不同包装方式对贮藏牛肉食用品质的影响

实验以延边黄牛腿肉为实验对象,采取托盘包装、真空包装和热收缩包装,(4±1)℃冷藏,通过检测蒸煮损失、pH、剪切力、表面颜色,研究不同包装方式对贮藏期间牛肉品质的影响。实验结果表明:贮藏时间和包装方式对延边黄牛肉品质影响显著(p<0.05),真空包装牛肉的pH上升速率较慢,表面颜色的稳定性好,真空包装保鲜效果最好,保质期可达21d,热收缩膜包装的牛肉保鲜效果次之,保质期为18d,而托盘包装的牛肉保质期仅为12d。      

不同包装方式对贮藏牛肉食用品质的影响

实验以延边黄牛腿肉为实验对象,采取托盘包装、真空包装和热收缩包装,(4±1)℃冷藏,通过检测蒸煮损失、pH、剪切力、表面颜色,研究不同包装方式对贮藏期间牛肉品质的影响。实验结果表明:贮藏时间和包装方式对延边黄牛肉品质影响显著(p0.05),真空包装牛肉的pH上升速率较慢,表面颜色的稳定性好,真空包装保鲜效果最好,保质期可达21d,热收缩膜包装的牛肉保鲜效果次之,保质期为18d,而托盘包装的牛肉保质期仅为12d。     

宰后成熟对牛肉品质的影响

本文通过对牛肉中粗钙激活因子（依钙蛋白酶CAF）的活性及肌原纤维小片化指数、胶原含量的测定,说明牛肉中依钙蛋白酶的活性随宰后时间的延长面下降,直影响到肉嫩度的变化、成熟时间越长,肌原纤维小片化程度越高,肌原纤维结构破坏越来在重,越有利于提高肉的嫩度。     

宰后成熟对牛肉品质的影响

文章通过对牛肉中粗钙激活因子的活性及肌原纤维小片化指数、胶原含量的测定。说明牛肉中依钙蛋白酶的活性随宰后时间的延长而下降,直接影响到肉嫩度的变化,成熟时间越长、肌原纤维小片化程度越高,肌原纤维结构破坏越严重,越有利于提高肉的嫩度。     

性别对沃金黑牛肉食用品质的影响

为研究性别对沃金黑牛肉食用品质的影响,选择30月龄、健康、无病、发育正常的沃金黑牛公牛、母牛和阉公牛各3头,9头试验沃金黑牛的初始体重相近,同一饲养管理,饲养试验结束后屠宰,取同一西冷部位测定肉色、嫩度、加压失水率、离心失水率、滴水损失、蒸煮损失、熟肉率和pH值8个指标.结果表明,沃金黑牛的性别对嫩度、离心损失和蒸煮损...     

宰后不同时间冷冻和冻结速率对牛肉食用品质的影响

采用均匀实验设计,以宰后时间和冻结速率为考察因素,以牛背最长肌为原料,探讨宰后放置不同时间进行冷冻和不同冻结速率对解冻后牛肉食用品质的影响规律。结果表明,宰后时间和冻结速率对冻结肉样的蒸煮损失、p H、a*值和剪切力值均有显著影响(p<0.05),但对肉样的L*值、b*值影响不显著(p>0.05)。当保持冻结速率一定时,肉样解冻后的蒸煮损失和p H均随着宰后时间的增加而增加,a*值和剪切力随宰后时间的延长而降低,宰后时间对肉样的解冻汁液流失无显著影响(p>0.05);当保持宰后时间一定时,冻结肉样的解冻汁液流失、蒸煮损失、p H、a*值和剪切力值均随着冻结速率的增大而降低。      

NO对宰后牛肉成熟过程中AMPK活性、糖酵解及持水力的影响

为研究宰后牛肉中NO对一磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated proteinkinase,AMPK)活性、糖酵解及肉品持水力的级联调控作用.以NO释放剂二乙烯三胺(diethylenetriamine,DETA)、一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂亚硝基左旋精氨酸甲酯(L-nitro-arginine methyl es...     

宰后颈臂束缚技术对牛肉品质的影响

颈臂束缚技术是一种在跟腱吊挂基础上,于牛胴体前臂远端与颈前端之间施加一径向外力使之收紧,从而 加快肉牛胴体成熟的技术。为研究该技术对牛肉品质的影响,选取6 头年龄和活体质量相近的新疆褐牛,屠宰后左 半侧胴体采用颈臂束缚技术成熟（实验组）,右半侧胴体采用传统跟腱吊挂方式成熟（对照组）,分别于宰后0、 1、2、3、7、14、21 d测定牛臂三头肌、背最长肌和股二头肌三部位的pH值、失水率、蒸煮损失率、剪切力和肌纤 维超微结构等指标。结果表明：与对照组相比,实验组肉样失水率增加、剪切力降低、肌原纤维小片化指数增大, 且差异显著,肌原纤维结构破坏更为严重。颈臂束缚成熟技术可以缩短牛肉的宰后成熟时间,降低工厂生产成本, 提高生产效率。     

不同牛肉部位对牛肉片品质的影响

为研究不同部位牛肉加工成牛肉片后品质的差异,选择辣椒条、霖肉、腱子肉和黄瓜条为原料加工成牛肉片,分别测定其出品率、色差、剪切力、水分含量及水分分布等指标,并进行感官评价。结果表明：辣椒条加工的牛肉片感官总分最高,为14.44 分,剪切力为5.31 N,显著低于其他组牛肉片;低场核磁共振结果表明,辣椒条制作的牛肉片不易流动水含量最高,保水性最好;牛腱制作的牛肉片感官总分最低,为12.22 分,剪切力为11.54 N,显著高于其他组牛肉片,嫩度最差。因此,以辣椒条为原料生产的牛肉片品质最好。     

宰后初期pH-温度窗口对牛肉品质的影响

嫩度、肉色及保水性是牛肉较为重要的食用品质,pH-温度下降关系对牛肉品质（尤其是嫩度）具有一定影响,但我国目前仍缺乏系统全面的牛肉嫩度数据库以及pH-温度窗口对牛肉品质差异的分析研究。基于此,该研究对我国两家具有代表性的大型屠宰企业肉牛宰后24 h内pH值与温度的下降关系（n=581）及宰后成熟过程中的品质指标（n=60）进行测定和分析。结果显示,A工厂88.1%的胴体处于理想的pH-温度窗口 [当pH值为6时的温度（Temp@pH6）处于12℃～35℃]内,而B工厂37.7%的胴体发生了热收缩现象,这种热收缩并未对B工厂牛肉的嫩度产生影响,两个工厂牛肉成熟21 d后嫩度仍未达到中国消费者的理想阈值。两工厂牛肉成熟期间均保持较高的a*值,B工厂胴体pH值的快速下降对保水性造成不利影响。此外,B工厂黑切（dark,firm and dry,DFD）肉发生率高达17.1%。因此,建议牛肉生产企业加强肉牛宰前管理、改进电刺激参数,以减少DFD牛肉及热收缩现象的发生。     

不同电击昏方式对猪肉品质的影响

研究了不同电击昏方式对猪肉色泽、系水力的影响及其与PSE肉发生率之间的关系。对48头猪分3个组分别进行不电击昏（对照）,手工头部电击昏和自动头胸电击昏3种处理。结果表明电击昏使宰后pH下降较快,肉色明亮度和红色度增大,肌肉系水力下降,断骨率增多,PSE肉发生率增大;采用手工头部电击昏系统和自动头胸电击昏系统处理的猪其PSE肉发生率分别为25％和12．5％,断骨率分别为8．33％和2．67％。自动头胸电击昏系统显著提高了猪肉的品质。     

宰后不同部位牛肉保水性变化和蛋白质特性研究

为探究宰后不同部位牛肉保水性存在差异的原因,该研究以成熟1、2、3、5和7 d的冷却牛背最长肌、半膜肌和腰大肌作为研究对象,通过对失水率、蛋白质化学作用力以及蛋白质稳定性的变化和差异进行分析,阐述3种部位冷却牛肉成熟过程中保水性及蛋白质特性变化。结果表明,在成熟前5 d离子键作用力变化不显著（P> 0.05）,成熟第7天显著升高（P<0.05）;3种部位中,氢键和疏水性相互作用力在成熟过程中的变化不同,且不同部位之间的差异也不相同。但在较长的成熟时间内,3种部位牛肉的离子键、氢键和疏水性相互作用力差异不大。差示扫描量热法结果显示,成熟期间腰大肌的T_maxpeakI由55.03℃显著降低至54.14℃（P<0.05）,T_maxpeakII的均值为63.56℃,腰大肌的焓变值DH_peakI和DH_peakII具有相同趋势,均显著低于背最长肌和半膜肌（P<0.05）,表明腰大肌蛋白质更易发生变性,且肌球蛋白和肌浆蛋白的蛋白质变性程度更高。蛋白质变性程度不同可能是导致不同部位牛肉保水性...     

冰温结合真空包装牛肉的品质变化

为研究真空小块包装牛肉在冰温贮藏期间的品质变化,测定了4、0℃、冰点温度贮藏的牛肉在0、4、8、12、16、20、24、28 d的pH值、失水率、色差值、细菌总数、嫩度,确定了各贮藏温度下指标随贮藏时间的变化规律及差异性和相关性。结果表明:冰温可有效延长牛肉的贮藏期,且贮藏后期各指标变化皆优于传统冷鲜肉,冰温条件下贮藏到第28天,细菌总数为5.02 lgCFU/g,剪切力值为3.065kg。由此判断冰温结合真空小块包装是可行的,且能较好的保持牛肉的品质。     

Effects of medium-voltage electrical stimulation on postmortem changes in fat-tailed sheep

Abstract: Effects of different medium‐voltage electrical stimulation (ES) and ageing on postmortem changes in longissimus dorsi muscle of the fat‐tailed sheep were studied. Fifteen male animals were divided into 5 equal groups (n= 3) including: T₁ (control, without ES), T₂ (100 V/30 s), T₃ (100 V/60 s), T₄ (150 V/30 s), and T₅ (150 V/60 s) with fixed frequency of 50 Hz. Five minutes after sticking, the carcasses were stimulated in order of the treatments. After normal processing, they were kept at 6 °C for 14 d. ES accelerated the glycolytic rate resulting in a significant fast fall in pH (P < 0.05) during the 1st 6‐h postmortem (PM) with a gradual decline until 24‐h PM, and a simultaneous significant reduction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content (P < 0.05). There was a significant (P < 0.05) decline in the total calpain activity during the 1st 6‐h PM. The muscles from ES carcasses had significantly (P < 0.05) lower water holding capacity (WHC) than those from nonstimulated ones. Ageing revealed a significant (P < 0.05) effect on the reduction of WHC. No significant difference was found for the mean value of the muscle color (L*, a*, and b*) in all treatment groups during ageing (P > 0.05). The results of free amino acid (FAA) content and myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) revealed a significant improvement of proteolysis and tenderness by ES and ageing (P < 0.05). In the present study, higher voltage/duration (150 V/60 s) showed greater effects and significantly accelerated glycolysis, pH decline, and ATP depletion and thus decreased the time for rigor completion and improved the tenderness.     

Alterations in the sarcoplasmic protein fraction of beef muscle with postmortem aging and hydrodynamic pressure processing

Abstract: Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) analyses were utilized to detect differences in the sarcoplasmic protein fractions of beef strip loins subjected to aging and hydrodynamic pressure processing (HDP) treatments. At 48 h postmortem, strip loins (n= 12) were halved and subjected to control or HDP treatments. Following treatment, each half was divided into 3 portions which were aged for 0, 5, and 8 d. After each aging period, steaks were removed for Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) analysis and for the extraction of sarcoplasmic proteins which were analyzed by CE and RP‐HPLC. Aging by HDP interactions were not detected using either separation technique. With CE analysis, no HDP effects were observed; however, the relative peak area of 8 protein peaks ranging in size from 17 to >200 kDa were influenced by postmortem aging. Separation of proteins by RP‐HPLC demonstrated that HDP influenced the relative size of 2 protein peaks while postmortem aging effects were observed in 6 peaks. Alterations in the sarcoplasmic protein fractions detected by both CE and RP‐HPLC were correlated to WBSF measurements. Overall, data demonstrate that HDP has minimal effects on sarcoplasmic proteins and that aging related changes in the water soluble protein fractions of muscle may be useful as indirect indicators of beef tenderness. Practical Application: Using 2 different postmortem tenderization techniques, aging and hydrodynamic pressure processing, this study demonstrates that postmortem changes in the soluble protein fraction of beef may be useful as potential indicators of meat tenderness.     

Consumer sensory evaluations of aging effects on beef quality

ABSTRACT:  The most important sensory attribute affecting consumer acceptability is tenderness, which is a complex trait. Aging is the practice of holding meat at low temperatures to improve tenderness. In order to assess consumer quality attributes, cattle were selected to represent a range of quality grades from Utility to Prime. Steaks from these cattle were aged in vacuum bags for 0, 7, or 14 d, cut, and cooked on open hearth grills to 70 °C. Sensory evaluation was completed by consumers ( n = 522). Warner–Bratzler (WB) shear and various physical characteristics were also determined. Shear values decreased with aging time and tenderness increased. Consumers perceived the majority of change in tenderness occurred during the first 7 d of aging while change in WB shear was similar during the first 7 d and the second 7 d of aging. Aging had no effect ( P > 0.05) on juiciness, flavor, pH, lipid content, or water content of steaks.     

Effects of lactate and modified atmospheric packaging on premature browning in cooked ground beef patties

Our objectives were to determine the effects of lactate and modified atmosphere packaging on raw surface color, lipid oxidation, and internal cooked color of ground beef patties. Eight chubs (85% lean) were divided in half and each half was either assigned to the control (no lactate) or mixed with 2.5% lactate (w/w). Following treatment, patties were prepared and packaged in either vacuum, PVC (atmospheric oxygen level), high-oxygen (80% O₂ + 20% CO₂), or 0.4% CO (30% CO₂ + 69.6% N₂) and stored for 0, 2, or 4 days at 2 °C. After storage, raw surface color and lipid oxidation were measured and patties were cooked to either 66 °C or 71 °C. Lactate improved (p < 0.05) color stability of PVC, high-oxygen, and vacuum packaged raw patties, but had no effect (p > 0.05) on the a∗ values and visual color scores of patties in 0.4% CO. Lactate decreased (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation in all packaging atmospheres. Nevertheless, high-oxygen and PVC-packaged patties had more (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation than patties in CO and vacuum. Lactate had no effect (p > 0.05) on premature browning, whereas patties packaged in high-oxygen demonstrated premature browning. Conversely, cooked patties in 0.4% CO and vacuum were more red (p < 0.05) than both high-oxygen and PVC-packaged patties. Although lactate improved raw color stability, it did not minimize premature browning in cooked ground beef patties.