酿酒圆叶葡萄Noble和Carlos浆果挥发性成分分析

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(SPME-GC-MS)对酿酒圆叶葡萄品种Noble和Carlos浆果中挥发性成分进行鉴定,共鉴定出49种化合物,其中含有醇类、酯类、醛类、酮类等成分。Noble的挥发性成分总含量高于Carlos,2个品种中含量最高的成分都是(E)-2-甲基环戊醇和4-羟基-2-丁酮,二者在挥发性组分种类和含量上有一定的相似性。     

四个圆叶葡萄品种果实品质及主要营养组分的分析比较

比较了4个圆叶葡萄品种‘Noble’、‘Alachua’、‘Carlos’和‘GV’引种到成都的果实品质和主要营养成分。绿色品种‘Carlos’和‘GV’的单粒质量大于紫色品种‘Noble’和‘Alachua’;4个品种果实的可溶性固形物含量(total soluble solid, TSS)均在15%～18%,可滴定酸含量在0.36%～0.52%。酒石酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸和柠檬酸是圆叶葡萄主要的有机酸。4个品种果实中酚类物质含量差异显著,其中‘Noble’果皮中总酚、总黄酮、黄酮醇、单宁含量均最高;‘Alachua’果肉中总酚、总黄酮和黄酮醇的含量最高。葡萄的不同部位单体酚含量差异显著,果皮中阿魏酸和咖啡酸含量较高,而葡萄籽中阿魏酸和对羟基苯甲酸含量较高。综合比较,紫色品种具有更高的抗氧化物质含量和更佳的口感,适合鲜食推广。     

赤霞珠、西拉、黑比诺在成熟期果皮和果籽中单宁变化的研究

用蛋白质沉淀试验检测出3种红色酿酒葡萄品种(赤霞珠、西拉、黑比诺)的果皮和种子中的单宁浓度.1998年,赤霞珠种子在转色前单宁浓度最高,转色后浆果的种子单宁浓度有所下降并且在采收前四周内保持恒定.1999年,种子中单宁的下降速度变慢并且采收时的数值与1998年相近.这两年中赤霞珠浆果果皮中单宁的变化很小,采收时每粒浆果中果皮和种子单宁的浓度几乎相同.西拉种子中的单宁几乎是果皮中的3倍.在上述三个品种中,葡萄中的总单宁量与成品酒的单宁数量没有一定的关系.葡萄中种子单宁浓度的差别取决于种子数量而不是每粒种子中的单宁数量.     

三个酿酒葡萄品种及其营养系果实香气物质谱的差异性分析

为减少多变量干扰,更好地揭示品种或营养系之间香气物质谱的差异,本文利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定麝香型品种‘小白玫瑰’(826和455),非麝香芳香型品种‘雷司令’(C49和1103P),非芳香型品种‘霞多丽’(76和277)转色前后葡萄果实香气物质的组成与含量,采用主成分分析探究品种间差异,采用正交偏最小二乘法判别分析研究营养系之间的差异。结果表明,‘小白玫瑰’的香气物质谱与‘雷司令’和‘霞多丽’有明显差异,萜烯是3个品种间最主要的差异组分。此外,‘小白玫瑰’直链醇含量最高,而直链醛含量最低,表明该品种有较高的醛-醇转化活性;‘雷司令’和‘霞多丽’随着果实的发育,香气物质谱的差异逐渐缩小。在各自营养系之间,‘小白玫瑰’2个营养系和‘霞多丽’2个营养系的主要判别成分均是己醛和(E)-2-己烯醛,其含量在‘小白玫瑰455’和‘霞多丽277’中相对较高;‘雷司令’2个营养系的主要差异组分是苯乙醛、橙花醚、葡萄螺烷、苯甲醛和β-大马士酮,它们在自根苗‘雷司令-C49’中的含量高于嫁接苗‘雷司令1103P’,但在‘雷司令C49’中未检测到香叶基丙酮,使得其降异戊二烯的总量不及嫁接苗中的一半。本研究从多元统计视角明确了3个品种及其营养系之间香气物质代谢谱的异同,为后续的推广应用和葡萄香气代谢遗传调控研究奠定了基础。     

烟台产区‘赤霞珠’转色后指标的变化研究

研究2016年和2017年不同成熟度下‘赤霞珠’葡萄皮和葡萄籽中的总酚、黄烷醇和花色苷含量的差异,并分析不同成熟度葡 萄指标之间的相关性。通过主成分分析（PCA）,对不同成熟度葡萄品质进行研究,确定烟台产区‘赤霞珠’葡萄的最佳采收期。 结果表 明,随着采收时间的推移,‘赤霞珠’葡萄的还原糖含量、可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比呈不断上升趋势,总酸含量不断下降;葡萄果皮中 的总酚和黄烷醇含量呈先上升后下降趋势且呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,花色苷呈不断上升的趋势;葡萄果籽中的总酚、黄烷醇含量均 呈先下降后上升趋势且呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。 烟台产区‘赤霞珠’葡萄的最佳采收时间在转色后5周左右。     

不同酿酒葡萄果实类黄酮及香气物质差异分析

利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分析欧亚种葡萄‘赤霞珠’(无性系338和685)、‘宝石解百纳’和山葡萄品种‘双优’、‘双红’、‘双丰’,以及山欧杂种葡萄品种‘北冰红’果实中花色苷、黄酮醇、黄烷-3-醇和香气化合物含量和组成的差异。结果表明,山葡萄总花色苷含量远高于欧亚种葡萄,以花色素双糖苷为主,山葡萄未检测出酰化的花色苷;欧亚种葡萄只检测出花色素单葡萄糖苷;山欧杂种葡萄既含有花色素单葡萄糖苷,又含有花色素双糖苷,还含有2种酰化的花色素双糖苷。欧亚种葡萄槲皮素类黄酮醇含量最高,而山葡萄的杨梅酮类黄酮醇含量最高;欧亚种葡萄果皮黄烷-3-醇的平均聚合度高于种子,而山葡萄则相反;山葡萄的C_6/C_9类挥发性香气物质含量显著高于欧亚种葡萄。通过分析和总结供试品种(品系)果实类黄酮及香气物质含量和组成的差异,这些指标可以为区分欧亚种葡萄、山葡萄和山欧杂种葡萄品种提供参考。     

葡萄大小浆果发育前期细胞学、糖积累和库强比较

以大果型‘户太八号’和小果型‘赤霞珠’为试材，观测浆果发育前期（花后10～50 d）细胞数目和体积，测定浆果中葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量以及蔗糖相关酶活性变化，并计算各时期浆果库活性（RGR）和库强（AGR），以探讨与葡萄浆果大小相关的因子及品种间各指标差异，为揭示浆果大小形成机制提供依据。结果表明，花后50 d时，‘户太八号’的粒质量和体积分别为‘赤霞珠’的8.85倍和8.75倍；‘户太八号’浆果细胞数目和体积在各时期均显著大于‘赤霞珠’，尤其是细胞数目；两品种的葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量变化趋势基本一致，但‘户太八号’浆果中总糖含量和AGR高于‘赤霞珠’。相关性分析表明，浆果大小与葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖含量间存在显著相关性，但品种间有差异。综上得出，细胞数目和体积共同影响浆果大小，而‘户太八号’和‘赤霞珠’之间果型大小差异的主要表现是细胞数目不同；‘户太八号’浆果（库器官）竞争同化物能力强于‘赤霞珠’，从而影响浆果最终的大小，而浆果大小与糖含量密切相关。     

产地与品种对葡萄酒中酚类物质含量的影响

选取同一产地(天水)3 个葡萄品种：“西拉(Shiraz)”、“蛇龙珠 (Carbernet Gernischet)”、“赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)”所酿制的新鲜干红葡萄酒以及5 个不同产地(天水、和硕、玛纳斯、延庆和怀来)赤霞珠葡萄酒,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法分析葡萄酒中11 种酚酸、5 种黄烷-3- 醇、10 种黄酮醇和2 种黄酮的含量。结果表明：同一产地不同品种和同一品种不同产地间的葡萄酒中酚类物质的含量都存在显著差异。其中,赤霞珠葡萄酒是3 个葡萄品种中酚类物质含量最高的品种;在5 个不同产地中,延庆赤霞珠葡萄酒中酚酸含量最高,黄烷-3- 醇含量最高的为和硕赤霞珠葡萄酒,而怀来赤霞珠葡萄酒中所含黄酮醇含量最高。     

天山北麓产区5个不同红色酿酒葡萄品种非花色苷酚类物质的积累特性

本试验为研究天山北麓产区5个不同红色酿酒葡萄品种非花色苷酚积累特性,选取五家渠产区5个红色酿酒葡萄品种,对其生长发育期黄酮醇和黄烷-3-醇含量及组成进行检测。其中黄酮醇包括:槲皮素、山奈酚和杨酶酮三大类。结果表明:‘赤霞珠’在花后12周时,槲皮素、山奈酚和杨酶酮三类物质都达到最大值0.122 mg/g、0.015 mg/g、0.065 mg/g;‘品丽珠’的槲皮素类物质在花后12周达到最大值0.500 mg/g,山奈酚和杨酶酮类物质在16周时达到最大值0.092 mg/g、0.068 mg/g;‘西拉’的山奈酚在14周时达到最大值0.043mg/g,而杨酶酮在16周时达到最大值0.042mg/g;‘小味尔多’的山奈酚和杨酶酮物质都在16周时达到最大值0.050mg/g、0.035 mg/g;‘马瑟兰’的山奈酚和杨酶酮分别在12和14周时达到最大值0.013 mg/g、0.077 mg/g。通过对5个品种的黄酮醇和黄烷-3-醇物质进行主成分分析,发现‘西拉’的黄烷-3-醇相对含量较高,‘小味尔多’山奈酚相对含量较高,‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’的槲皮素类物质相对含量较高。试验表明5个品种在该产区的积累特性各不相同,能直观反应各品种在该产区的表现,为日后天山北麓产区葡萄栽培和酿造提供更多帮助。     

中国野生葡萄果实基本品质、酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性分析

中国野生葡萄资源丰富,但对其利用有限;为揭示不同种野生葡萄的品质差异及进一步利用奠定理论基础,本研究对中国野生葡萄的10个种(46个株系)和不同对照品种(4份材料)的基本品质、酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性指标进行评价。结果表明:1)除刺葡萄外,中国野生葡萄的单果质量小于‘赤霞珠’;中国野生葡萄的皮果比高于‘赤霞珠’。2)中国野生葡萄和对照之间糖的组成相似,果糖与葡萄糖所占的比例没有差异,总糖含量显著低于‘赤霞珠’和‘户太8号’;除刺葡萄外,中国野生葡萄的总酸含量显著高于对照‘赤霞珠’和‘户太8号’,中国野生葡萄的酒石酸/苹果酸的比值低于‘赤霞珠’,说明中国野生葡萄属于高苹果酸型;河岸葡萄和圆叶葡萄的糖酸含量与中国野生葡萄的糖酸含量较接近;‘赤霞珠’和‘户太8号’属于高糖低酸型,中国野生葡萄属于低糖高酸型。3)中国野生葡萄的抗氧化活性和酚类物质的含量变异较大,大部分的野生葡萄与‘赤霞珠’的酚类物质含量和抗氧化活相近,但中国野生葡萄的花色苷含量高于对照的花色苷含量。综上所述,中国野生葡萄中的燕山葡萄、蘡薁葡萄和刺葡萄的品质较好,其与‘赤霞珠’和‘户太8号’的糖酸组分、酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性接近。     

Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of Serbian table and wine grapes

Three table grapes and 4 wine grapes collected from a southern Serbian vineyard were evaluated and compared for their antioxidant properties and phenolic profile. Among the varieties tested, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ contained the highest total phenolic content with 173.6 mg/100 g of fresh weight. Also, the total flavonoid and antocyanin content of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ was significantly higher from the other. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Merlot’ had the strongest DPPH· radicals scavenging activity (1,318.6 and 1,282.0 μmol Trolox equivalent/100 g, respectively). ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Merlot’, ‘Prokupac’, ‘Vranac’, ‘Muscat Hamburg’, and ‘Ribier’ grape varieties were found to be rich in malvidin-3-O-glucoside, while ‘Cardinal’ grape variety was found to be rich in peonidin-3-O-glucoside. The following compounds were also identified and quantified using HPLC-DAD: 2 flavan-3-ols and 4 hydroxycinnamic acids in all grape samples. The results suggested that phytochemicals in the selected table and wine grapes have potent antioxidant activities in correlation with phenolic content.     

外源脱落酸处理对葡萄果实及葡萄酒中抗氧化成分的影响

以天津蓟州区栽培的"美乐"和"赤霞珠"葡萄为试验品种,分别在其始熟期的初、中和末期3个阶段利用外源脱落酸(200 mg/L)处理果实,采用分光光度法测定葡萄和葡萄酒中酚类总含量和抗氧化活性,利用液质联用技术分析花色苷的含量和组成.研究结果表明:始熟期的外源脱落酸处理对成熟果实的质量、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和pH值,以及葡萄籽的酚类含量和抗氧化活性没有显著影响,但对葡萄皮和葡萄酒的酚类物质含量和活性具有显著影响.在始熟期中期(30％ ～50％果实转色)以前,对果实喷施外源脱落酸可以显著提高葡萄皮和葡萄酒的酚类总含量、花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性.始熟期外源脱落酸处理使"美乐"和"赤霞珠"果实的酚类总含量分别提高了14％ ～39％和73％ ～172％,花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性分别提高了18％ ～143％和88％ ～178％;外源脱落酸处理使葡萄酒的3个指标(酚类总含量、花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性)分别提高了17％ ～69％、18％ ～36％和21％ ～46％,而这些影响可以有效改善葡萄酒的感官品质和营养价值.外源脱落酸处理时期的精准控制可以提高酿酒葡萄及葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及抗氧化作用,进而提高葡萄酒品质和营养价值.     

赤霞珠葡萄生长发育过程中内源激素的变化及其与果实成熟的关系

为研究赤霞珠葡萄果实发育过程中不同组织(果皮、果肉和种子)内源激素的含量变化及其与果实成熟的关系,用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术测定果实发育过程中果皮、果肉以及种子中脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)、生长素(indole acetic acid,IAA)、赤霉素(gibberellin A_3,GA_3)、茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA)和水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)的含量。结果发现,在葡萄果实生长发育过程中,葡萄果皮和果皮中ABA含量呈双S型变化,花后20 d左右,ABA含量较高,随着果实膨大开始下降,随后开始上升,至转色中期达到最大值,随着果实的成熟缓慢下降;果皮、果肉和种子中GA_3含量均是从果实膨大期开始上升,膨大后期下降,随后在转色初期又开始上升,随后下降;JA含量的变化与GA_3类似;果皮和果肉中IAA含量首先略微下降,在果实快速生长期迅速上升,并达到峰值,随着果实进入转色期,含量逐渐下降并保持稳定,果实膨大期之前,种子中IAA含量较高,随着果实膨大降低,并维持在较低水平,SA含量的变化与IAA类似。结论:ABA、GA_3、JA含量与赤霞珠果实成熟有关,IAA、GA_3、SA、JA含量与赤霞珠果实生长有关。     

Comparison of major volatile compounds from Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) from fruitset to harvest

Background and Aims: Research on concentration changes of volatile compounds during grape physiological development has focused on the period from veraison to harvest. This study compared the developmental changes in the major volatile compounds released after the crushing of Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes sampled from fruitset to harvest during the 2007–2008 season. Methods and Results: Volatile compounds were extracted from the headspace of crushed Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes sampled throughout berry development using solid-phase microextraction and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A multivariate statistical approach coupled with analysis of variance was applied to compare the developmental changes in volatile compounds for the two cultivars. In both cultivars, E-2-hexenal was the most abundant volatile compound, and it showed a significant increase in concentration after veraison. Benzene derivatives discriminated ripe Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, whereas monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes discriminated both cultivars pre-veraison with a broader range of terpenes observed in the Cabernet Sauvignon samples compared with the Riesling samples. At veraison, terpene production in both varieties was low, but Riesling grapes produced some terpenes (geraniol and α-muurolene) post-veraison. Generally, esters and aldehydes were the major class of compounds from Riesling grapes, while Cabernet Sauvignon showed a greater tendency to form alcohols. Conclusions: Both Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes had a more complex volatile compound composition pre-veraison than post-veraison. This study suggests that some compounds that contribute to grape aroma may be produced pre-veraison, and not simply accumulate after veraison. Significance of the Study: Understanding the timing of volatile compound production and cultivar differences will guide viticulture researchers and growers in the optimisation of vineyard strategies to enhance grape aroma attributes that may, in turn, contribute to wine aroma.     

Biochemical comparison of two grape varieties differing in juice acidity

The winegrape cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and the tablegrape cv. Gora Chirine (both Vitis vinifera L.) differ in the acidity of their berry juice. The changes in pH, titratable acidity and the concentration of compounds of the berry juice were measured from 20–30 d before veraison to harvest on plants cultivated in the glasshouse. The difference in acidity between the juice of the two varieties appeared before veraison. At harvest, the berry juice of Gora Chirine had a pH of 5.2 and titratable acidity (TA) of 32 meq/L while that of Cabernet Sauvignon had a pH of 3.2 and TA of 150 meq/L. To evaluate cellular compartmentation in the berry pericarp, vacuolar pH was measured on intact berries at two growth stages, using ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Vacuolar pH did not differ significantly between the two cvs. The lower TA of Gora Chirine juice could be attributed to lower concentrations of all three major acids, malic, tartaric and citric, and to a higher concentration of potassium. At veraison, the malic acid concentration in the berry juice of Cabernet Sauvignon was about seven times higher than that of Gora Chirine. The accumulation of hexoses, especially glucose, occurred earlier during the berry growth cycle in Gora Chirine than in Cabernet Sauvignon. The osmotic potential of the Gora Chirine juice, before veraison, was lower than could have been expected because of low acidity. This was due to the compensatory effect of early accumulation of glucose. Amino acid concentration was significantly higher in Gora Chirine than in Cabernet Sauvignon, especially just before veraison. The role of organic acids in berry acidity and osmotic potential, and various metabolic processes that may lead to the difference in organic acid concentration, are discussed.     

Antioxidant capacity and phenolic profile of berry,seed, and skin of Ekşikara (vitis vinifera L) grape: Influence of harvest year and altitude

Ek?ikara (Vitis vinifera L.) is a poorly known native Turkish grape cultivar, which is being cultivated for thousands of years for table consumption, raisin, and grape molasses production. The aim of this study was to investigate the phenolic profile of whole berry, skin, and seeds of the cultivar and to determine the effect of harvesting year and altitude of the vineyard location. The grape samples were collected from two vineyards, located at 1000 and 1500 m of altitude in year 2014 while it was collected from 1500 m of altitude in year 2015. In addition to phenolic profile, antioxidant activity, total phenolic, anthocyanin, and tannin contents, and fatty acid profile of seed oil were also analyzed. In this study, anthocyanins, resveratrol, rutin, and isorhamnetin-3-glucoside were mainly found in skin while monomers and dimers of flavan-3-ols were present mainly in the seed. Altitude had a drastic effect on phenolic compounds as well as on the antioxidant activity of whole berry, skin, and seeds.     

Effects of exogenous abscisic acid on antioxidant capacities,anthocyanins, and flavonol contents of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) skins

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of muscadine grape skins (cvs. Noble and Alachua). ABA was applied on grapes during and after veraison. Average berry weight, total soluble solids (⁰Brix) and pH of the juice from both cultivars were not affected by the ABA treatment. Antioxidant capacity was enhanced by 38% and 18% in treated Noble at the first and second sampling, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed a significant increase in individual anthocyanins in treated Noble grapes at both sampling times. However, increase in the content of ellagic acid, myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol was observed at first sampling only. No effects of ABA treatment were seen in Alachua grapes. Our results indicate that exogenous application of ABA enhances the antioxidant capacity, anthocyanins and phenolic content of muscadine grapes but these effects may vary depending upon the cultivar.     

“赤霞珠”葡萄转色后不同成熟度指标的变化

研究酿酒葡萄转色后不同成熟度指标的动态变化规律。以“赤霞珠”葡萄为试材,分别测定了技术成熟度和总酚成熟度指标,并进行了浆果感官评价。结果表明：转色后果实物理性状参数和糖含量迅速增加,转色后第4周达到最大值,成熟后期略有下降。果实中总花色苷含量逐渐增加,在转色后第6周达到最高,随后有所降低。浆果中可提取花色苷含量持续增加。细胞成熟指数、种子成熟指数和总酚指数总体上逐渐降低。果皮单宁含量变化较小,种子单宁含量在成熟前期显著降低（P＜0.05）,后期变化较小。不同分子大小聚合色素的含量逐渐增加,转色后第6周时达到最大值。浆果感官评价中各种成熟度的得分逐渐增加,果肉香气成熟度和果皮成熟度得分均在转色后第7周时最高,成熟后期变化较小。     

Comparing the effects of exogenous abscisic acid on the phenolic composition of Yan 73 and Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) wines

Phenolic compounds from red wines exert a strong influence on wine quality. Abscisic acid (ABA) is essential for the physiological and biochemical function of plants, but few investigators have thoroughly researched its effects on phenolic compounds in dyer grape varieties. The effects of exogenous ABA treatment on the phenolic composition and individual anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin phenolic contents of Yan 73 and Cabernet Sauvignon wines from the ABA-treated grapes, including anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, phenolic acids, and stilbenes were compared. The phenolic compounds in the Yan 73 wine were different from those in the Cabernet Sauvignon wine. The phenolic content (anthocyanins and non-anthocyanins) of the Yan 73 wine was significantly higher than that of the Cabernet Sauvignon wine. The concentrations of the individual phenolic compounds were enhanced by the ABA treatment for the two different wine varieties. The effects on the compositions varied, a similar trend was observed for the ratios of Cy-derivative and Dp-derivative pigments from the two wine varieties, and all non-acylated pigments were enhanced. The stilbene content was enhanced, the ratios of flavan-3-ol dimers and dimer-glucosides were reduced, and the effects on the composition of other compounds varied between the two grape varieties.