水煮牛肉冷藏期间脂质和蛋白质氧化与质构特性变化

水煮处理后的牛肉条4 ℃冷藏0~5 d,探讨冷藏期间牛肉中血红素铁含量与脂质和蛋白质氧化之间的关系,以及氧化对肉品质构的影响。结果表明,随着水煮牛肉冷藏时间的延长,与0 d血红素铁含量相比,5 d时血红素铁含量显著降低(p<0.05);而5 d时非血红素铁含量相比0 d时显著升高(p<0.05);5 d时水煮牛肉的硫代巴比妥酸(TBARS)值和蛋白羰基值是0 d含量的19倍和2.67倍;游离巯基含量随着冷藏天数的增加显著降低(p<0.05);剪切力、硬度、胶粘性、咀嚼性等数值在冷藏期间均显著升高(p<0.05)。综上所述,经过水浴加热的牛肉冷藏初期血红素铁含量较高,促进TBARS值在0~1 d阶段迅速上升,冷藏后期非血红素铁含量和TBARS值升高,其促进蛋白氧化进程,水煮牛肉剪切力和硬度等数值显著上升(p<0.05)。     

D-异抗坏血酸钠抑制腊肠脂肪和蛋白质氧化

以猪肉为原料,向其中添加0.05%,0.1%浓度的D-异抗坏血酸钠,进行腊肠制作,测定不同加工时间(0、5、10、15、20、30、48、72 h)下腊肠的脂肪氧化指标[过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid,TBARS)值]以及蛋白质氧化指标(肌原纤维蛋白羰基值、巯基值),并分析其相关性。结果表明:D-异抗坏血酸钠能减缓脂质氧化和蛋白质氧化的速度。不同D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量下,蛋白质氧化指标和TBARS值具有很大的相关性;而不同加工时间下,相关性较小,15 h时,肌原纤维蛋白羰基值、巯基值与过氧化值呈显著正相关(P<0.05),0 h时,巯基值与TBARS呈极显著正相关(P<0.05),72 h时,肌原纤维蛋白羰基值与TBARS呈极显著正相关(P<0.05)。     

油炸温度和时间对外裹糊牡蛎品质的影响

以水分含量、油脂含量、颜色、感官评分和油脂吸收为指标,分别考察了油炸温度(165、175、185℃)和油炸时间(60、90、120、150、180 s)对油炸外裹糊牡蛎品质的影响。结果表明,随着油炸温度的升高和时间的延长,油炸外裹糊牡蛎的水分含量降低,油脂含量增加,L*值和b*值减小、a*值增大,感官评分先升高后下降,油脂吸收程度加大;175℃炸制90 s或120 s所得油炸外裹糊牡蛎色泽金黄,外酥里嫩,牡蛎特征风味突出,感官品质最好。     

油炸过程中挂糊油炸猪肉片外壳食用品质的变化

采用深层油炸模型,利用色差仪、脂肪测定仪和质构仪等分析测试手段,研究了油炸过程中挂糊油炸猪肉片外壳的表观色度、水分含量、含油率及硬度、脆度和易碎性等质构参数的变化。试验结果表明,随油炸温度的升高和时间的延长,挂糊油炸猪肉片外壳的白度(L*值)逐渐降低,红度(a*值)和黄度(b*值)不断增加;复炸时间较短时,产品外壳白度较高,黄度较低;复炸时间过长时,油炸产品外壳红度过高。质构分析显示,随复炸时间的增加,油炸食品外壳的硬度增大,脆性和易碎性得到改善。此外,挂糊油炸猪肉片外壳的含油率与水分含量之间具有负相关关系,相关系数(R2)高达0.981。就色度、含油率和质构而言,在初炸100 s和复炸40-60 s的条件下,制备的挂糊油炸猪肉片外壳具有较高的食用品质。     

油炸工艺参数对即食泥鳅品质的影响

为探究泥鳅在油炸过程中品质变化规律,以台湾泥鳅为原料,分析即食泥鳅油炸环节中时间、温度和煎炸油品种等关键因子,对其感官评分、理化指标、色差、水分分布及质构等品质特性的影响,并探究其指标间的相关性。结果表明,随油炸时间延长及油炸温度升高,即食泥鳅的感官总分均呈先上升后下降的趋势,分别在150 s(90.84±2.13)和180℃(92.07±0.90)时得分最高。不同的油炸时间、油炸温度及煎炸油品种所炸制的即食泥鳅的水分含量与含油率、硬度与弹性均呈负相关,自由水向结合水方向移动,b^*值增大。当用180℃调和油油炸150 s时,即食泥鳅品质最佳。根据Pearson相关性分析,感官总分能有效评价即食泥鳅品质特性。     

即食风鹅加工过程中皮下脂肪及肌内脂肪的氧化规律

通过对即食风鹅加工过程中各工艺点肌肉及皮下脂肪的盐分含量、水分含量、POV值、羰基值和双烯值、TBARS值、酸价以及游离脂肪酸总量的测定,探究了即食风鹅加工过程中脂肪氧化的规律。结果表明:风干过程中皮下组织水分较肌肉散失速率快,盐分含量增加。肌肉水分含量与肌内脂肪的TBARS值呈显著负相关(p0.05),说明水分减少有利于脂肪氧化;风干阶段肌内脂肪的羰基值和双烯值较皮下脂肪波动大,肌内脂肪氧化程度比较大;蒸煮和灭菌工艺结束后TBARS值从风干结束后的0.27 mg/kg迅速增加到0.53 mg/kg,说明较高的温度促进了以丙二醛为代表的醛类物质的产生和游离脂肪酸的积累,从而加强了脂肪的水解和氧化程度。     

洋葱皮乙醇提取物对生鲜猪肉色泽、脂质和蛋白质氧化稳定性的影响

为研究洋葱皮乙醇提取物(ethanol extract of onion skins,EEOS)对生鲜猪肉色泽褐变,脂肪和蛋白质氧化以及微生物侵染程度的影响,并与空白对照组和抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid,VC)处理组进行比较,以猪肉亮度值L^*、红度值a^*,以及高铁肌红蛋白(metmyoglobin,MetMb)含量来判断色泽褐变;以不同时间点样品所含硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)、蛋白质的疏水性和羰基含量分析EEOS对猪肉脂肪和蛋白质氧化的抑制作用;以挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量表征微生物对肉质的侵染程度。结果表明,EEOS能够减少MetMb含量,增加肉样的a*值;第12天时,与对照组相比,20 g/L EEOS处理组TBARS含量下降53.1%,羰基含量下降29.2%,且均低于VC处理组;此外添加EEOS的各组TVB-N值和蛋白质疏水性均低于空白对照组,且呈现浓度依赖关系(P<0.05)。由此可以说明EEOS作为一种天然的抗氧化剂或防腐剂,具有较好的应用前景。     

油炸温度与时间对白公干鱼传质特性及品质的影响

以白公干鱼为研究对象,探究不同油炸温度(160,180,200℃)和油炸时间(0,20,40,60,80,100,120,150,180s)对白公干鱼水分损失和吸油率的影响,采用特定指数方程对油炸过程中的传质动力学进行曲线拟合;测定油炸后白公干鱼水分活度,建立水分活度与水分含量的关系;测定油炸后白公干鱼色泽、硬度、咀嚼性、表层硬度、韧性,并进行感官品质分析。结果表明:油炸温度的升高可显著增大白公干鱼的水分损失速率和吸油速率,且拟合曲线均符合特定指数方程;白公干鱼水分含量和水分活度呈正相关性,并分为两个区域:水分含量<22%时水分活度随水分含量的增加而快速增大,水分含量>22%时水分活度随水分含量的增加而趋于平缓;结合企业生产经验和感官品质分析,油炸后白公干鱼水分含量控制在22%~26%为宜,达到此水分含量且吸油率最低的加工条件为180℃油炸180s。     

低温等离子体对金鲳鱼蛋白质和脂质氧化的影响

为研究低温等离子体处理条件对金鲳鱼中蛋白质和脂质氧化的影响,采用不同低温等离子体处理时间、处理电压、处理次数、处理后放置时间和处理方式来处理新鲜金鲳鱼,分析样品处理前后的羰基含量、总巯基含量、蛋白表面疏水性和硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值的变化。结果显示,在处理电压升高、处理时间延长时,低温等离子体能够增加金鲳鱼中羰基含量、蛋白表面疏水性和TBARS值,降低其巯基含量;当总处理时间为180 s,处理2次～4次,鱼肉脂质和蛋白质氧化程度显著低于处理1次。上述结果表明,高电压、长时间和多次数的低温等离子体处理对金鲳鱼中脂质和蛋白质氧化具有促进作用,同时延长处理后的放置时间也能够加速其氧化。因此,控制和优化各种处理条件,是推进低温等离子体在金鲳鱼保鲜包装中应用的关键。     

羟基自由基氧化体系对带鱼蛋白理化性质的影响

采用国标法测定新鲜带鱼基本营养成分和氨基酸组成,并进行营养评价分析。新鲜带鱼中,粗蛋白含量占干重的88.19%,各氨基酸评分(AAS)较高,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为1.64,具有较高的营养价值。在模拟体系中测定脂肪氧化指标2-硫代巴比妥酸(TBARS)值及蛋白氧化指标蛋白羰基、巯基含量等,并通过凝胶电泳分析阐明脂肪氧化和蛋白氧化对蛋白质溶解性及消化性影响。随着氧化时间的延长,TBARS值及蛋白羰基含量显著增加(p0.05),巯基含量先增加后减少,氧化1 h时达到最大值。电泳图谱显示,氧化后带鱼肌球蛋白重链发生交联聚集。随着氧化程度增加,其蛋白盐溶性显著降低(p0.05),但带鱼蛋白体外消化率在氧化1 h后达到最大值92.09%,随后逐渐降低。羟基自由基氧化体系促进带鱼脂肪和蛋白质发生氧化,蛋白盐溶性降低,但适度氧化可提高蛋白质的体外消化率。     

添加不同成分的外裹糊鱼块深度油炸过程中的传质动力学

将大豆纤维、黄原胶和乳清蛋白分别添加到基本外裹糊（中筋小麦粉、玉米淀粉、泡打粉、食盐）中制成 外裹糊鱼块,在170 ℃大豆油中油炸30、60、90、120、150 s和180 s,测定油炸外裹糊鱼块的水分及油脂、表面油 脂和表面渗透油脂质量分数,采用菲克第二定律和一级动力学方程分析油炸过程中的传质动力学,通过苏丹红染 色实验模拟油脂吸收。结果显示：大豆纤维组、黄原胶组和乳清蛋白组外壳水分质量分数均随油炸时间的延长而降 低,而鱼块水分质量分数先降低后升高再降低;油炸0～120 s时,大豆纤维组、黄原胶组和乳清蛋白组外壳油脂质 量分数均升高,油炸120～180 s时降低。菲克第二定律拟合大豆纤维组、黄原胶组和乳清蛋白组水分扩散系数分别 为0.003 8、0.003 3 s－1和0.003 9 s－1;一级动力学方程拟合大豆纤维组、黄原胶组和乳清蛋白组油脂吸收的传质系数 分别为0.062、0.059 s－1和0.061 s－1。油炸30～60 s,3 组外裹糊鱼块的油脂渗透幅度差异不显著;油炸90～180 s, 乳清蛋白组油脂渗透最深,黄原胶组最浅。表明外裹糊中分别添加大豆纤维、黄原胶和乳清蛋白影响了外裹糊鱼块 深度油炸过程中的水分蒸发和油脂吸收,导致传质系数差异明显。     

三种面糊的流变学特性及对油炸鸡肉块品质的影响

本文研究了三种配方面糊的流变学特性及对油炸鸡肉块品质的影响。鸡肉块分别挂上三种不同的面糊后,测定挂糊量,然后在180±1℃的花生油中炸制3、6、9、12分钟,冷却后测定水分含量、吸油量、脆度和颜色。同时研究了面糊的流变学特性,挂糊的多少与粘度成正比关系。三种面糊都表现出触变特性、剪切稀化特性,是假塑性流体,并符合幂定律。含大豆粉的面糊粘度最大,可提高产品的脆性和颜色。含大豆粉和大米粉的面糊都能减少鸡肉块对油的吸收。     

Quality changes in chicken nuggets fried in oils with different degrees of hydrogenatation

Quality changes in chicken nuggets fried in different mixtures of hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated canola oils were studied. Colour, texture, oil and moisture contents of the chicken nugget samples fried at 190 °C for 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 300 s were investigated. The proportions of hydrogenated to non-hydrogenated frying oils used in the study were 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%.Results indicate that increase in frying time resulted in decreased product lightness (L*) whereas redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) increased. The maximum load to puncture increased with increasing frying time. In addition, oil content increased slowly with frying time, and moisture content decreased as expected. Both frying times and oil types have significant effects on the quality parameters investigated. First-order kinetic equation was used to describe colour changes as well as oil and moisture contents of the samples. Oil and moisture contents had negative correlation relationship. With increasing degree of oil hydrogenation, the surface colour of the fried chicken nuggets samples were lighter, texture increased, oil and moisture contents decreased.     

添加成分对外裹糊流变性能及外裹糊鱼块油炸过程油脂渗透的影响

将分别添加黄原胶（0.4%）、大豆纤维（2%）、乳清蛋白（4%）的外裹糊制作油炸外裹糊鱼块,通过测定外裹糊的黏性模量（G”）和弹性模量（G’）以及油炸外裹糊鱼块的水分和油脂含量、微观结构、苏丹红染色水平和油脂分布,探讨添加成分对外裹糊流变性能及外裹糊鱼块深度油炸过程油脂渗透的影响。结果显示：4 种外裹糊（包括对照组,即外裹糊中未添加黄原胶、大豆纤维或乳清蛋白）的G”值和G’值随温度升高先减小后增大,最后趋于稳定,黄原胶组外裹糊的G”值和G’值最大。油炸后黄原胶组的外壳结构紧密,鱼块孔隙小且数量少,具有较高的水分含量和较低的油脂含量。苏丹红染色幅度最大的是对照组,油脂已通过外壳渗入鱼块;黄原胶组染色幅度最小,只出现在外壳中。油脂主要分布在外壳孔隙周围,黄原胶组的荧光强度最低,其次是乳清蛋白组和大豆纤维组,对照组的荧光强度最高。研究结果表明外裹糊中分别添加黄原胶、大豆纤维、乳清蛋白明显影响了外裹糊的流变性能,抑制了外裹糊鱼块深度油炸过程的油脂渗透。     

低脂油炸外裹糊鱼块的制备工艺优化

以外裹糊鲢鱼块为材料,通过研究外裹粉-水质量比（粉水比）、搅拌时间对油炸外裹糊鲢鱼块油脂含量、水分含量、裹糊率的影响及油炸和冷却条件对油炸外裹糊鲢鱼块油脂含量、水分含量、色泽、微观结构和油脂传递的影响,优化制备工艺,减少产品油脂含量。结果显示：粉水比12∶11（g/g）、搅拌时间10 min、170 ℃初炸40 s和190 ℃复炸30 s、30 ℃冷却60 min时,油炸外裹糊鲢鱼块外裹糊和内部鱼块油脂含量分别为19.83%和1.85%。该制备工艺显著减少了油炸外裹糊鲢鱼块的油脂含量,可用于指导规模化生产。     

Functionality of batters containing different starch types for deep-fat frying of chicken nuggets

The effect of various starch types (amylomaize, corn, waxymaize, pregelatinized tapioca) on quality attributes (texture, moisture content, oil content, color, coating pick up, cooking yield, volume and porosity) of deep-fat fried chicken nuggets were studied. Chicken samples, 0.04 m in diameter and 0.015 m in thickness, taken from the breast portion, were coated with batters composed of a 3:5 solid to water ratio by immersion. The solid content of batter formulations contained equal amounts of corn and wheat flour, 5.0% starch, 1.0% salt and 0.5% leavening agent. As control, batter without starch addition, was used. Samples were fried at 180°C for 3, 6, 9 and 12 minutes. Crispness and oil content of chicken nuggets increased, whereas moisture content decreased with increasing frying time. Starch addition to the formulations increased crispness of the product significantly at the last stages of frying. The highest porosity and oil content was obtained when corn starch was used. Pregelatinized tapioca starch was found to provide a product with the lowest oil content, the highest moisture content, coating pick up and volume.     

Porosity determination of deep‐fat‐fried coatings using pycnometer (Fried batter porosity determination by pycnometer)

The effect of processing conditions such as frying time and temperature, and batter formulation on pore development in deep‐fat fried chicken nuggets coatings were studied using helium pycnometer method. Chicken nuggets with preformed and laboratory prepared batter coatings were fried at temperatures between 170 and 190 °C for a time range between 0 and 240 s. There was significant (P < 0.05) effect of frying temperature and batter formulation on porosity. Porosity increased with frying time and temperature, and ranged between 2.15 and 47.92% for the preformed batter and 9.96 and 54.76% for the formulated batters. Apparent and bulk densities of the preformed batters increased and decreased with frying time, respectively, but both declined gradually with increasing frying temperature. As the level of rice flour in the formulation increased, apparent and bulk densities also increased. Batter formulation and frying temperature significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the variation in moisture and fat content of the fried batter. Porosity demonstrated positive and negative correlation with fat uptake and moisture loss, respectively, for all the batter coatings.     

The Effect of Edible Coatings and Pressure Frying Using Nitrogen Gas on the Quality of Breaded Fried Chicken Nuggets

ABSTRACT: The effects of 2 edible coatings, methylcellulose (MC) and whey protein isolate (WPI), and 2 pressure sources (nitrogen gas and steam) on the quality attributes (crispness, moisture and fat content, juiciness, color, and texture) of breaded fried chicken nuggets were evaluated. MC or WPI was incorporated into either the pre-dust or the batter before frying. Chicken nuggets were fried in a modified restaurant-type pressure fryer under a constant pressure of 163 kPa at 175°C for 240 s. Samples were held under a heat lamp at 60°C for 0-, 10-, 20-, and 30-min time intervals. Crispness was evaluated using a nondestructive ultrasonic technique. Coating type and pressure source had a significant effect ( P < 0.05) on all quality attributes. Chicken nuggets fried using nitrogen gas were crispier ( P < 0.05) than those fried with steam. The treatment combination of MC incorporated into the pre-dust and frying with nitrogen gas was the most effective at maintaining product crispness.     

PRESSURE CONDITIONS AND QUALITY OF CHICKEN NUGGETS FRIED UNDER GASEOUS NITROGEN ATMOSPHERE

The potential for using nitrogen gas as a pressurizing medium in a deep‐fat fryer was investigated. Effects of different frying temperatures (150, 175 and 190C) and pressures (101, 163 and 184 kPa) on the fried food quality were studied. Chicken nuggets were either fried for a constant frying time of 240 s or at a constant core temperature of 70C in a modified restaurant‐type pressure fryer. Modifications were made to include external gases to pressurize the frying chamber. The quality characteristics of the fried products were determined. An increase in pressure applied during frying resulted in tender and juicier fried products because of the reduction in moisture loss. The increase in pressure reduced oil uptake by the fried products. Compared with the use of steam released from the food, frying under nitrogen gas provided similar or better quality of fried products in terms of moisture retention, juiciness and texture.     

Effects of batters containing different protein types on the quality of deep-fat-fried chicken nuggets

The effects of soy protein isolate (SPI), whey protein isolate (WPI) and egg albumen (EA) on the quality of deep-fat-fried chicken nuggets were studied. Batter without protein addition was used as a control. Batter pickup and moisture content, oil content, texture, porosity and colour of the nuggets were determined for 3, 6, 9 and 12 min of frying at 180 °C. Additionally, the rheological properties of batters were studied. SPI (3%) provided the highest apparent viscosity and coating pickup. All the batters showed shear-thinning behaviour except EA-added batter. Addition of different proteins to the batter formulation decreased the oil content of the final product. EA reduced the oil content of chicken nuggets significantly but yielded softer products. WPI (3%) was found to be the most effective ingredient on improving quality parameters of deep-fat-fried chicken nuggets. WPI (3%) added batters provided the hardest and crunchiest product with the darkest colour and also significantly reduced the oil content of the fried nuggets.