冷冻面团中酵母抗冻保护剂的优选

为改善冷冻面团品质,减少低温对酵母的损害,对常见的几种酵母抗冻保护剂进行配方优化。单因素试验测定冷冻7 d后酵母存活率和面团发酵力,筛选出保护剂及其添加量水平,再运用二次回归正交旋转组合设计进行优选试验,在对存活率影响试验中,因素主次顺序为：海藻糖＞甘油＞脯氨酸;在对发酵力影响试验中,因素主次顺序为：海藻糖＞脯氨酸＞甘油。验证得到最优试验条件为：海藻糖、甘油和脯氨酸添加量分别为2.23%、3.43%和1.55%。在此条件下,酵母存活率和面团发酵力分别为85.86%和322 mL。     

中性海藻糖酶基因缺失对面包酵母耐冷冻性的影响

研究了中性海藻糖酶基因(NTH1和NTH2)对面包酵母耐冷冻性的影响。通过分析中性海藻糖酶基因缺失突变株和亲本菌株(BY6-9α)的生长曲线、生物量、比生长速率、中性海藻糖酶酶活力、胞内海藻糖含量、胞内海藻糖降解速率、冷冻存活率、冷冻前产气量、比发酵力、冷冻后产气量和相对发酵力,结果表明,中性海藻糖酶基因对酵母生物量、比生长速率、胞内海藻糖含量和比发酵力均无显著影响,而相对于亲本菌株(BY6-9α),TL-101(nth1)和TL-201(nth1 nth2)的胞内海藻糖降解速率分别减慢了9.22%和15.60%,冷冻后CO2产生量分别提高了63.04%和65.22%,-20℃冷冻28 d后冷冻存活率分别提高了91.06%和103.01%,冷冻后相对发酵力分别提高了95.95%和116.04%,这充分说明敲除NTH1基因能明显改善酵母菌株的耐冷冻特性,而且酵母的耐冷冻特性与胞内海藻糖降解速率呈负相关。TL-102(nth2)的耐冷冻特性与亲本菌株无显著差异,说明单敲NTH2基因对酵母耐冷冻性无显著影响。     

低糖面团用耐冷冻酵母的筛选及其性质

从自然界中分离、筛选出100多株酵母,通过对其海藻糖含量、耐冷冻存活率、面团发酵活力以及-22℃冷冻后发酵力变化的测定,确定一株适用于冷冻面团制作的耐冷冻酵母--W122.该菌株在-22℃冻藏6周后存活率达到80%以上,发酵力为冷冻前的78%.在不同含糖量(0%～20%)的面团中发酵力变化不大,均能达到较高的发酵产气量,在含糖量为5%时产气量最高,并可用于无糖面团的制作.因此,该酵母在冷冻面团加工中具有很大的应用前景.     

海藻糖对面包酵母高糖耐性的影响

通过高温刺激使面包酵母积累较高的胞内海藻糖,考察胞内海藻糖含量对面包酵母高糖发酵力和高渗存活率的影响。研究结果表明,发酵结束前2h培养温度提高至40℃后,菌株BY-6胞内海藻糖含量由4.21%提高到9.76%,高糖发酵力提高了17.2%,高渗存活率也有一定提高。另外对3株面包酵母的海藻糖积累能力和面团发酵力的比较表明,海藻糖积累能力强的酵母菌株高糖耐性较好。     

胞内海藻糖含量对冷冻面团中酵母抗冻性的影响

用不同的方法将活性干酵母进行了处理，研究了处理后的酵母在冷冻面团体系中的发酵力和抗冻力，试验发现，用高渗溶液、甘油和海藻糖的处理的酵母发酵力均有所提高，其中海藻糖处理对酵母的抗冻力的保护作用非常显著，冷冻一个月后酵母抗冻力可达到80．7％。为了分析抗冻性的提高是否与酵母胞内海藻糖含量有关，分剐测试了几种不同方法处理的酵母的胞内海藻糖含量，发现在酵母海藻糖含量大于12％时，抗冻性与海藻糖含量没有直接相关性。复合处理的酵母发酵力提高，但不适于冷冻，推测是由于细胞膜稳定性下降。     

抗冻剂对冷冻面团中酵母冷冻保护机理研究

研究了外源海藻糖、脯氨酸、甘油及其复合制剂对冷冻面团中酵母冷冻保护机理。采用气相色谱-质谱连用(GC-MS)检测面包酵母冷冻前后脂肪酸成分的变化,发现经冷冻后空白、2%海藻糖(2%T)、2%脯氨酸(2%P)、3%甘油(3%G)和2%海藻糖+2%脯氨酸+3%甘油(TPG)组酵母细胞中不饱和脂肪酸的种类、相对含量均增加,抗冻剂组比空白组增加幅度大,TPG组达到最高69.58%;-30℃冷冻7 d后,细胞蛋白含量明显增加,2%P组表达的蛋白量最多。通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳发现,酵母细胞在低温胁迫下会产生多种不同分子质量蛋白来抵御冷冻伤害,2%G和TPG组产生的蛋白种类最多。用透射电镜观察到低温冷冻、解冻会严重损伤酵母超微结构,抗冻剂对细胞超微结构均有不同程度的冷冻修复作用,修复后的细胞壁变厚、胞质均匀。     

抗冻剂对冷冻面团中酵母冷冻保护机理探究

在前期筛选试验的基础上,探究了外源海藻糖、脯氨酸、甘油及其复合制剂对冷冻面团中酵母冷冻保护机理,主要内容为：(1)用气相色谱-质谱连用(GC-MS)检测面包酵母冷冻前后脂肪酸成分的变化,发现经冷冻后空白、2%海藻糖(2%T)、2%脯氨酸(2%P)、3%甘油(3%G)和2%海藻糖 2%脯氨酸 3%甘油(TPG)组酵母细胞中不饱和脂肪酸的种类、相对含量均增加了,抗冻剂组比空白组增加幅度大,TPG组达到最高69.58%;(2)-30℃冷冻7d后,细胞蛋白含量明显增加,2%P组表达的蛋白量最多。通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳发现,酵母细胞在低温胁迫下会产生多种不同分子量蛋白来抵御冷冻伤害,2%G和TPG组产生的蛋白种类最多;(3)用透射电镜观察到低温冷冻、解冻会严重损伤酵母超微结构,抗冻剂对细胞超微结构均有不同程度的冷冻修复作用,修复后的细胞壁变厚、胞质均匀。     

市售酵母发酵特性和抗冻性的比较

采用蒽酮比色法测定不同市售酵母中海藻糖的含量,并结合F3流变发酵仪测出面团冷冻前后酵母发酵特性的变化,对不同酵母的抗冻性进行比较,用以筛选出合适的抗冻酵母来生产冷冻面团。结果表明:5#酵母的海藻糖含量最高,15#、12#和10#酵母制成的新鲜和冷冻面团的发酵力均较大,8#、20#和25#的抗冻力最强且全为高糖型酵母。综合比较得出,在冷冻面团的制作中应首先选择8#酵母。     

基于代谢组学和转录组学分析工业面包酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）ABY3冷冻胁迫应答机制

为研究面包酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）响应冷冻胁迫的机理，对面包酵母－20 ℃处理7 d前后的发酵菌液进行胞内的代谢组学和转录组学分析。在－20 ℃、7 d的环境胁迫下，面包酵母不加糖模拟面团发酵后的存活率为43%，发酵力下降42%。冷冻胁迫下，面包酵母胞内24 种代谢物的变化与494 种基因的表达差异与应答机制相关。通过差异代谢通路分析得出：冷冻胁迫下，胞内氨基酸的匮乏与质膜僵硬化可能是影响细胞生长和发酵性能的主要原因，而胞内不饱和脂肪酸相对含量的增加和海藻糖的积累并不能消除低温对细胞的损伤。研究结果可完善酵母冷冻胁迫应答机理，为耐性调节机制的研究提供思路，对冷冻面团的优化和技术发展具有重要意义。     

海藻糖和卡拉胶寡糖对冷冻面团冻藏稳定性和烘焙特性的影响

为了提高冷冻面团和面包的产品品质，将不同比例的海藻糖(1%、1.5%、2%,质量分数)和卡拉胶寡糖(0.3%、0.5%、0.8%,质量分数)加入面团，通过测定冻藏0、2、4周后冷冻面团的发酵特性、流变特性、水分分布、蛋白质二级结构、微观结构以及面包的比容、质构和内部纹理结构特性，研究冷冻面团冻藏期间的稳定性及面包烘焙特性。结果表明，随着冻藏时间的延长，添加海藻糖和卡拉胶寡糖的冷冻面团在冻藏4周后，其发酵特性及流变特性相对于对照组均有所改善。冻藏4周后，对照组、海藻糖-1.5%组、卡拉胶寡糖-0.5%组α-螺旋相对含量分别下降了45.73%、27.13%、15.71%;β-折叠相对含量升高了31.32%、15.51%、13.79%。电镜扫描图显示，随着冻藏时间的延长，海藻糖和卡拉胶寡糖组的冷冻面团相比对照组具有更致密的网络结构。对照组、海藻糖-1.5%组、卡拉胶寡糖-0.5%组在冻藏1个月后其面包比容分别下降了30.86%、21.48%、15.80%。综上，卡拉胶寡糖相对于海藻糖对冷冻面团冻藏稳定性及烘焙特性具有更好的保护效果，可作为一种新型抗冻剂用于冷冻面团生产中。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press