电子束剂量率对冷却牛肉蛋白品质和感官特性的影响

为探究电子束剂量率对充氮包装冷却牛肉微观结构、蛋白品质及感官特性的影响,取牛背最长肌,在高能电子加速器下辐照处理,4℃贮藏25 d。评估辐照剂量率和贮藏时间对其微观结构、蛋白品质及感官特性的影响。在贮藏初期,试验组和对照组相比,冷却肉表面色泽较暗,具有一定的辐照异味,感官得分相对较低,随着贮藏时间的延长,对照组的感官得分下降,辐照处理组相对稳定,150 k Gy/min处理组感官得分相对较高。辐照处理可以在一定程度上加速冷却牛肉的成熟,150 k Gy/min辐照处理对肌节长度的影响与未辐照处理组贮藏成熟15 d对肌节长度的影响相近。电子束辐照对冷却牛肉蛋白质含量及氨基酸组分无显著性影响,而贮藏时间对赖氨酸和缬氨酸等必须氨基酸的含量有显著性影响。     

电子束辐照对鲈鱼肉肌原纤维蛋白生化特性及其构象的影响

为研究电子束辐照在水产品保鲜应用上的可行性,采用1、3、5、7 kGy剂量电子束辐照处理鲈鱼肉,以盐溶蛋白含量、巯基含量、二硫键含量、Ca2＋-ATPase活力、表面疏水性、羰基含量及其构象单元组成等为指标,探究不同剂量辐照对鲈鱼肉肌原纤维蛋白生化特性及其空间结构的影响。与对照组相比,1 kGy辐照组除总巯基含量显著上升外（P＜0.05）,其他指标水平均无显著变化（P＞0.05）。随着辐照剂量继续上升,盐溶蛋白含量、活性巯基含量、Ca2＋-ATPase活力下降,羰基和二硫键含量上升,且呈剂量-效应关系;表面疏水性则随辐照剂量上升先增大后减小,并于5 kGy时达到最大值。圆二色光谱分析结果显示,随着辐照剂量的上升,鲈鱼肉肌原纤维蛋白中的α-螺旋结构向β-折叠转化。结果显示高剂量辐照会引起鲈鱼肉肌原纤维蛋白氧化,利用电子束辐照保鲜鲈鱼肉应控制剂量,实验结果为辐照保鲜鱼肉提供了依据。     

电子束辐照对充氮包装冷鲜牛肉品质的影响

为探究电子束辐照对充氮包装冷鲜牛肉品质的影响,取6 头黄牛背最长肌,在高能电子加速器下辐照,4 ℃贮藏,评估不同辐照剂量和贮藏时间条件下微生物学、生物化学和感官特性的变化。辐照处理组和对照组相比,菌落总数显著下降,在贮藏第0天,处理组的菌落总数分别下降了0.766、1.801、2.673（lg（CFU/g））,差异显著（P＜0.05）;电子束辐照对牛肉样的贮藏损失、色泽、pH值、脂肪氧化并未产生显著性的影响,对TVB-N值的影响较小;但感官评价分析发现,随着辐照剂量的增加,色泽、气味、接受性得分下降。综合分析各品质指标,2.5 kGy左右的低剂量电子束辐照可以在杀灭微生物的同时,较好地确保牛肉品质,提高冷鲜牛肉的货架期。     

电子束辐照对猕猴桃品质及抗性系统的影响

以‘海沃德’猕猴桃为试材，人工接种灰葡萄孢菌（Botrytis cinerea）后采用高能电子束辐照处理，于0～1 ℃、相对湿度90%～95%条件下贮藏，每15 d取一次样，测定电子束辐照处理后果实冷藏期理化指标及抗性酶活力等指标，探究电子束辐照对猕猴桃贮藏品质的影响及对灰霉病的抑制效果，为电子束辐照猕猴桃防腐保鲜技术提供理论依据。结果表明，与对照组相比，电子束辐照处理能有效降低质量损失率，保持果实的可溶性固形物质量分数，抑制可滴定酸质量分数的下降，0.4 kGy辐照组类黄酮含量最高峰峰值升高25.52%；与对照组相比，电子束辐照组过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活力最高峰峰值升高，且0.8、1.2 kGy辐照组β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活力峰值首次出现的时间提前30 d，丙二醛含量提高，表明电子束辐照会引起轻微的果肉细胞膜脂质过氧化，其中以0.4 kGy辐照的果实品质变化小，诱导的果实抗性较强，说明适宜剂量的电子束辐照可以作为提升猕猴桃保鲜效果和抑制腐烂损耗的有效手段。     

电子束辐照对手撕牛肉贮藏品质的影响

以真空包装的手撕牛肉为材料,辐照剂量分别为2、5、8、10、15、20 kGy,研究高能电子束辐照对手撕牛肉品质的影响。探究在不同辐照剂量下,手撕牛肉在25℃下贮藏63 d过程中的品质变化。结果表明,辐照处理组的手撕牛肉在贮藏期内的菌落总数较对照组明显减少;当辐照剂量大于8 kGy时,能明显延长手撕牛肉的贮藏期;电子束辐照对手撕牛肉的剪切力、咀嚼性和pH值并未产生明显影响;对硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）值的影响较小;随着辐照剂量的增加,感官评分出现一定程度的下降,当辐照剂量大于10 kGy时,辐照组的色泽评分明显低于对照组。综合分析各项指标可得：8 kGy～10 kGy的辐照剂量既能最大限度保留手撕牛肉的原本品质,又能保障其安全性。     

辐照剂量率对牛肉脂肪和蛋白氧化及蛋白特性的影响

为研究电子束辐照剂量率对冷却牛肉脂肪和蛋白氧化及蛋白理化特性的影响,试验分析了电子束辐照处理不同剂量率对脂肪和蛋白氧化程度及其蛋白溶解性、疏水性与持水力等特征指标的影响。结果表明:2 k Gy电子束辐照后牛肉脂肪及蛋白氧化程度显著加剧,蛋白溶解性及持水力显著降低,疏水性显著增加(p0.05);在0~2500 Gy/s剂量率范围内,随着剂量率的增大,牛肉的TBARS、酸价、过氧化值、羰基和二硫键含量降低,巯基含量上升,脂肪及蛋白氧化程度减弱;剂量率与蛋白溶解性和持水性呈显著正相关,而与疏水性呈显著负相关(p0.05)。试验结果进一步证明了电子束辐照剂量率会显著影响牛肉脂肪及蛋白氧化。辐照氧化导致蛋白结构的破坏,引起蛋白理化特性的显著变化(p0.05),这为电子束辐照过程中冷却牛肉的氧化控制提供理论参考。     

冰温保鲜对牛肉肌原纤维蛋白结构和功能特性的影响

以冷藏(4℃)的牛肉为对照,通过测定牛肉肌原纤维蛋白的ATP酶活性、巯基含量、溶解性、热稳定性和电泳等指标,研究冰温(-1℃)保鲜对牛肉蛋白结构和功能特性的影响。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,牛肉肌原纤维蛋白的功能性显著降低。SDS-PAGE表明蛋白质发生不同程度的降解。在相同贮藏时间内,冰温保鲜比冷藏条件可减少蛋白质结构和功能性的变化。贮藏至第12天时,4℃冷藏牛肉肌原纤维蛋白的Ca2+-ATPase活性下降了72.9%,而冰温保鲜的牛肉下降46.9%;冷藏牛肉肌原纤维蛋白的总巯基和活性巯基含量分别下降50.12%和93.68%,而冰温保鲜牛肉降至35.08%和71.15%;冷藏牛肉蛋白质溶解度下降41.18%,而冰温保鲜牛肉下降15.52%。SDS-PAGE表明冷藏牛肉的肌原纤维蛋白降解程度比冰温保鲜的大,冷藏条件下的牛肉肌原纤维蛋白热稳定性亦不如冰温保鲜的高。冰温保鲜是一种有效牛肉保鲜方法。     

电子束辐照剂量率对真空包装冷鲜牛肉品质的影响

研究了电子束辐照剂量率对真空包装冷鲜牛肉品质的影响,为电子束辐照在冷鲜肉保鲜中的应用提供理论依据。将真空包装的冷鲜牛肉在2 k Gy的辐照剂量下分别经不同剂量率(0、700、1500、2500、3500 Gy/s)处理,然后再置于2℃冰箱内贮存15 d。贮藏期内分别对微生物指标(菌落总数(TBC))和理化指标(挥发性盐基氮含量(TBA-N)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)、过氧化值(POV)、巯基(SH)、二硫键(SS)、色泽(L*和a*))进行测定,对比不同剂量率处理对辐照效果的影响。结果表明,在2 k Gy的辐照剂量下,在一定剂量率范围内随着剂量率的不断增大,冷鲜牛肉的TBC、TVB-N、TBARS、POV、SS和L*值均显著降低,而SH和a*值增加(p0.05)。综合分析各指标说明电子束辐照剂量率对冷鲜牛肉品质有显著的影响;同时可得出,在2 k Gy的辐照剂量下,剂量率为2500Gy/s处理组,贮藏15 d后,细菌总数5.161 log(CFU/g),TVB-N值为16.6 mg/100g,POV值为1.126 meq/kg,TBARS值为0.218 mg/100g,SH和SS分别为0.395和0.379 mmol/g pro,L*和a*值分别为40.34和19.57,综合辐照效果最佳。     

电子束辐照对梅鱼鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白结构及凝胶特性的影响

以梅鱼鱼糜为原料,研究不同电子束辐照剂量(0～9 k Gy)对鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白结构及其凝胶特性的影响,确定提高鱼糜凝胶品质的最适剂量。结果表明:低剂量(≤5 k Gy)组总巯基和活性巯基含量下降不明显,但7 k Gy和9 k Gy组下降明显;随辐照剂量的增加,Ca2+-ATPase活性明显下降,而表面疏水性先增大后减小,5 k Gy组表面疏水性值达到最大。SDS-PAGE和DSC分析显示,随辐照剂量的增加,尤其在7 k Gy和9 k Gy组,肌球蛋白重链、肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白的热稳定性下降明显;鱼糜凝胶特性结果表明,经5 k Gy电子束处理,梅鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度、白度值和持水性均高于对照及其它剂量组。综上所述,5 k Gy辐照剂量可有效改善梅鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性,且相比于高剂量(≥7 k Gy)组,低剂量辐照对梅鱼鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响不显著。电子束辐照处理可以成为改善梅鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的一种有效手段,合适剂量为5 k Gy。     

超高压与热烫预处理对克氏原螯虾肉冻藏品质的影响

本文研究采用超高压(200 MPa,5 min)、热烫(100 ℃、4 min)两种预处理对克氏原螯虾冻藏(-18 ℃)期间品质变化的影响。贮藏期0、4、8、12、24周分别进行理化(挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA))、感官(pH、质构、色泽)与蛋白(肌原纤维蛋白、巯基、羰基、Ca2+-ATPase酶、表面疏水性、内源性荧光强度)等指标测定,综合评价两种预处理对克氏原螯虾冻藏期间品质变化影响。结果表明:随着冻藏时间的推移,TBA与TVB-N值显著性上升(P<0.05),pH整体呈下降趋势,理化品质明显下降;其中处理组的色泽、质构均优于对照组,且热烫组色泽较稳定,对质构值影响大。超高压预处理对样品质构与色泽影响小于热烫组,表明样品经热烫处理后感官品质最佳。由于虾热烫时间过长,导致热烫组的肌原纤维蛋白未提取成功。超高压处理一定程度上促进肌原纤维蛋白的氧化,整个贮藏期中,蛋白类指标:肌原纤维蛋白、巯基、Ca2+-ATPase酶活显著性下降(P<0.05),羰基、表面疏水性显著上升(P<0.05),而肌原纤维蛋白内源性荧光强度前4周λ_max增大,发生红移现象,随贮藏时间的推移λ_max下降,产生蓝移现象。综上所述,与热烫预处理效果相比,超高压预处理能够在一定程度上促进蛋白的氧化,而且各项理化指标均表明,热烫预处理能够延缓肌原纤维蛋白的氧化。     

电子束辐照进口冷冻牛腩的剂量分布及感官特性研究

目的 确认电子束辐照冷冻牛腩的剂量分布特性,研究不同剂量电子束辐照对冷冻牛腩的杀菌效果及辐照后产品色泽、风味、质构等感官指标的变化,为冷冻牛腩辐照杀菌的工艺设定和质量控制提供技术参考依据。方法 对不同厚度的冷冻牛腩块分别用8 kGy进行单面及双面电子束辐照,检测其内部剂量分布,确定辐照适宜的产品厚度,在此基础上用0 kGy、2 kGy、4 kGy不同剂量对商品包装（1 kg/袋,最大厚度不超过8 cm）的冷冻牛腩进行电子束双面辐照,检测菌落总数、霉菌和酵母、大肠菌群,同时利用色差仪、电子鼻、质构仪检测冷冻牛腩及其熟制品的色泽、风味、质构等感官指标。结果 单面电子束辐照冷冻牛腩的内部剂量呈先上升后下降趋势,快速下降发生在3.5~5 cm深度区域,产品厚度3.5 cm时剂量不均匀度为1.57。双面辐照可增加电子束穿透深度,8.1cm厚度双面辐照的剂量不均匀度为1.62。冷冻牛腩中菌落总数、霉菌和酵母、大肠菌群均有检出,电子束辐照可显著降低冷冻牛腩微生物水平,商品包装的冷冻牛腩经2 kGy电子束双面辐照后无大肠菌群检出,菌落总数、霉菌和酵母分别较未辐照处理降低98.8%和89.2%。电子束辐照对冷冻牛腩及其熟制品风味、质构无不良影响,4 kGy处理显著还提高了冷冻牛腩回复性,但电子束辐照导致冷冻牛腩色泽参数a值和b值显著下降,且剂量越高下降幅度越大。电子束辐照对色泽的影响程度在冷冻牛腩熟制后降低,2 kGy处理的b值显著高于未辐照处理,其它各处理的a值、b值与未辐照处理均无显著差异。结论 8.1cm厚度冷冻牛腩电子束双面辐照的剂量不均匀度为1.62,冷冻牛腩2 kGy双面辐照后无大肠菌群检出,菌落总数显著降低,风味、质构无不良变化,但色泽参数a、b值显著下降,产品红色消退,熟制可以降低辐照对色泽的不良影响。     

Effect of Low‐Dose Electron Beam Irradiation on Quality of Ground Beef Patties and Raw,Intact Carcass Muscle Pieces

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of a low‐dose (≤1 kGy), low‐penetration electron beam on the sensory qualities of (1) raw muscle pieces of beef and (2) cooked ground beef patties. Outside flat, inside round, brisket and sirloin muscle pieces were used as models to demonstrate the effect of irradiation on raw beef odor and color, as evaluated by a trained panel. Ground beef patties were also evaluated by a trained panel for tenderness, juiciness, beef flavor, and aroma at 10%, 20%, and 30% levels of fat, containing 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 50%, and 100% irradiated meat. With whole muscle pieces, the color of controls appeared more red (P < 0.05) than irradiated muscles, however, both control and treatments showed a gradual deterioration in color over 14 d aerobic storage at 4 °C. Off‐aroma intensity of both control and treatments increased with storage time, but by day 14, the treated muscles showed significantly (P < 0.05) less off‐aroma than the controls, presumably as a result of a lower microbial load. It was found that a 1 kGy absorbed dose had minimal effects on the sensory properties of intact beef muscle pieces. Irradiation did not have a significant effect (P > 0.05) on any of the sensory attributes of the patties. Low‐dose irradiation of beef trim to formulate ground beef appears to be a viable alternative processing approach that does not affect product quality.     

Fat content and ascorbic acid infusion influence microbial and physicochemical qualities of electron beam irradiated beef patties

The effects of fat content and post-slaughter ascorbic acid (AA) infusion on microbial and physicochemical qualities of beef patties processed by electron beam irradiation were investigated in a 4 °C storage trial. Beef muscles from AA-infused or control animals were ground and mixed with tallow to achieve a final fat content of 4%, 17% and 30%, respectively. Beef patties were irradiated at 5 and 10 kGy with a linear electron beam accelerator. Non-irradiated and non-infused ground beef patties served as a control. The addition of fat significantly (p<0.05) increased aerobic, total coliform, E. coli, and psychrotrophic bacteria counts in beef patties during storage. Irradiation at both dosages exerted a pasteurization effect on psychrotrophic bacteria for up to 7 days of storage. No viable aerobic, total coliform, or E. coli bacteria were detected in any irradiated beef patties during storage. Physicochemical changes caused by lipid oxidation and surface discoloration of beef patties were significantly (p<0.05) increased by both the addition of fat and irradiation processing. Beef patties made from AA-infused animals did not alter bacterial counts. Instead, post-slaughter infusion of AA exerted a pro-oxidant effect in the beef patties that led to a significant (p<0.0.5) increase in lipid oxidation and surface discoloration of stored patties.     

Survival of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Salmonella typhimurium after electron beam and gamma irradiation of refrigerated beef

The radurization effects of gamma ray and electron beam irradiation at 1.5 and 3.0 kGy on beef steaks inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium and Pseudomonas fluorescens were investigated during 8 days of storage at 5 degrees C. Total bacterial counts and numbers of Salmonella Typhimurium and P. fluorescens were analyzed at 2-day intervals. Total bacterial counts of samples irradiated by both gamma rays and electron beam were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 3.8 to 5.3 log CFU/g. Salmonella Typhimurium was not detectable during the experimental period. P. fluorescens counts of beef samples irradiated by gamma rays at both 1.5 and 3.0 kGy were not detected; however, P. fluorescens in samples irradiated by electron beam at 1.5 and 3.0 kGy was recovered after 2 days, and bacterial counts reached 7.8 and 6.9 log CFU/g, respectively. Both gamma ray and electron beam irradiation reduced total bacterial counts initially, possibly extending shelf life. Irradiation was very effective in destroying Salmonella Typhimurium; however, P. fluorescens was not completely eliminated by electron beam irradiation. Consequently, gamma ray irradiation was more effective than electron beam irradiation in the destruction of P. fluorescens.     

Impact of electron-beam irradiation on the quality characteristics of raw ground beef

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different irradiation doses (0–4.5 kGy) on the quality of raw ground beef. The results showed a significant increase in lipid oxidation and protein oxidation after irradiation, and color fading was observed only at 4.5 kGy irradiation. The increasing spermidine did not trigger any food safety panic button in irradiated raw ground beef, but this issue should be taken into consideration in irradiated cured meat products. Electronic tongue detected higher saltiness in irradiated meat due to increased drip loss by irradiation. Due to the synergistic effect of saltiness on umami, an unexpected increase in umami taste was observed at 4.5 kGy. Dimethyl disulfide produced from the sulfur-containing amino acids, the major irradiation processing biomarker, was only detected at 4.5 kGy irradiation. Thus, electron beam irradiation <4.5 kGy was effective doses for the vacuum-packaged raw ground beef without influencing its physicochemical characteristics.     

Protein quality and microbiological changes in aerobically- or vacuum-packaged, irradiated fresh pork loins

The effect of gamma-irradiation on the physicochemical, organoleptic and microbiological properties of pork was studied, during 43 days of storage at 4±1°C. Irradiation treatments were carried out under air or vacuum packaging on fresh pork loins at a dose of 6 kGy, at two different dose rates: 2 kGy/h and 20 kGy/h. The loins were evaluated for protein sulphydryl content and emulsifying capacity, surface hydrophobicity of proteins and sensorial evaluation. Regardless of the type of packaging and dose rate of irradiation, all irradiated pork samples were effectively prevented from bacterial spoilage for at least 43 days. Meat redness and texture of irradiated loins were relatively well preserved during the storage period, especially when samples were stored under vacuum. Overall, the physicochemical and organoleptic changes in pork loins appeared to be relatively little affected by the 6 kGy dose. No marked changes in emulsifying capacity and protein sulphydryl content of proteins were noted throughout the storage period. However, the hydrophobicity was reduced (P?0.05) by the faster dose rate of irradiation and by longer storage.