工作站对油脂组分微波升温特性的研究

预油炸产品在微波中复热时,由于表皮和内部存在温度梯度造成水分迁移,使表皮18%失去脆性。由于表皮中含有大量的油脂,因此油脂组分是微波复热时影响表皮升温速度的重要影响因素。为了保持表皮的脆性,本文利用微波工作站对油脂类组分在微波辐射下的升温特性进行研究,期望今后可通过改变表皮升温特性以控制预油炸食品内部水分向表皮的迁移,解决此类食品经微波复热后的脆性问题,开发出可微波油炸食品,推动我国微波食品工业的发展。     

Cross-linking of wheat starch improves the crispness of deep-fried battered food

Wheat starches with different degrees of cross-linking were used to study the effect of starch gelatinization in the batter and crust characteristics of deep-fried battered food. Pasting properties, viscosity and batter pick up as well as moisture and oil content and crispness of the fried crusts were evaluated. In batters prepared with a constant solids/water ratio, the cross-linked starches increased batter viscosity and consequently the batter pick up. Batters, with comparable viscosity were prepared by varying the solid/water ratio which gave the same batter pick up.The pasting properties of cross-linked starches showed that the higher the cross-linking the more resistant was the starch to gelatinization and granule disintegration. In batters with a constant solids/water ratio, batter with high cross-linked starch had more water loss during frying. Cross-linked starches had lower moisture content after storage and less oil was retained after frying. Crispness, measured instrumentally as sound intensity, was the highest for the high cross-linked starch at 1 and 20 min after frying.Batters prepared with the same viscosity were used to study the effect of cross-linked starches when the pick up was the same. To obtain comparable viscosities between the batters, the batter with native starch was prepared using the lowest mixing water content and the one with high cross-linked starch with the highest. The batter with the high cross-linked starch, although it had the highest addition of water, had the best crispness after frying.In conclusion, high cross-linking of wheat starch enhances crispness perception of deep-fried battered food.     

Functionality of batters containing different starch types for deep-fat frying of chicken nuggets

The effect of various starch types (amylomaize, corn, waxymaize, pregelatinized tapioca) on quality attributes (texture, moisture content, oil content, color, coating pick up, cooking yield, volume and porosity) of deep-fat fried chicken nuggets were studied. Chicken samples, 0.04 m in diameter and 0.015 m in thickness, taken from the breast portion, were coated with batters composed of a 3:5 solid to water ratio by immersion. The solid content of batter formulations contained equal amounts of corn and wheat flour, 5.0% starch, 1.0% salt and 0.5% leavening agent. As control, batter without starch addition, was used. Samples were fried at 180°C for 3, 6, 9 and 12 minutes. Crispness and oil content of chicken nuggets increased, whereas moisture content decreased with increasing frying time. Starch addition to the formulations increased crispness of the product significantly at the last stages of frying. The highest porosity and oil content was obtained when corn starch was used. Pregelatinized tapioca starch was found to provide a product with the lowest oil content, the highest moisture content, coating pick up and volume.     

微波生产低油马铃薯片的工艺条件的探讨

通过单因素试验,对利用微波生产低油马铃薯片工艺中影响产品脆度、色泽和含油量的一些因素进行了探讨。结果表明:利用微波生产马铃薯片可以降低薯片含油量到20%以下;干燥前食盐水溶液浸泡处理(1.5%～2.0%食盐水溶液浸泡5min)和涂油前用豆奶粉裹衣处理,均能降低产品的含油量,提高马铃薯片的脆度;同时,适量的豆奶粉裹衣处理,能赋予产品良好的色泽,豆奶粉的用量6%比较适宜;冷冻处理能加深产品的色泽,但是对产品的脆度和含油量的影响不大。     

Food components affecting the oil absorption and crispness of fried batter

Frying batters are used to add value to a product by improving texture, flavour, weight and volume and reducing water loss during frying which, in turn, lessens oil absorption. The physical characteristics of fried batters were studied using model systems based on rice flours. Crispness was positively correlated with amylose content, while oil absorption was negatively correlated with amylose content. Addition of pregelatinised rice flour improved crispness but resulted in increased oil absorption because of the porous nature of the fried product. Amongst the proteins (egg yolk, gluten, skimmed milk, whey and ovalbumin) studied, ovalbumin was able to reduce oil absorption and improve the crispness of the fried batter. Addition of calcium chloride also reduced oil absorption and improved crispness, while a little oil reduced the oil content of the fried batter and improved its taste. Addition of ovalbumin, oil or calcium chloride beyond the optimal levels reduced crispness and increased oil absorption in a linear manner. Modified tapioca starch and diglyceride emulsifiers improved crispness but increased oil absorption. The amount of water added to the formulation affected the physical characteristics of the fried batter. The optimal formulation for a crisp frying batter with reasonably low oil absorption was an amylose/amylopectin ratio of about 18: 67; with (g kg⁻¹) 850 pregelatinised rice flour; up to 150 modified tapioca starch; 30 ovalbumin; 1 calcium chloride; 20 oil; 20 emulsifier and a water/flour ratio of 2:1. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Acrylamide formation in different batter formulations during microwave frying

Acrylamide, a probable human carcinogen, is found to be formed in a wide range of fried foods. In this study, the effects of microwave frying on acrylamide formation in the coating part of chicken were investigated. It was also aimed to determine the effects of various flour types (soy, chickpea and rice flour) in batter formulations on the acrylamide formation and on the color of fried chicken. Usage of all flour types except soy flour resulted in approximately the same moisture content and color development after 1.5 min of microwave frying. Acrylamide contents of batter parts of 1.5 min microwave fried samples having different flours were similar. Microwave frying provided lower acrylamide content and lighter color as compared to those fried conventionally for 5 min for all types of flours. This reduction in acrylamide level was the highest (34.5%) for rice flour containing batter.