不同种植地区蓝莓果中花色苷的分布

目的:探究不同种植地区的蓝莓果实中花色苷含量与海拔高度、纬度等环境因素之间的关系。方法:选取不同海拔高度和纬度的10个种植地区“灿烂”品种的兔眼蓝莓果实为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS)定性和定量分析蓝莓果中花色苷的组成成分,比较不同种植地区的蓝莓果中花色苷苷元、糖基组成与含量的差异。结果:从蓝莓果中检测到5类花青素苷元,共13种花色苷,苷元含量组成由高到低为锦葵色素>矢车菊素>飞燕草素>矮牵牛素>芍药素;糖基组成由高到低为半乳糖苷>阿拉伯糖苷>葡萄糖苷,其中从芍药素中仅检测到半乳糖苷。蓝莓果中锦葵色素-3-O-半乳糖苷和矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷的含量最高,而飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷和矮牵牛素-3-O-葡萄糖苷含量低,在部分地区的蓝莓果中缺失或未检测到。不同种植地区蓝莓果中花色苷组成虽基本一致但含量存在差异。云南龙朋代表的低纬度、高海拔地区种植的蓝莓果中花色苷总含量最高,高纬度、低海拔地区的浙江草塔的蓝莓果中花色苷总含量最低。结论:不同种植地区的地理环境影响蓝莓果中花色苷的分布,高海拔地区的环境条件更利于蓝莓果实中花色苷的合成和积累。     

采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法分析黑粒小麦麸皮中的花色苷组成

以黒粒小麦麸皮为原料,应用高效液相色谱配以串联质谱和二极管阵列检测技术对黒粒小麦中麸皮中的花色苷的组成进行了分析。结果显示:从黒粒小麦麸皮中分离鉴定出9种不同的花色苷类化合物———矢车菊素-己糖苷、矢车菊素-芦丁苷、芍药素-己糖苷、矢车菊素-丙二酰葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素-己糖苷、飞燕草色素-芦丁苷、锦葵色素-芦丁苷、芍药素-芦丁苷及牵牛花素-芦丁苷,其中飞燕草类花色苷和矢车菊素类花色苷是主要花色苷,分别占全部花色苷含量的50.27%和30.04%。     

HPLC-ESI-MS/MS鉴定几种提取物的主要花色苷成分

随着人们对食品中合成添加物中潜在的健康意识的提高,水果和蔬菜中天然提取物在食品工业中的应用受到了广泛关注。本文通过高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子化串联质谱联用技术(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)对几种提取物中的主要花色苷成分进行了成分鉴定。通过对比相关文献结果,推测出葡萄皮花色苷的主要成分为:飞燕草-3-半乳糖苷、矢车菊-3-葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛-3-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-3-葡萄糖苷、锦葵素-3-葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素-3-葡萄糖苷;黑米花色苷的主要成分为:矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素-3-葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素-3-葡萄糖苷;紫甘薯花色苷中主要检测出了:芍药素-3-咖啡酰-对羟基苯甲酰槐糖苷-5-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-3-咖啡酰-阿魏酰槐糖苷-5-葡萄糖苷。通过研究不同提取物中的花色苷成分,为其在食品中的应用提供理论数据。     

HPLC-ESI-MS分析紫色小白菜中花色苷组成分析

采用HPLC-ESI-MS方法测定并分析"新紫冠"紫色小白菜中花色苷的组分及其含量。结果表明,"新紫冠"紫色小白菜中含有矢车菊及飞燕草两类花色苷,以矢车菊-3,5-双葡萄糖苷标准品测得总花色苷含量为51.36μg/g·fw,其中矢车菊类花色苷含50.71μg/g·fw,占总含量的98.73%,飞燕草类花色苷含0.65μg/g·fw,仅占1.27%。矢车菊类花色苷全部以酰基化的形式存在,共检测出10种矢车菊类花色苷及相应的9种同分异构体,其中矢车菊-3-阿魏酰-槐糖苷-5-丙二酰-葡萄糖苷是含量最多的花色苷成分,达16.36μg/g·fw,占总含量的31.85%。     

笃斯越桔和欧洲越桔抗氧化活性及花色苷组成比较研究

为探讨北半球高纬度地区2种野生蓝莓,即笃斯越桔和欧洲越桔的体外抗氧化活性及花色苷组成,以中、欧两地收集的野生浆果果实为原料进行提取、纯化,得到提取物冻干粉,分别测定了其花色苷含量、多酚类物质含量、清除DPPH自由基能力及总还原能力,并对其主要活性成分花色苷的组成进行了UPLC-MS分析及含量比较。结果表明:花色苷为笃斯越桔和欧洲越桔提取物中多酚类物质的主要成分,2种提取物30%乙醇洗脱物均有较好的还原能力,可有效清除DPPH自由基;共鉴定出花色苷16种,其中欧洲越桔含有15种,笃斯越桔含有14种,欧洲越桔提取物以矢车菊素类花色苷占比较大,含量最多的为矢车菊素-3-半乳糖苷,其次为矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷,而笃斯越桔提取物以飞燕草素类花色苷占比较大,含量最多的为飞燕草素-3-葡萄糖苷。     

天然黑豆红色素的研究进展

天然食品色素是最近20多年来受到广泛关注的一类食品添加剂.黑豆红色素是从黑色大豆种皮中提取的花色苷类色素,是一种安全、无毒的天然食用色素,具有抗氧化作用、延缓衰老作用、保肝作用、抗肥胖、降血脂等重要的生物活性.目前,黑豆红色素的提取方法主要有:盐酸-乙醇提取法、微波辅助法、超声辅助法等,应用大孔吸附树脂纯化工艺进行精制.黑豆红色素包括矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素-3-葡萄糖苷和矢车菊素-3-半乳糖苷三种花色苷,主要着色成分为矢车菊素-3-半乳糖苷.黑豆红色素已经列入我国食品添加剂(GB2760-1996).文章参考国内、外最近5年来的最新研究成果,综述了黑豆红色素提取方法、纯化工艺、化学结构、理化性质和生物活性,对黑豆红色素的综合开发具有一定的参考价值.     

西伯利亚白刺果实花色苷的初步鉴定

以西伯利亚白刺果实为材料,利用光谱方法和色谱方法对其花色苷进行了初步鉴定。结果表明：西伯利亚白刺果实花色苷中1号色素为天竺葵色素-3-葡萄糖鼠李糖苷,3号色素为矢车菊色素-3-葡萄糖鼠李糖苷,4号色素为飞燕草色素-3-半乳糖苷。     

黑豆皮花色苷的中压液相色谱制备及结构鉴定

以黑豆皮为实验材料,用乙醇浸提法对黑豆皮中的花色苷进行提取,用大孔吸附树脂对花色苷进行纯化,经冷冻干燥得到黑豆皮花色苷粗品。利用中压制备色谱对花色苷组分进行分离,通过质谱分析鉴定经中压制备色谱分离后的花色苷组分。结果表明:黑豆皮花色苷粗品中的总花色苷含量为26.9%,经中压制备色谱对花色苷粗品进行分离后的2峰中矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷纯度达到91.46%。黑豆皮中的主要花色苷为天竺葵素-3-O-芸香糖苷、芍药色素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷和锦葵素-3-葡萄糖苷-4-乙醛。     

蓝莓成熟过程中花色苷组分的变化

通过分析研究不同成熟度蓝莓果实的总花色苷含量及其花色苷组分的动态变化规律,以期为蓝莓采收和加工提供参考。采用p H示差法测得不同成熟度蓝莓的总花色苷含量,高效液相色谱质谱联用(HPLC-MS/MS)确定单个花色苷结构,用HPLC定量分析单个花色苷含量。结果表明:随着蓝莓果成熟度的增加,花色苷合成速率不断加快,花色苷含量逐渐积累,紫黑期含量达到最大值2827 mg/kg;蓝莓成熟过程中共有15种花色苷,分别为飞燕草色素、矢车菊色素、矮牵牛花色素、芍药色素、锦葵色素这5种花色苷元所连接的半乳糖、葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖3种糖残基;在蓝莓发育过程中,飞燕草素类、矮牵牛花素类、芍药素类、锦葵素类均呈显著增长趋势,而矢车菊素类增长至成熟后期开始明显减少。     

蔓越莓花色苷的组成鉴定及抗氧化能力

对蔓越莓花色苷的组成进行鉴定,并对其抗氧化能力进行测定。采用pH示差法测定花色苷提取量,超高压辅助提取蔓越莓花色苷含量为（75.49±0.43）mg/100?g,常规溶剂提取蔓越莓花色苷含量为（67.31±1.08）mg/100?g,蔓越莓中总花色苷含量为（79.52±0.50）mg/100?g;选择AB-8大孔树脂对蔓越莓花色苷粗提物进行纯化,冻干粉中花色苷含量从（46.10±0.92）mg/g提高到（309.26±2.37）mg/g。通过测定1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率、2,2’-联氮基-双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐自由基清除能力和总抗氧化能力,比较蔓越莓花色苷与VC的抗氧化能力。结果表明：同质量浓度条件下,蔓越莓花色苷的抗氧化能力强于VC。通过高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术在蔓越莓中鉴定出7?种花色苷：芍药素-3,5-二己糖苷、矢车菊素-3-半乳糖苷、矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-阿拉伯糖苷、芍药素-3-半乳糖苷、芍药素-3-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-3-阿拉伯糖苷,其中芍药素-3,5-二己糖苷首次在蔓越莓中被鉴定出。     

Changes of flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity in blueberries after illumination with UV-C

The levels of flavonoids in blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were found to increase after illumination with UV-C. Phytochemicals affected included resveratrol, myricetin-3-arabinoside, quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, kaempferol-3-glucuronide, delphinidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, delphinidin-3-arabinoside, petunidin-3-galactoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, petunidin-3-arabinoside, malvidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-arabinoside, and chlorogenic acid as analyzed by HPLC. Significantly higher antioxidant capacity was detected in fruit treated with 2.15, 4.30, or 6.45 kJ m⁻² compared to the control fruit. UV-C dosage of 0.43 kJ m⁻² also increased phenolics and anthocyanins, but to a lesser extent. The optimum doses of UV-C for enhancing phytochemical content in blueberries were 2.15 and 4.30 kJ m⁻². These data suggest that proper use of UV-C illumination is capable of modifying the phytochemical content of blueberries. Time course measurements of the effects of UV-C revealed that the strongest responses of fruit to UV-C treatment occurred instantly after the illumination and the effects diminished with time. Therefore, even though residual effects were evident following UV-C exposure, the best results were obtained immediately after the treatment.     

ANTHOCYANINS OF BEAUTY SEEDLESS GRAPES

Beauty Seedless grape pigments were isolated and identified by chromatographic, spectral and chemical properties. The pigments were identified as delphinidin-3-glucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside acylated with caffeic acid and malvidin-3-glucoside acylated with p-coumaric acid. Beauty Seedless grapes contained 62 mg anthocyanins per 100g fresh grapes and malvidin derivatives accounted for 73% of the total anthocyanins.     

Characterisation and preliminary bioactivity determination of Berberis boliviana Lechler fruit anthocyanins

Berberis boliviana Lechler is a member of the Berberidaceae family that has a small edible red-purple berry. The plant is native to the Peruvian Andes and contains high amounts of anthocyanin pigments. The monomeric anthocyanin content, determined by a pH-differential method, was 7/100 g of seedless berries. Pigments were characterised by HPLC coupled to a photodiode array (PDA) and mass spectrophotometer (MS) detectors. Five aglycones and ten anthocyanins were found and identified as petunidin-3-glucoside (24.4%), delphinidin-3-glucoside (24.1%), malvidin-3-glucoside (22.1%), cyanidin-3-glucoside (10.2%), petunidin-3-rutinoside (7.15%), malvidin-3-rutinoside (4.9%), cyanidin-3-rutinoside (3.8%), delphinidin-3-rutinoside (2.6%), peonidin-3-glucoside (1.1%), and peonidin-3-rutinoside (0.9%).     

Anthocyanins in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. unguiculata]

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the anthocyanins in the black seed coated cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. unguiculata] using reverse phase C-18 open column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection and electro spray ionization/mass spectrometry (DAD-ESI/MS) analysis, respectively. Anthocyanins were extracted from the coat of black cowpea with 1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in methanol, isolated by RP-C-18 column chromatography, and their structures elucidated by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The isolated anthocyanins were characterized as delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (2) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (4). Furthermore, 5 minor anthocyanins were detected and identified as delphinidin-3-O-galactoside (1), cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (3), petunidin-3-O-glucoside (5), peonidin-3-O-glucoside (7), and malvidin-3-O-glucoside (8) based on the fragmentation patterns of HPLC-DADESI/MS analysis.     

High performance liquid chromatography analysis of anthocyanins in bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), and corresponding juices

In the present study the anthocyanin content of commercially available bilberry juices and fresh fruits were quantified by using 15 authentic anthocyanin standards via high performance liquid chromatography with an ultra-violet detector (HPLC-UV/VIS). Delphinidin-3-O-glucopyranoside, delphinidin-3-O-galactopyranoside, and cyanidin-3-O-arabinopyranoside were the major anthocyanins found in juices, nectar, and fresh bilberries. In contrast, fresh blueberries had higher concentrations of malvidin-3-O-arabinopyranoside and petunidin-3-O-galactopyranoside. Up to 438 mg anthocyanins per 100 g fresh weight (2762 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)) were detected in blueberries from various sources, whereas bilberries contained a maximum of 1017 mg anthocyanins per 100 g fresh weight (7465 mg/100 g DW). Commercially available bilberry and blueberry juices (n= 9) as well as nectars (n= 4) were also analyzed. Anthocyanin concentrations of juices (1610 mg/L to 5963 mg/L) and nectar from bilberries (656 mg/L to 1529 mg/L) were higher than those of blueberry juices (417 mg/L) and nectar (258 mg/L to 386 mg/L). We conclude that using several authentic anthocyanin references to quantify anthocyanin contents indicated them to be up to 53% and 64% higher in fresh bilberries and blueberries, respectively, than previously reported using cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. This study has also demonstrated that commercially available juices produced from bilberries contain much higher anthocyanin concentrations than those from blueberries. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: We have investigated the contents of a special class of antioxidants, namely anthocyanins in blueberry and billberry fruits and juices commercially available in Germany. To achieve reliable data we have used authentic standards for the first time. We think that our results are important in the field of nutritional intake of this important class of polyphenols and fruit juice companies get a closer insight in the occurrence of these antioxidants in market samples to be used in food composition databases and for nutritional survey.     

Identification of anthocyanins and distribution of flavonoids in tamarillo fruit (Cyphomandra betaceae (Cav.) Sendt.)

The major tamarillo (Cyphomandra betaceae) anthocyanin pigments were isolated and identified as pelargonidin-3-rutinoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside. The intense purple-coloured jelly surrounding the seeds contained the greatest concentration of anthocyanins, delphinidin-3-rutinoside being the major pigment. Flavones, flavonols and leucoanthocyanins were also present in this material. The yellow-coloured flesh contained flavones and low concentration of anthocyanins. The major anthocyanin of the skins is cyanidin-3-rutinoside; flavones and leucoanthocyanins are also present. It is suggested that the presence of leucoanthocyanins in pigment extracts induced degradation of anthocyanins during isolation and purification.     

Stability of anthocyanins and sugars during heating for low sugar meoru (Vitis coignetiea) jam-making under singlet oxygen

Stability of meoru (Vitis coignetiea) anthocyanins during heating under singlet oxygen to simulate low sugar meoru jam-making was studied. Samples consisted of meoru juice, sugars (sucrose, glucose, or fructose), and pectin were placed at 10 or 90°C under singlet oxygen which was produced with riboflavin under 5,500 lx. Anthocyanins present in samples were malvidin-3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-glucoside in a decreasing order. Meoru anthocyanins were degraded under singlet oxygen and heating accelerated the degradation. Degradation was faster in monoglucoside anthocyanins than diglucoside anthocyanins, and in samples added with sucrose or fructose than in samples with glucose. Sucrose in samples was hydrolyzed to glucose and fructose possibly by acid present in meoru, at higher rate at 90°C than at 10°C. Simple sugars added or produced by hydrolysis of sucrose were stable during heating or at 10°C under singlet oxygen, possibly due to quenching activity of meoru anthocyanins on singlet oxygen.     

Mechanisms of anthocyanin degradation in grape must-like model solutions

Oxidative degradation of o-diphenolic (eg cyanidin-3-glucoside) and non-o-diphenolic (eg malvidin-3-glucoside) anthocyanins in the presence of caffeoyltartaric acid and grape polyphenoloxidase was studied in model solutions. Both anthocyanins reacted with the enzymically generated caffeoyltartaric acid o-quinone. Kinetic studies indicated that cyanidin-3-glucoside was degraded mostly by coupled oxidation whereas malvidin-3-glucoside formed adducts with caffeoyltartaric acid quinone. In solutions containing equimolar amounts of the anthocyanins, both reactions took place but coupled oxidation of cyanidin-3-glucoside occurred at a faster rate, partly protecting malvidin-3-glucoside. The occurrence of coupled oxidation resulted in sparing of caffeoyltartaric acid. Several oxidation products, including red pigments, were detected by HPLC. The UV-Vis spectra of the coloured condensation products suggested that they contained both caffeoyltartaric acid and anthocyanin moieties. All these pigments were gradually degraded to colourless compounds either by enzymatic oxidation or by further reaction with quinones.     

Identification and characterisation of anthocyanins in the antioxidant activity-containing fraction of Liriope platyphylla fruits

The objective of this study was to investigate antioxidant activities and anthocyanin profiles in the fruits of Liriope platyphylla, where these are considered functional substances in Korea. The acidic methanol extract of this species exhibited potent antioxidant activities, showing 83.9% DPPH scavenging activity and 92.5% ABTS scavenging activity at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Moreover, anthocyanins were identified by reversed-phase C₁₈ column chromatography, NMR spectroscopy, and HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis. Seven anthocyanins were characterised, including delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (1), delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside (2), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (3), petunidin-3-O-glucoside (4), petunidin-3-O-rutinoside (5), malvidin-3-O-glucoside (6), and malvidin-3-O-rutinoside (7). Among these, petunidin-3-O-rutinoside (5) (7302.2 μg/g) and malvidin-3-O-rutinoside (7) (5776.1 μg/g) were the predominant anthocyanins, whereas the least prevalent anthocyanin was found to be cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (3) (64.9 μg/g). Therefore, our results suggest that strong antioxidant activities of the acidic methanol extract of L. platyphylla fruits are correlated with high anthocyanin contents, particularly the petunidin-3-O-rutinoside (5) and malvidin-3-O-rutinoside (7).     

Characterisation of anthocyanins in the black soybean (Glycine max L.) by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the anthocyanins in the black seed coated soybean (cv. Cheongja 3, Glycine max (L.) Merr.) using reverse phase C-18 open column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection and electro spray ionization/mass spectrometry (DAD-ESI/MS) analysis, respectively. Anthocyanins were extracted from the coat of black soybeans with 1% TFA in methanol, isolated by RP-C-18 column chromatography, and their structures elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The isolated anthocyanins were characterised as delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (3), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (5), petunidin-3-O-glucoside (6), pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside (7) and cyanidin (9). Furthermore, four minor anthocyanins were detected and identified as catechin-cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (1), delphinidin-3-O-galactoside (2), cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (4), and peonidin-3-O-glucoside (8) based on the fragmentation patterns of HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis.