中国北方人初乳、牛初乳、牛常乳、牛血中胰岛素样生长因子-1和神经生长因子含量的比较

目的检测人初乳、集中饲养的新西兰进口荷斯坦乳牛的初乳、常乳和血液中胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)和神经生长因子(NGF)的含量,比较人初乳和牛初乳、牛初乳和牛常乳以及牛乳和同期采集的血液中IGF-1、NGF的含量。方法采用放射免疫试剂盒测定人初乳、牛初乳、牛常乳和血中IGF-1、NGF的含量,使用SPSS 13.0进行统计分析。结果本研究中测定的人初乳中IGF-1的含量是26.91μg/L,荷斯坦乳牛的初乳、常乳和血清中IGF-1的含量分别是38.40、20.14和37.35μg/L。人初乳中NGF的含量是300.47 ng/L,荷斯坦乳牛的初乳、常乳和血清中NGF的含量分别是69.82、110.37和9.63 ng/L。经统计学分析发现牛初乳和人初乳中IGF-1的含量差异没有显著性,牛初乳中IGF-1的含量高于牛常乳(P<0.05),牛乳中IGF-1的含量与同期血液中IGF-1的含量差异没有显著性。人初乳中NGF的含量高于牛初乳(P<0.05),牛初乳和牛常乳中NGF的含量差异没有显著性,同期牛血中NGF的含量低于牛乳中NGF的含量(P<0.05)。结论本研究发现牛初乳与人初乳IGF-1含量无明显差别,...     

人常乳与牛常乳中全谱游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸的对比

以产后30～40 d的人常乳和牛常乳为原料,采用同位素标记相对和绝对定量结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术对人常乳和牛常乳中全谱游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸的种类及含量进行对比分析。结果表明,人常乳和牛常乳中游离氨基酸质量浓度分别为0.37 g/L和0.16 g/L,水解氨基酸质量浓度分别为2.5 g/L和3.3 g/L。在全谱游离氨基酸中,人常乳和牛常乳均检测到9 种必需氨基酸以及15 种非蛋白质编码氨基酸,分别检测到11 种和7 种非必需氨基酸,其中人常乳9 种必需氨基酸、10 种非必需氨基酸以及7 种非蛋白质编码氨基酸质量浓度显著高于牛常乳（P＜0.05）;在全谱水解氨基酸中,人常乳和牛常乳均检测到8 种必需氨基酸、10 种非必需氨基酸以及12 种非蛋白质编码氨基酸,其中人常乳γ-氨基丁酸、牛磺酸、α-氨基正丁酸和β-丙氨酸质量浓度显著高于牛常乳（P＜0.05）。本研究对比分析人常乳与牛常乳中全谱游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸的种类和含量差异,为配方乳制品以及功能性食品的发展提供一定的参考。     

牛初乳和牛常乳乳清N-糖蛋白质的差异分析

为阐明牛乳蛋白质N-糖基化,采用糖蛋白质组学技术,在牛初乳和牛常乳乳清中共鉴定到154 个N-糖蛋白和246 个糖基化位点,其中,牛初乳鉴定到117 个N-糖蛋白和183 个糖基化位点;牛常乳鉴定到109 个N-糖蛋白和145 个糖基化位点。初乳中丛生蛋白（P17697）糖基化位点N-283表达量最高,常乳中α-乳白蛋白糖基化位点N-93表达量最高。考虑定量差异及有无差异,在牛初乳和牛常乳乳清中共鉴定到129 个糖蛋白的190 个差异表达糖基化位点。基因本体论功能注释表明,差异表达糖蛋白参与的生物学过程是生物调节、刺激性反应、多细胞生物过程、定位、免疫系统过程等;主要分布为细胞外区域和细胞器;主要的分子功能是结合作用、催化活性和分子功能调节。差异表达糖蛋白参与的代谢通路主要是补体与凝血级联、金黄色葡萄球菌感染和溶酶体等。此外,通过蛋白互作分析,找到一些具有高连接度的重要糖蛋白。本研究丰富了牛乳N-糖蛋白质组成及其糖基化位点信息,阐明了牛乳乳清N-糖基化的功能,为评价和改善牛乳品质、研发婴幼儿配方乳中糖蛋白质的改良及功能食品的生产提供了理论依据。     

不同泌乳期羊乳和牛乳的高通量定量乳清蛋白质组学

利用高分辨质谱技术获取牛初乳、牛常乳、羊初乳和羊常乳的乳清蛋白组轮廓,基于其非标记定量强度建立偏最小二乘判别分析模型。结果发现牛初乳和牛常乳在蛋白质组成方面较羊初乳和羊常乳更相似,同时筛选出羊乳中丰度较高的9 种蛋白用作标志物区分这4 组乳样。生物信息学分析发现羊乳中的高丰度蛋白大部分与免疫应答和代谢过程有关,说明羊乳更有助于新生儿建立抗微生物感染的免疫系统。该研究可加深对羊乳蛋白的认识,对牛乳及其制品的营养改良和母乳替代品的生产具有重要意义。     

乳的营养价值(Ⅱ)

3.乳中碳水化合物的组成乳中主要碳水化合物是乳糖(4—β半乳糖甙葡萄糖),其含量因不同动物而异。如表7所示,牛乳中约含4.7%,人乳中约含6.9%。乳中也含有许多其它碳水化合物。例如,人乳中含有各种低聚糖,其总量1,00克人乳中约为0.3克。初乳中低聚糖含量高,大多是以游离状态或与蛋白质结合存在的氨基糖。在低聚糖中,有促进某种微生     

牛乳及婴儿粉蛋白质原料中核酸类物质含量的研究

利用核酸检测技术,通过对牛乳初乳、成熟乳以及婴儿配方奶粉蛋白原料中核酸类物质进行检测,以分析不同泌乳期牛乳核酸类物质含量的变化,以及不同蛋白原料中核酸类物质的含量,为开发添加核苷酸的婴儿配方粉提供基础数据。结果表明,牛乳初乳和成熟乳核酸类物质含量差异较大(初乳为1.933 mg/g粉,成熟乳为0.840 mg/g粉),且牛初乳中含量较高的核苷酸为尿苷酸(UMP),牛成熟乳中含量较高的为鸟苷酸(GMP)。同时,婴儿粉中的蛋白质原料中核苷酸与母乳中核苷酸相比,含量非常低,因此有必要在婴儿粉中添加接近母乳的核苷酸。     

鲜人乳和鲜牛乳中主要游离氨基酸成分的分析比较

应用日立８３５－５０型氨基酸分析仪分别测定了鲜人乳和鲜牛乳中１７种主要的游离氨基酸的含量,其中鲜人乳中游离氨基酸的含量为９３．５６ｍｇ／１００ｇ,鲜牛乳为２４．０５ｍｇ／１００ｇ,分析比较结果进一步支持了母乳喂养婴儿的建议。     

GC-MS测定人乳及动物乳中支链脂肪酸组成

支链脂肪酸（BCFA）是乳中微量但对婴幼儿的生长发育具有重要意义的生物活性成分。利用GC-MS对人乳和4种动物乳（牛乳、羊乳、牦牛乳、骆驼乳）中BCFA种类及含量进行测定。结果表明：5种乳中共有64种脂肪酸,其中含15种BCFA,17种饱和脂肪酸（SFA）,18种单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）和14种多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）;BCFA含量呈现出很大的物种间差异,动物乳中的支链脂肪酸含量显著高于人乳（p<0.001）,牛乳、牦牛乳、羊乳、骆驼乳和人乳中BCFA多为异构（iso）和反异构（anteiso）BCFA,含量分别为2.82%、4.90%、3.35%、8.00%和0.28%;人乳中BCFA受孕龄影响显著（p<0.01）,足月儿乳母的母乳中含有丰富的BCFA。     

超高压处理对牛乳中游离氨基酸影响的研究

采用氨基酸自动分析仪,通过柱后衍生的方法,对超高压杀菌乳中的游离氨基酸进行测定,并且与原乳、巴氏杀菌乳、超高温瞬时杀菌乳进行比较。结果表明:虽然适当的加热处理可以增加游离氨基酸的含量,但是随着加热温度的不断升高,会破坏或损失部分游离氨基酸。但是牛乳经过超高压杀菌处理以后,除丙氨酸和胱氨酸未检出,且超高压杀菌处理以后的天门冬氨酸的含量略低以外,其余游离氨基酸均可检出,而超高压杀菌牛乳中游离氨基酸的含量最高,巴氏杀菌乳中的含量次之,超高温瞬时杀菌乳中的含量最低。     

α—乳白蛋白在婴儿营养中的重要性

理想的“母乳化”乳代用品应该考虑形成一种极似人乳的氨基酸结构,因为人乳蛋白质混合物含色氨酸和半胱氨酸非常丰富,蛋氨酸含量低,所以商业上现有蛋白质要获得此种结构很困难,甚至以乳清为主的配方也仅仅是与人乳接近,人乳有高浓度乳清蛋白质(占总蛋白质的70％)。其中乳糖合成酶复合体的一种组份α—乳白蛋白占乳清的41％,占总蛋白质的28％,牛乳蛋白质中只有3％是α—乳白蛋白,人乳与牛乳的α—乳白蛋白均有72％氨基酸系列相同,两蛋白质都含有(Wt/Wt)6％色氨酸和5％半胱氨酸,蛋氨酸只有0.9％,因此牛乳与人乳氨基酸组成的差别主要是由于α—乳白蛋白含量不同造成的,商业上可得到的牛α—乳白蛋白将会使婴儿配方结构有非常接近于人乳的氨基酸成分。α—乳白蛋白还将成为蛋白质摄入必须受到限定的病人膳食的重要组份。     

我国南北城市0～12 月不同泌乳阶段母乳蛋白质和氨基酸构成的纵向研究

目的：比较我国北京（北方）和深圳（南方）两城市0～12 月不同泌乳阶段母乳蛋白质和氨基酸含量差异。方法：于北京市和深圳市各招募30 名足月分娩健康婴儿的健康乳母,纵向采集10 次母乳,包括初乳（3～5 d）、过渡乳（13～15 d）和成熟乳（3、4 周和2、3、4、6、9、12 月）,检测蛋白质和氨基酸含量并作比较分析。结果：北京和深圳母乳中蛋白质含量均为初乳中最高,随泌乳时间的延长而逐渐降低：其中,前3 周急速降低,之后降低速度减缓,但仍有显著差异（P＜0.05）,到3 月时达到稳定;两城市母乳在各泌乳阶段中均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。母乳氨基酸含量也随着泌乳时间的延长呈显著下降趋势（P＜0.05）,到12 月时总氨基酸含量、总必需氨基酸含量和总非必需氨基酸含量均下降了约58%。母乳中含量最丰富的单体氨基酸为谷氨酸、亮氨酸和天冬氨酸,含量最低的是蛋氨酸和色氨酸,两城市母乳单体氨基酸的绝对含量在除初乳和4 月成熟乳以外的其他各月均有种类和数量的差异,但随泌乳时间的延长,各单体氨基酸在总氨基酸中的比例保持稳定,必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸分别占总氨基酸的42%和58%左右;而深圳母乳中苯丙氨酸在总氨基酸中的比例在除3～5 d以外的其他9 个时间点均高于北京母乳。结论：初乳中蛋白质和氨基酸含量均最高,随着泌乳时间的延长均呈逐渐下降趋势;蛋白质含量不受地区差异的影响,而两城市母乳中氨基酸含量及其在总氨基酸中的比例具有一定程度的差异。     

中国母亲母乳氨基酸模式的构建

母乳被认为是婴幼儿最佳的食物来源,母乳化是配制婴幼儿配方乳粉的基本准则。然而母乳的成分极为精细和复杂,全面了解母乳成分非常重要。氨基酸是母乳中重要的营养成分,其含量受到多种因素的影响,包括泌乳阶段（初乳、过渡乳、早期成熟乳、晚期成熟乳）、地区（南方、北方）以及产次等。本研究评估不同影响因素对中国母亲母乳氨基酸组成模式的影响,并提出不同泌乳阶段中国母乳氨基酸模式及针对不同地域和季节早期成熟乳和晚期成熟乳的氨基酸模式。本研究在我国8 个城市共采集了1 640 份母乳样本,对地域、产次、分娩季节、出生情况、分娩方式5 个因素在不同泌乳期中各氨基酸含量的变化进行分析。采用欧氏距离计算各泌乳时期的氨基酸相似度,找到最小距离和最大距离的氨基酸模式,通过欧氏距离筛选母乳样本,确定不同泌乳阶段推荐母乳氨基酸模式。结果表明,地域、分娩季节明显影响早期成熟乳与晚期成熟乳氨基酸模式,产次、出生情况、分娩方式的影响需要综合多因素分析,通过变异系数结果验证了中国母乳氨基酸模式,并提出不同地域与季节氨基酸母乳模式的差异性。本研究为婴幼儿配方乳粉母乳化研究及母乳营养学研究提供参考,并为婴幼儿配方乳粉改良和优化提供新思路。     

Sialyloligosaccharides in human and bovine milk and in infant formulas: variations with the progression of lactation

Several lines of research support a role for human milk oligosaccharides in the defense of breast-fed infants against pathogens. Some ofthese oligosaccharides contain at least one moiety of sialic acid and are, thus, termed sialyloligosaccharides. These constitute a significant component (>1 g/L) of human milk. It is well established that milk composition varies among species, and previous reports have indicated that one ofthe differences between human and bovine milk is precisely their contents of sialyloligosaccharides. Because most infant formulas are manufactured with bovine milk components, it follows that formula-fed and breast-fed infants ingest dissimilar quantities of these carbohydrate structures. To ascertain these differences and their impact along lactation, the contents of oligosaccharide-bound sialic acids and major sialyloligosaccharides in samples of human and bovine milk (obtained at different lactation stages) were determined. In addition, infant formulas were assayed for their sialyloligosaccharide contents. Seven sialyloligosaccharides were identified in human milk; namely, 3'-sialyl-3-fucosyllactose and sialyllacto-N-tetraoses (a and b+c), the predominant structures at all lactation stages. Five sialyloligosaccharides were identified in bovine milk, of which 6'-sialyllactosamine and 3'-sialyllactose were the most abundant. In addition, sialyloligosaccharides in human and bovine milk decreased along lactation, and infant formulas did not contain significant amounts of sialyloligosaccharides. The results point to the general conclusion that regarding both qualitative and quantitative aspects, milk from humans and cows and infant formulas have different oligosaccharide contents. In this sense, bottle-fed infants are subject to reduced sialyloligosaccharide intake as compared to breast-fed infants.     

The effect of storage conditions on the composition and functional properties of blended bulk tank milk

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of storage temperature and duration on the composition and functional properties of bulk tank milk when fresh milk was added to the bulk tank twice daily. The bulk tank milk temperature was set at each of 3 temperatures (2, 4, and 6°C) in each of 3 tanks on 2 occasions during two 6-wk periods. Period 1 was undertaken in August and September when all cows were in mid lactation, and period 2 was undertaken in October and November when all cows were in late lactation. Bulk tank milk stored at the 3 temperatures was sampled at 24-h intervals during storage periods of 0 to 96 h. Compositional parameters were measured for all bulk tank milk samples, including gross composition and quantification of nitrogen compounds, casein fractions, free amino acids, and Ca and P contents. The somatic cell count, heat stability, titratable acidity, and rennetability of bulk tank milk samples were also assessed. Almost all parameters differed between mid and late lactation; however, the interaction between lactation, storage temperature, and storage duration was significant for only 3 parameters: protein content and concentrations of free cysteic acid and free glutamic acid. The interaction between storage temperature and storage time was not significant for any parameter measured, and temperature had no effect on any parameter except lysine: lysine content was higher at 6°C than at 2°C. During 96 h of storage, the concentrations of some free amino acids (glutamic acid, lysine, and arginine) increased, which may indicate proteolytic activity during storage. Between 0 and 96 h, minimal deterioration was observed in functional properties (rennet coagulation time, curd firmness, and heat stability), which was most likely due to the dissociation of β-casein from the casein micelle, which can be reversed upon pasteurization. Thus, this study suggests that blended milk can be stored for up to 96 h at temperatures between 2°C and 6°C with little effect on its composition or functional properties.     

Distribution of bovine milk sialoglycoconjugates during lactation

The sialoglycoconjugate content of human milk has been extensively studied. However, little attention has been paid to the changes occurring in these compounds in bovine milk during lactation. Since sialoglycoconjugates are very abundant in milk from the early stages of lactation, they have been suggested to be important for the nutrition of the newborn during the first months of life. The distribution of sialoglycoconjugates (expressed as glycoconjugate-bound sialic acid) from four different stages of lactation (colostrum, transitional, mature, and late-lactation milks) was investigated in four Spanish-Brown cows. All the fractions studied (total sialic acids, glycoproteins, oligosaccharides, casein, and gangliosides) showed a similar trend. We found the highest values in the colostrum, these decreasing in transitional and mature milks and increasing again in late-lactation milk. We also found a selective change in the relative contents of glycoprotein- and oligosaccharide-bound sialic acids. In mature milk, the latter increased up to 80% (59% in colostrum) and the former decreased to 3.9% (35.3% in colostrum). It would appear that the decrease in oligosaccharide-bound sialic acid is compensated by the increase in glycoprotein-bound sialic acid. From these results, it is deduced that newborn infants or calves fed with infant formulas or milk replacers, respectively, should be supplemented with sialoglycoconjugates to approximate the composition of human and cow milk as far as is practicable.     

牛初乳与牛常乳乳脂肪球膜中丰度差异蛋白的表征与分析

为阐明不同泌乳期间牛乳乳脂肪球膜蛋白的差异,选定牛初乳和牛常乳中的乳脂肪球膜蛋白作为研究对象,利用定量蛋白质组学技术对其中的蛋白质进行表征,并对两组间的丰度差异蛋白进行筛选及生物信息学分析。本研究共鉴定到763 种蛋白,其中197 种为两组共有蛋白,进一步从其中筛选出80 种丰度差异蛋白,包括41 种上调蛋白和39 种下调蛋白（牛初乳/牛常乳）。对上述丰度差异蛋白进行生物信息学分析发现,这些蛋白参与的主要细胞组分为细胞外泌体、细胞外空间、细胞外区域等,参与的主要代谢通路为代谢途径、嘌呤代谢、苯丙氨酸代谢、酪氨酸代谢、丙酮酸代谢、糖酵解/糖异生等,并进一步筛选出31 种与其他蛋白存在相互作用的关键蛋白,包括结合珠蛋白、2-磷酸-D-甘油酸水解酶等。研究结果将有助于了解泌乳期间乳蛋白成分的差异及其功能性,为牛乳制品的精深加工奠定基础。     

泌乳期母乳脂肪酸变化及其多不饱和脂肪酸影响因素

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定不同泌乳期母乳中脂肪酸的动态变化,并分析乳母血型、生育年龄、孕周、孕前身体质量指数（body mass index,BMI）、分娩方式和婴儿性别、胎次对成熟母乳中与婴儿生长发育直接相关的重要多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）,亚油酸（linoleic acid,LA）、α-亚麻酸（α-linolenic acid,ALA）、花生四烯酸（arachidonic acid,AA）,二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA）、二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid,DHA）相对含量的影响。结果显示,饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acid,SFA）含量在初乳和成熟乳间差异显著（P＜0.05）,单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA）含量随着泌乳期的延长逐渐降低,但差异不显著（P＞0.05）,PUFA含量在各泌乳期无显著差异（P＞0.05）,AA、DHA含量随着泌乳期的延长逐渐降低,在初乳、过渡乳中含量差异均不显著（P＞0.05）,但均显著高于成熟乳中含量（P＜0.05）;母乳中LA含量与婴儿性别有关,ALA含量与乳母孕前BMI有关,母乳中AA、EPA含量与乳母血型有关,DHA含量与乳母孕前BMI、乳母血型有关,均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。     

我国不同泌乳期母乳的脂肪酸构成特征研究

本文总结近15年有关中国妇女母乳脂肪酸构成的现有证据,将大量分散的研究数据及课题组数据按地区和泌乳期进行整合,得到各省级行政区构成的全国汇总数据。共有17个省级行政区的4727例母乳脂肪酸数据被纳入分析,其中初乳1327例,过渡乳900例,成熟乳2500例。进一步对各脂肪酸随泌乳期的变化趋势及其原因进行了探究。结果显示,随着泌乳期的延长,我国母乳中总SFA的构成占比呈增长趋势,C6:0、C15:0和C18:0的含量较为稳定,受泌乳期影响不大,受泌乳期影响较大的SFA中,除C20:0、C22:0、C24:0外,其他SFA在初乳中的含量均显著低于过渡乳或成熟乳(P<0.05)。我国母乳中总MUFA的构成比随泌乳期的延长呈下降趋势,在过渡乳时期下降明显,随后趋于稳定,只有C17:1的含量不受泌乳期的影响,受泌乳期影响的MUFA中,除C16:1外,其他MUFA在初乳中的含量均显著高于过渡乳或成熟乳(P<0.05)。我国母乳中总PUFA的构成占比随泌乳期的延长呈先增高后降低的趋势,n-3 PUFA和n-6 PUFA的变化和此趋势一致。分析比较的结果有利于更加深入而准确地了解我国母乳脂肪酸的构成情况及随泌乳期的变化情况,为一定程度上探明我国人群母乳脂肪酸组成特点、婴幼儿生长发育相关研究及配方食品研发提供基础数据。     

Variation in fatty acid composition of ewes' colostrum and mature milk fat

Temporal content variations of approximately 70 C4–C24 fatty acids (FA) in colostrum and milk of ewes consuming winter diet were determined by gas chromatography. The content of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and straight-chain saturated FA 14:0–16:0 in colostrum was higher whereas the content of 4:0–12:0, 18:0 and branched-chain saturated FA 15:0–17:0 was lower than that in mature milk. The effect of ewe breed on the FA profiles was not significant. The composition of FA changed most significantly 1–2 days after lambing in agreement with the time schedule of colostrum formation. Nevertheless, the content of FA further successively changed up to approximately the 6th day of lactation, whereas further changes up to the 60th day of lactation were smaller. This is consistent with the recommendation that ewes' milk is suitable for human consumption after six-to-eight days of lactation. The higher contents of palmitic and myristic acids in colostrum compared with mature milk suggest that FA composition in colostrum matches the changing needs of the growing lambs.