熟肉制品中杂环胺的形成与抑制研究进展

杂环胺是熟肉制品中最常见的危害物,其种类繁多,形成途径复杂,抑制机制也不尽相同。本文介绍了2 类杂环胺的结构,主要阐述喹啉和喹喔啉类、2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基咪唑[4,5-b]吡啶、β-咔啉类（1-甲基-9H-吡啶[4,3-b]吲哚（1-methyl-9H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole,harman）、9H-吡啶[4,3-b]吲哚（9H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole,norharman））以及结合态杂环胺的形成途径,归纳减少杂环胺形成的措施及机理（控制加工条件和前体物、添加外源物质清除自由基和中间体、抑制美拉德反应等）,并对目前的研究现状进行概括。     

肉制品中杂环胺形成因素及抑制方法研究进展

杂环胺（heterocyclic amines,HCA）是含有蛋白质的食品高温加工过程中生成的一种可致癌物质。影响HCA形成的因素很多,主要包括烹饪方法、加工条件（时间、温度）及抗氧化物质的存在等。因此,肉制品加工和贮藏过程中产生的潜在致癌物HCA类物质已经成为研究热点。本文就HCA的定义、危害及促进、抑制HCA形成的因素等进行综述。     

热加工食品中杂环胺形成及抑制机制

杂环胺是富含蛋白质的食品原料在热加工过程中产生的危害物,种类众多,且同一杂环胺有多条生成途径。本文主要综述了杂环胺的形成途径以及抑制机制,喹啉类和喹喔啉类可通过肌酸酐、葡萄糖和氨基酸的美拉德反应途径以及自由基途径形成;吡啶类(2-氨基-1甲基-6苯基-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶)可由苯丙氨酸的热解产物苯乙醛与肌酸酐经过一系列复杂的反应生成;氨基咔啉类主要是蛋白或氨基酸在250℃以上发生降解和热分解生成。添加酚类抗氧化剂、香辛料提取物、大蒜、洋葱、维生素等组分,可以清除自由基、捕获苯乙醛、抑制美拉德反应等机制对喹(喔)啉类和吡啶类(2-氨基-1甲基-6苯基-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶)等生成进行抑制。为有效阻断杂环胺的生成,去除其潜在危害提供理论支撑。     

加工肉制品中杂环胺的检测方法及抑制措施的研究进展

杂环胺是肉类等高蛋白食品在烹调过程中产生一类具有致癌、致突变作用的化合物.目前已经从高温肉制品中发现近三十种的杂环胺 . 美国国家毒理学计划在第十一届癌症报告中将五种杂环胺列入潜在的人类致癌物质,且国际癌症研究中心也将三种杂环胺列入潜在的人类致癌物质.鉴于杂环胺可能对人类的健康带来极大危害,本文结合过去多年的文献研究,介绍了杂环胺的提取及检测方法,并对肉制品中杂环胺的抑制措施进行了概述,以期为将来研究提供科学参考.     

肉制品中杂环胺检测与抑制的研究进展

杂环胺是肉制品加热过程中产生的一类具有强致癌、致突变能力的杂环化合物,近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高,杂环胺对人体健康的危害性越来越受到重视,文章简要介绍了杂环胺的分类、形成机理,并重点综述了常见杂环胺的检测方法及其抑制机理,目的是为杂环胺的相关研究提供系统性的理论指导.     

加工肉制品中杂环胺的检测方法及抑制措施的研究进展

杂环胺是肉类等高蛋白食品在烹调过程中产生一类具有致癌、致突变作用的化合物。目前已经从高温肉制品中发现近三十种的杂环胺。美国国家毒理学计划在第十一届癌症报告中将五种杂环胺列入潜在的人类致癌物质,且国际癌症研究中心也将三种杂环胺列入潜在的人类致癌物质。鉴于杂环胺可能对人类的健康带来极大危害,本文结合过去多年的文献研究,介绍了杂环胺的提取及检测方法,并对肉制品中杂环胺的抑制措施进行了概述,以期为将来研究提供科学参考。      

肉制品中杂环胺形成与控制的研究进展

杂环胺是富含蛋白质的食品在热加工过程中产生的1类多环芳香族化合物,具有致癌性、致突变性。有效抑制热加工过程中杂环胺的产生,是目前食品安全领域的研究热点之一。本文综述了目前杂环胺形成与控制的主要研究进展。     

6种传统香辛料抑制油炸牛肉饼中杂环胺形成的作用

本文建立了固相萃取-液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法检测油炸牛肉饼中8种杂环胺（Heterocyclic aromatic amines,HAAs）含量的方法,并研究不同添加量的6种传统香辛料:花椒、辣椒、黑胡椒（0.5%、1.0%、1.5%）、生姜（1%、2%、3%）、大蒜（1%、3%、5%）、洋葱（3%、6%、9%）对油炸牛肉饼中8种HAAs生成的影响。结果表明:8种HAAs在0.5~40 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,决定系数R2>0.999;检出限为0.047~0.102 ng/g,定量限为0.127~0.336 ng/g;精密度为1.2%~10.9%;加标回收率在54.0%~109.4%之间,相对标准偏差在1.4%~8.9%之间。该方法可满足对HAAs进行定量分析的要求。在未添加香辛料的对照组中,HAAs总量为37.5 ng/g。与对照组相比,6种香辛料的添加均可显著抑制油炸牛肉饼中总HAAs的生成（P<0.05）。1.5%花椒、1.5%辣椒、0.5%黑胡椒、1%生姜、5%大蒜和9%洋葱分别对油炸牛肉饼中总HAAs的抑制效果最好,抑制率为77.3%、67.4%、65.0%、67.1%、61.2%、47.9%。此研究结果可为肉制品热加工中HAAs的抑制提供一定的参考。     

植物多酚抑制热加工肉制品中杂环胺形成机制研究进展

杂环胺（heterocyclic amines,HAs）是肉制品热加工过程中产生的一类具有极强致畸致癌活性的有毒化合物,其中2-氨基-3-甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹啉（2-amino-3-methyl-imidazo[4,5-f]-quinoline,IQ）和2-氨基-3,4-二甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹啉（2-amino-3,4-dimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]-quinoline,MeIQ）,2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶（2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]-pyridine,PhIP）,1-甲基-9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚（1-methyl-9Hpyrido[3,4-b]indole,Harman）和9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚（9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole,Norharman）3类HAs在热加工肉制品中较为常见且分布广泛。本文即围绕上述3类HAs,简要分析其形成的途径及机制,并详细阐述外源添加植物多酚抑制HAs形成的作用机制,最后依据现有研究归纳总结出多酚化合物抑制HAs与其化...     

肉制品中PhIP的形成及抑制机理研究进展

2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶（2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine,PhIP）是肉制品在热加工中产生的有害物——杂环胺（heterocyclic amines,HCA）的重要成分。PhIP通过肉制品介质进入人体后,有致癌和致突变的风险。为了避免或降低PhIP对人体的危害,在不影响肉制品品质的前提下合理控制PhIP的含量,是今后研究的一个重点方向。该文就PhIP的危害、形成及抑制机理进行综述,以期为有效抑制肉制品中PhIP的含量提供理论参考。     

Effect of Marinades on the Formation of Heterocyclic Amines in Grilled Beef Steaks

ABSTRACT:  Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are suspected human carcinogens formed in muscle foods during high temperature grilling or cooking. Inhibition of HCAs by commercial marinades rich in polyphenolic antioxidant containing spices was evaluated with beef round steaks cooked at 204 °C (400 °F). Treatment effects on the levels of 4 HCAs were investigated: 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5- f ]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5- b ]pyridine (PhIP), 1-methyl-9H-pyrido[4,3- b ]indol (harman), and 9H-pyrido[4,3- b ]indol (norharman). The marinades were formulated according to the package label instruction in an oil, water, and vinegar mixture, and the steaks were treated for 1 h prior to grilling. All 3 marinades, Caribbean, Southwest, and herb, significantly decreased the imidazo-azaarene HCAs (MeIQx, PhIP) as contrasted to controls and liquid blanks. The Caribbean mixture showed the highest decrease in the total HCA content (88%), followed by the herb (72%) and Southwest (57%). With a few exceptions there were significant decreases in HCAs for treatments with only the marinade bases (ingredients without any spices/herbs). As measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the marinades contained considerable amounts of the polyphenolic antioxidants carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmarinic acid with Caribbean being the highest. Commonly available spice-containing marinades can be effective inhibitors of HCA formation and provide reduced exposure to some of the carcinogens formed during grilling.     

肉制品中杂环胺的形成机制及植物提取物对其抑制作用的研究进展

肉制品中杂环胺(heterocyclic aromatic amines,HAAs)主要是由其中的氨基酸、葡萄糖与肌酸(肌酸酐)在高温长时间加工处理下产生的一类多环芳香族化合物,该类物质具有强致癌、致突变作用以及神经、心肌毒性等.本文主要介绍HAAs的分类、危害、形成机制及影响因素,并综述植物提取物对肉制品中HAAs的...     

肉制品中杂环胺类物质的形成机制及控制技术的研究进展

杂环胺是一类极易在烧烤类肉制品加工过程中产生的物质,过量摄入具有致癌或致突变风险。本文综述了肉制品加工过程中杂环胺类物质(包括氨基-咪唑-氮杂芳烃和氨基-咔啉类)的形成机制;分析了影响肉制品加工过程中杂环胺类物质形成因素,包括加工条件(温度与时间)、烹饪方法、前体物质含量和原料肉中水分含量;重点综述了杂环胺类物质的控制技术,如改善加工方式(微波加热预处理、包裹隔热食品辅料、酒类腌制)、添加外源抑制物如植物性天然抗氧化物(香辛料、茶叶提取物、果蔬及果蔬提取物)、保水性物质(纤维素、壳聚糖、淀粉)等,为加工肉制品中杂环胺的控制技术研发与应用提供理论指导与方法参考。     

葡萄籽提取物对烤羊肉中杂环胺形成的影响

将0.05%VE,0.1%与0.5%葡萄籽提取物,0.1%与0.5%槲皮素分别添加于羊肉表面,在200℃下煎烤10 min,利用固相萃取-配备二极管阵列检测器和荧光检测器的高效液相色谱分析烤羊肉中15种杂环胺的形成量,以探讨天然提取物对烤羊肉中杂环胺形成量的影响。结果表明:烤羊肉中共检测出10种杂环胺,其中极性杂环胺4种,非极性杂环胺6种,总量达51.68 ng/g。在极性杂环胺中2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基-咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶(PhIP)的形成量较高,达10.50 ng/g;非极性杂环胺中9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚(Norharman)与1-甲基-9H-吡啶并[3,4-b]吲哚(Harman)的形成量较高,分别达19.66 ng/g与12.23 ng/g。烤羊肉中添加天然抗氧化剂只对极性杂环胺有抑制作用,其中添加0.5%葡萄籽提取物可以显著抑制2-氨基-3甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹啉(IQ),2-氨基-3,8-二甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹喔啉(MeIQx),2-氨基-3,4,8-三甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹喔啉(4,8-DiMeIQx)与PhIP 4种极性杂环胺的形成(P<0.05),其生成量分别减少36.65%,67.73%,35.63%与30%。天然抗氧化剂对烤羊肉中非极性杂环胺的抑制作用不明显。     

Inhibition of Heterocyclic Amine Formation in Beef Patties by Ethanolic Extracts of Rosemary

ABSTRACT: Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are mutagenic compounds formed during cooking muscle foods at high temperature. Inhibition of HCAs by rosemary extracts were evaluated with beef patties cooked at 191 °C (375 °F) for 6 min each side and 204 °C (400 °F) for 5 min each side. Five rosemary extracts extracted with different solvents were used in this study: extract 100W (100% water), 10E (10% ethanol), 20E (20% ethanol), 30E (30% ethanol), and 40E (40% ethanol). The 5 extracts were directly added to beef patties at 3 levels (0.05%, 0.2%, and 0.5%) before cooking and HCA contents were extracted and quantified. All of the patties contained 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). There was no statistical difference in the inhibition of HCAs in the 0.05%, 0.2%, and 0.5% rosemary extracts. All rosemary extracts significantly decreased the levels of MeIQx and PhIP at both cooking conditions. When cooking at 204 °C (400 °F) for 5 min each side, rosemary extracts 10E and 20E were superior to rosemary extracts 100W, 30E, and 40E in inhibiting HCA formation. Rosemary extract 20E showed the greatest inhibition of MeIQx (up to 91.7%) and PhIP (up to 85.3%). The inhibiting effect of rosemary extracts on HCA formation corresponded to their antioxidant activity based on a DPPH scavenging assay. Rosemary extract 10E and 20E contain a mixture of rosmarinic acid, carnosol, and carnosic acid. It is possible that these compounds might act synergistically in inhibiting the formation of HCAs.     

陈皮对烘烤牛肉干中杂环胺含量的影响

探讨陈皮对烘烤牛肉干中杂环胺生成及牛肉干质量损失率、色差、感官指标的影响.陈皮的总酚物质含量及抗氧化能力分别通过福林-酚法及DPPH法测定,牛肉干中杂环胺含量利用高压液相色谱法测定.在没有经过陈皮水提物腌制处理牛肉干中检测出2-氨基-3,8-二甲基咪唑并[4,5-F]喹喔啉(MeIQx)、2-氨基-3,4,8-三甲基咪唑并[4,5-用喹喔啉(4,8DiMeIQx)、9H-吡啶并[3,4-B]吲哚(Norharman)、1-甲基-9H-吡啶并[3,4-B]吲哚(Harman)和2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基-咪唑并[4,5-B]吡啶(PhIP),总含量为44.01ng/g.160mg/mL的陈皮水提物可显著降低MeIQx(34.3％),PhIP(96.5％),但是显著增加了Norharman(32.4％);且陈皮提取液浓度越高、腌制时间越长,其对牛肉干中杂环胺含量的影响越大;陈皮腌制处理对牛肉干质量损失率没有显著影响,而色泽随着陈皮浓度的升高而明显变淡;感官评价表明经过陈皮腌制的牛肉干在颜色及风味感官品质上无不良影响.因此,陈皮提取物腌制是一种较好的抑制烘烤牛肉干中杂环胺的方法.     

畜禽产品加工过程中有害物质的形成机制及抑制措施--以杂环胺为例

畜禽产品加工过程中容易形成致癌性、致突变性的杂环胺. IQ型杂环胺通过非酶褐变形成,即包含肌酸、氨基酸、糖的美拉德反应;氨基咔啉主要是通过氨基酸和蛋白质在高于300℃的温度下热解产生. 研究表明,随着加工温度的升高和加工时间的延长,杂环胺含量显著上升. 一些天然植物提取物以及抗氧化剂对杂环胺的形成有一定抑制作用. 介绍了杂环胺的结构、分类、含量、影响因素等,重点对杂环胺的形成机制及抑制措施进行了分析.     

Effects of Rosemary Extracts on the Reduction of Heterocyclic Amines in Beef Patties

ABSTRACT:  The effects of rosmarinic acid and a rosemary antioxidant powder were evaluated on the reduction and mutagenicity of MeIQx, PhIP, and comutagens norharman and harman in beef patties fried at 375 °F for 5 min each side and 400 °F for 7.5 min each side. Both rosemary extracts were found to effectively decrease the formation and overall mutagenic activity of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) due to their antioxidative characteristics. At the lower temperature, rosmarinic acid was able to reduce MeIQx by up to 64% and PhIP by 48%, while rosemary powder reduced the formations of MeIQx up to 69% and PhIP up to 66%. The effects of the rosemary extracts were more dramatic when cooking temperature and time were increased, as rosmarinic acid was able to reduce MeIQx formation up to 70% and PhIP up to 64%; also, rosemary powder significantly reduced MeIQx up to 57% and PhIP up to 77%. The overall mutagenic activity was evaluated by the Ames Salmonella assay and both rosemary extracts were capable of reducing mutagenicity in beef patties at the higher cooking temperature of 400 °F. At 375 °F there was an insignificant trend of the rosemary extracts decreasing the number of Salmonella revertants. There was no significant inhibiting effect by any of the rosemary extracts on the formation of either norharman and harman as measured in this study.