治疗糖尿病中药验方的药效学研究

目的　研究疗效确切而毒副作用又相对较小的降糖药物。方法　研究治疗糖尿病的中药验方对四氧嘧啶型高血糖小鼠血糖水平的影响,对正常小鼠糖耐量的影响,对四氧嘧啶型高血糖小鼠糖化血红蛋白以及对糖尿病小鼠分泌胰岛素的影响。结果　临床用量的5倍剂量的中药能显著降低四氧嘧啶型高血糖小鼠的血糖水平和糖化血红蛋白的含量;能改善小鼠的糖耐量,并且其影响作用在实验剂量范围内随浓度的升高而加强;5倍剂量中药能促进四氧嘧啶型高血糖小鼠胰岛细胞分泌胰岛素。结论　实验所用的中药验方是治疗糖尿病的良药,有开发价值。     

红枣色素对四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠的降血糖作用

为探究红枣色素对四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠的降血糖作用,以四氧嘧啶诱导建立糖尿病小鼠模型,将建模成功小鼠随机分为模型组、阳性组(二甲双胍250 mg/kg)、红枣色素低、中、高剂量组(625、1250、2500 mg/kg),并以正常饲喂小鼠做空白对照,连续灌胃给药4周,测定小鼠体质量、空腹血糖、葡萄糖耐量、胰岛素、糖化血清蛋白、肝糖原、肌糖原含量和抗氧化指标。结果表明:红枣色素能显著降低小鼠糖化血清蛋白含量(P0.05)、抑制体质量减轻、降低空腹血糖水平、提高葡萄糖耐量和肝糖原含量、增加GSH-Px活力(P0.01);中、高剂量红枣色素能显著降低小鼠MDA含量、提高胰岛素含量(P0.05)、提高肌糖原含量、增加SOD活力(P0.01)。表明红枣色素对四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠具有一定的降血糖作用。     

红枣多糖对小鼠血糖及血清胰岛素水平影响的初步研究

研究红枣多糖对正常小鼠血糖及糖耐量的影响,结果表明红枣多糖对正常小鼠血糖没有影响,对正常小鼠糖耐量有改善作用。为研究红枣多糖对四氧嘧啶、肾上腺素诱导的糖尿病小鼠血糖及血清胰岛素水平的影响,以200mg/kg剂量腹腔注射四氧嘧啶建立四氧嘧啶糖尿病动物模型,以0.03mg/kg剂量腹腔注射肾上腺素建立肾上腺素高血糖动物模型。对造模成功的小鼠随机分为模型对照组、红枣多糖大(0.8g/kg)、中(0.4g/kg)、小(0.2g/kg)剂量组和阳性药物组,以灌胃给药。对两种类型小鼠的处理均设立正常对照组,给予等体积的水。灌胃14d后测定小鼠空腹的血糖、胰岛素,结果表明红枣多糖对肾上腺素引起的急性血糖升高无明显作用,对四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病小鼠其大剂量显示出一定的降糖作用,并使得血清胰岛素水平有所升高。     

全麦粉对实验型糖尿病大鼠血糖控制效应的影响

目的:研究全麦粉对实验型糖尿病大鼠血糖、血红蛋白及肝糖原含量的影响。方法:将大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、精粉组、全麦粉组,除正常组外,其他组用四氧嘧啶建立糖尿病大鼠模型;分别用标准饲料、高脂饲料、精粉饲料、全麦粉饲料喂养各组大鼠。喂养5周后,用葡萄糖氧化酶-过氧化物酶法测定血糖含量;酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血红蛋白含量;蒽酮比色法测定肝糖原含量。结果:喂养结束时,全麦粉组血糖水平由(18.64±2.86)mmol/L降低至(13.80±3.65)mmol/L,虽高于正常组(5.40±0.68)mmol/L的血糖水平,但与模型组与精粉组相比较明显降低;全麦粉组血红蛋白含量降至(20.69±0.37)mmol/L,低于模型组(30.95±0.51)mmol/L和精粉组(30.12±0.39)mmol/L的血红蛋白含量;全麦粉组的肝糖原含量为(12.50±0.23)mg/g低于正常组的含量(17.70±0.26)mg/g,但高于模型组和精粉组的(7.96±0.19)mmol/L和(8.90±0.31)mmol/L。结论:全麦粉可降低糖尿病大鼠血糖水平和血红蛋白含量,增加肝糖原含量,对糖尿病大鼠的血糖效应具有正向调节作用。     

燕麦β-葡聚糖对正常小鼠及四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠血糖、血脂的调节作用研究

目的:观察燕麦葡聚糖对正常小鼠和四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠血糖、血脂、血清胰岛素水平的影响。方法:采用四氧嘧啶造糖尿病小鼠模型,对糖尿病小鼠和正常小鼠灌胃燕麦葡聚糖,测定小鼠血糖、血脂、胰岛素水平、糖耐量指标。结果:燕麦葡聚糖对正常小鼠的血脂、体重具有调节作用,对四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠具有显著的降血糖、降血脂和恢复胰岛素水平的功效(p<0.01)。     

知铬胶囊对四氧嘧啶诱导胰岛损伤小鼠的保护作用

目的:评价知铬胶囊对四氧嘧啶诱导胰岛损伤小鼠的保护作用。方法:给予小鼠腹腔注射四氧嘧啶建立糖尿病模型(空腹血糖10mmol/L),给予受试物30d后,测空腹血糖及糖耐量。结果:知铬胶囊能降低高血糖小鼠的空腹血糖,糖耐量实验阳性。结论:知铬胶囊对四氧嘧啶诱导胰岛损份小鼠具有保护作用。     

吉林人参低聚肽对糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用研究

目的：研究吉林人参低聚肽（GOP）对正常大鼠和糖尿病大鼠的血糖调节作用及其机制。方法：正常大鼠降血糖实验：选取雄性SD大鼠30只,根据空腹血糖值随机分为空白对照组和GOP组,GOP组以灌胃的方式给予0.25g/kg bw的人参肽溶液、空白对照组给予等剂量的蒸馏水,连续灌胃30d,测定空腹血糖水平。糖尿病模型大鼠降血糖实验：采用高热能饲料联合小剂量四氧嘧啶建立实验性糖尿病大鼠模型,雄性SD大鼠135只,根据空腹血糖水平随机分为9组：空白对照组、糖尿病模型组（HGC）、乳清蛋白组（WPC）,0.0625、0.125、0.25、0.5、1.0、2.0 g/kg bw GOP组。GOP组以灌胃方式给予不同剂量的GOP溶液、WPC组给予0.25g/kg bw的乳清蛋白溶液、HGC和空白对照组给予等体积的蒸馏水。实验期间HGC组、WPC组和GOP各组饲喂高热能饲料,空白对照组使用基础鼠料。连续灌胃28d,HGC组、WPC组和GOP各组给予四氧嘧啶103-105mg/kg bw腹腔注射,空白对照组注射等体积生理盐水。5d后进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）,测定胰岛素水平、糖化血清蛋白、胆固醇等指标。结果：正常大鼠降血糖实验：空白对照组和GOP组空腹血糖水平没有显著差异。糖尿病大鼠降血糖实验：与HGC组比较,GOP 0.0625、0.125、0.25g/kg bw组和WPC组大鼠空腹胰岛素、糖化血清蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、OGTT实验0.5h血糖和血糖曲线下面积明显降低。结论：GOP对正常大鼠空腹血糖没有影响,而对高热能饲料联合小剂量四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病大鼠的糖脂代谢紊乱具有明显的改善作用。     

亮氨酸调节大鼠胰岛素分泌的功能研究

目的:探讨亮氨酸对正常大鼠以及大鼠离体胰岛细胞胰岛素分泌的影响。方法:体外实验采用胆总管内胶原酶灌注膨胀消化胰腺的方法分离大鼠胰岛,在低糖(5.6mmol/L)/高糖(25mmol/L)DMEM培养基,加入0、10、20mmol/L亮氨酸,孵育120min后测定上清中胰岛素水平。体内实验:24只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,即对照组(Con)、2g/kg葡萄糖组(Glu)、1.5g/kg亮氨酸组(Leu)和葡萄糖+亮氨酸组(Glu+Leu),禁食过夜后一次性灌胃。灌胃前、灌胃后30、60和120min割尾取血,测定血糖、血浆胰岛素水平并计算其曲线下面积(AUC)。结果:体外实验发现20mmol/L亮氨酸刺激了高糖培养基中胰岛细胞的胰岛素分泌,低糖培养基中添加亮氨酸没有引起胰岛素水平的明显变化(p>0.05)。体内实验发现亮氨酸单独灌胃对大鼠血糖和胰岛素水平无明显影响。和Glu组比较,Glu+Leu组60、120min血糖显著降低,30min胰岛素则显著升高;相应地升高了胰岛素AUC(p<0.01),降低了葡萄糖AUC(p<0.05)。结论:亮氨酸促进葡萄糖依赖的胰岛素的一过性释放,从而降低血糖水平。     

锦南复方对2型糖尿病大鼠血糖的辅助调节作用

本研究探讨了锦南复方对2型糖尿病大鼠的降糖作用。随机选取10只SD大鼠作为正常对照组,剩余40只采用高脂饮食喂养联合低剂量链脲佐菌素诱导2型糖尿病模型。将成模大鼠随机分为3组:模型组、阳性对照组(二甲双胍,200 mg/kg)、锦南复方组(锦南复方,500 mg/kg)。干预7周后,检测大鼠血糖、血脂、胰岛β细胞中γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)表达水平、Bax蛋白水平,RT-PCR检测肝脏中PPAR-α、PPAR-γ基因表达。电子扫描显微镜观察大鼠腹主动脉血管壁变化。结果表明,锦南复方组大鼠空腹血糖、餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血清胰岛素、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、Bax蛋白相对表达量分别为18.45 mmol/L、21.39 mmol/L、8.97%、26.78 mIU/L、3.35 mmol/L、2.53 mmol/L、0.46 mmol/L、0.20,均显著低于模型组(p0.01);GABA、PPAR-α、PPAR-γ相对表达量为0.36、0.79、4.42,均显著高于模型组(p0.05)。锦南复方组大鼠血管内壁损伤程度低于模型组。推测降糖作用机制可能与增加胰岛GABA表达,启动PI3K/PKB通路,抑制胰岛β细胞凋亡,上调PPAR-α、PPAR-γ基因表达,加速肝脏脂肪酸的β氧化,减少脂肪酸含量有关。     

鼠李糖乳杆菌hsryfm 1301发酵乳改善大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝特性研究

前期体外试验发现,鼠李糖乳杆菌hsryfm 1301经长时间发酵(72 h)可提升其益生特性;本文在前期研究的基础上,通过体内动物试验进一步验证鼠李糖乳杆菌hsryfm 1301长时发酵乳(72 h)与常规时间发酵乳(17 h)干预对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠的益生作用;并测定了大鼠血清中血脂指标、游离脂肪酸、活性氧及炎症因子等含量。研究结果表明:72 h发酵乳干预后,大鼠血清中TC、TG以及LDL-L含量分别为2.06 mmol/L、1.47 mmol/L、1.03 mmol/L,显著低于模型组(P0.05),HDL-L含量为0.60 mmol/L,显著高于模型组(P0.05);17 h发酵乳组和72 h发酵乳组两者之间含量无显著性差异(P0.05);17 h发酵乳组和72 h发酵乳组还显著降低了大鼠血清中游离脂肪酸、活性氧、TNF-α和IL-6的含量,其中,72 h发酵乳分别为1188.68 U/L、339.88 U/mL、143.11 pg/mL及112.37 pg/mL,显著低于17 h发酵乳(P0.05)。综上,鼠李糖乳杆菌hsryfm 1301发酵乳对大鼠的非酒精性脂肪肝具有良好的改善作用,其中72 h发酵乳具有更好地抗炎、抗氧化特性,为进一步研究鼠李糖乳杆菌hsryfm 1301发酵乳益生特性提供指导意义。     

Effects of a combination butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin product and insulin on ketosis resolution and milk production

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of butaphosphan-cyanocobalamin (B+C), glargine insulin, and propylene glycol on resolution of ketosis and average daily milk yield after treatment. Cows from 16 herds in Ontario, Canada, and 1 herd in Michigan were tested at weekly intervals between 3 and 16 DIM. Ketosis was defined as blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) ≥1.2 mmol/L. All ketotic cows were given a baseline treatment of 3 d of 300 g of propylene glycol orally. Animals were then randomly assigned to treatment with 3 doses of either 25 mL of B+C or 25 mL of saline placebo and 1 dose of either 2 mL (200 IU) of glargine insulin or 2 mL of saline placebo in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Outcomes of interest on all farms were ketosis cure (blood BHB <1.2 mmol/L 1 wk postenrollment), maintenance of ketosis cure (blood BHB <1.2 mmol/L 1 and 2 wk postenrollment), and blood BHB concentrations at 1 and 2 wk postenrollment. Milk weights were collected daily in 1 large freestall herd. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate blood BHB concentrations 2 wk after treatment and milk production for 30 d after treatment. Poisson regression was used to examine the effect of treatment on cure and maintenance of cure. Due to a regulatory delay causing temporary unavailability of B+C in Canada, data were analyzed in 2 sets of models: one for insulin and the corresponding placebo (n = 620) and one for the full trial (n = 380). Animals with blood glucose concentrations ≤2.2 mmol/L at the time of ketosis diagnosis were 2.1 times more likely (95% CI = 1.2 to 3.7) to be cured if treated with B+C. Animals in lactation 3 or higher that had blood glucose concentrations <2.2 mmol/L at enrollment produced 4.2 kg/d (95% CI = 1.4 to 7.1) more milk if treated with insulin versus placebo and 2.8 kg/d (95% CI = 0.9 to 4.7) more milk if treated with B+C versus placebo. Animals in lactation 3 or higher with blood glucose ≥2.2 mmol/L that were treated with insulin produced 2.3 kg/d (95% CI = 0.3 to 4.4) less milk than untreated controls. No interaction was observed between treatments. This evidence suggests that B+C and insulin may be beneficial for ketosis treatment in animals with blood glucose <2.2 mmol/L at ketosis diagnosis. It also suggests that blood glucose concentration may be an important predictor of success of ketosis treatment.     

Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of camel milk yogurt as influenced by monk fruit sweetener

Camel milk, similar to cow milk, contains all of the essential nutrients as well as potentially health-beneficial compounds with anticarcinogenic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant properties. Camel milk has been used for the treatment of allergies to cow milk, diabetes, and autism. Camel milk helps decrease cholesterol levels in blood and improves metabolism. One of the most desirable food tastes is sweetness. However, the excessive ingestion of sugar negatively affects human health. Monk fruit sweetener is a natural, 0-calorie sweetener with many health-beneficial functions. Monk fruit sweetener helps decrease symptoms of asthma and diabetes, prevents oxidation and cancer, protects the liver, regulates immune function, and lowers glucose levels. Monk fruit sweetener is 100 to 250 times sweeter than sucrose. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of different concentrations of monk fruit sweetener on the physicochemical properties and microbiological counts of drinking yogurt made from camel milk. Camel milk drinking yogurt was produced with 0, 0.42, 1.27, and 2.54 g/L of monk fruit sweetener and stored for 42 d. The physicochemical characteristics and microbiological counts of yogurts were measured at d 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. For the physicochemical characteristics, pH, titratable acidity, viscosity, and color [lightness-darkness (L*), red-green axis (a*), yellow-blue axis (b*), chroma (C*), and hue angle (h*)] values were evaluated. The counts of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, coliforms, and yeast and mold were determined. Three replications were conducted. The sweetener addition significantly influenced pH, viscosity, and color (a*, b*, C*, and h*) values. Control samples had significantly higher pH values, lower viscosity, lower b* and C* values, and higher h* values than the samples with 1.27 and 2.54 g/L of monk fruit sweetener. Growth of S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, and probiotic culture L. acidophilus was not affected by the incorporation of monk fruit sweetener. Monk fruit sweetener can be added in camel milk yogurts as a health-beneficial 0-calorie sweetener.     

百香果—苹果复合发酵型乳饮料工艺优化及抗氧化性研究

目的:制作一款新型百香果、苹果发酵乳饮料。方法:以百香果、苹果和纯牛奶为原料,以感官评价、蛋白质含量为指标,利用模糊数学评价法,考察苹果汁添加量、百香果汁添加量、蔗糖添加量、发酵时间、菌种接种量对百香果—苹果风味发酵乳感官品质的影响,并对发酵乳的抗氧化性及各项指标进行检测。结果:百香果—苹果风味发酵乳的最佳配方为纯牛奶82.59%,百香果汁2.35%,苹果汁8.00%,蔗糖7.00%,增稠剂0.06%,菌种0.002 06%,发酵时间6.50 h。此条件下,发酵乳的感官评分为8.99,蛋白质含量为3.12 g/100 g,其理化指标和卫生指标均符合相关国标要求。抗氧化性结果表明,百香果—苹果乳饮料发酵后对DPPH自由基和羟自由基的清除率均比发酵前有所提升,分别为77.7%,45.7%。结论:最佳配方下得到的发酵乳呈淡黄色,具有良好的组织状态,无乳清析出,不分层,具有百香果和苹果的清香和发酵乳特有风味,酸甜比例合适。     

富含γ-氨基丁酸酸奶的制备及质构特性研究

本试验对单菌发酵、混菌发酵和添加不同底物浓度的L-谷氨酸钠对酸奶感官特性和质构特性的影响作用进行了研究,为开发富含γ-氨基丁酸的新型功能发酵乳制品提供依据。试验结果表明,当底物L-谷氨酸钠的添加浓度为75mmol/L,辅酶浓度为20μmol/L,植物乳杆菌NDC75017、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种、嗜热链球菌3株菌混合（L.P∶L.b∶S.t=0.5∶0.5∶1.5）按2%的比例添加量,在43℃条件下发酵酸奶时,酸奶的感官特性和质构特性最好。此时酸奶的粘度为1 466.5±1.0p·s、保水力为71.7±3.2%、硬度为77.3±1.7g、凝聚性为48.1±1.2g、粘性指数为146.8±0.9p·s;用高效液相色谱法检测酸奶中GABA的含量高达46mg/100g。综合酸奶口感、质构特性及GABA含量等指标,最终选择添加底物L-谷氨酸钠的浓度为75mmol/L,植物乳杆菌NDC75017、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种、嗜热链球菌3株菌作为酸奶发酵的混合发酵剂。     

产叶酸乳酸菌的筛选及对发酵乳的影响

为筛选出高产叶酸的乳酸菌并研究该乳酸菌对发酵乳的影响,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法从5种乳酸菌菌株:植物乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌的发酵液中检测叶酸含量,并通过检测复合发酵乳的pH、持水力、质构特性和感官特性来研究产叶酸的乳酸菌对发酵乳品质的影响。结果表明:植物乳杆菌产叶酸量最高,其次是嗜酸乳杆菌,分别为51.40和34.77 μg/mL。并且以基础菌发酵乳为对照组,添加产叶酸乳杆菌发酵乳为实验组,实验组与对照组相比,其质构特性和感官品质会提高,同时pH也显著下降(p<0.05)。本实验为开发功能性发酵乳提供了一定的理论依据。     

Randomized clinical field trial on the effects of butaphosphan-cyanocobalamin and propylene glycol on ketosis resolution and milk production

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a butaphosphan-cyanocobalamin combination product (B+C) and 2 durations of propylene glycol treatment (PG; 3 versus 5 d) on ketosis resolution and early lactation milk yield. Cows from 9 freestall herds (8 in Ontario and 1 in Michigan) were tested at weekly intervals between 3 and 16 d in milk. Ketosis was defined as blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) ≥1.2 mmol/L. Ketotic cows were randomly assigned to treatment with 25 mL of B+C or 25 mL of saline placebo for 3 d and 3 or 5 d of 300 g of PG orally in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Outcomes evaluated for all farms included ketosis cure (blood BHB <1.2 mmol/L at 1 wk after enrollment), maintenance of ketosis cure (blood BHB <1.2 mmol/L 1 and 2 wk after enrollment), and blood BHB concentrations at 1 and 2 wk after enrollment. Daily milk weights were collected in 3 herds. Poisson regression was used to evaluate cure and maintenance of cure, whereas repeated-measures ANOVA was used to evaluate blood BHB concentrations in the 2 wk after enrollment and average daily milk production in the 30 d after treatment. A total of 594 animals were enrolled in the study with 124 treated with B+C and 5 d of PG, 176 treated with B+C and 3 d of PG, 128 treated with saline and 5 d of PG, and 166 treated with saline and 3 d of PG. Animals with blood BHB >2.4 mmol/L at the time of enrollment were 1.7 times more likely [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4 to 2.2] to cure and had a decrease of 0.25 ± 0.11 mmol/L blood BHB at 1 wk after enrollment if treated with 5 d of PG compared with 3 d, though this response was not seen in animals with BHB of 1.2 to 2.4 mmol/L at enrollment. Cows with blood glucose concentrations <2.2 mmol/L at enrollment produced 3.1 kg/d (95% CI: 1.3 to 5.0) more milk if treated with B+C and 3.4 kg/d (95% CI: 1.7 to 5.1) more milk if treated with 5 d of PG compared with their respective controls. This response was not seen in animals with blood glucose ≥2.2 mmol/L at enrollment and there was no interaction between treatments. These results indicate that extended PG treatment is beneficial in decreasing blood BHB concentrations in more severely affected animals. Additionally, both B+C treatment and extended PG treatment improved milk yield in animals with low blood glucose at the time of ketosis diagnosis.     

核桃粕发酵乳菌种筛选及发酵条件优化研究

该试验对乳酸菌发酵核桃粕乳的不同菌株进行筛选,通过pH值、酸度及感官评定分析,从9株乳酸菌中筛选出嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)和植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)两株优良菌种。研究两株乳酸菌的复配比例,并与传统发酵剂发酵的核桃粕乳进行品质对比。结果表明,以嗜酸乳杆菌:植物乳杆菌(1∶1)接种发酵后得到的发酵核桃粕发酵乳综合品质最佳,其感官评分90分,氨基酸态氮含量57.0 mg/L,活菌总数7.35×107 CFU/mL,经发酵后的营养价值明显优于传统发酵剂发酵的核桃粕乳。     

微囊化纯培养发酵剂发酵奶与藏灵菇奶的比较研究

利用从藏灵菇中分离出的优势菌,进行混合发酵,比较了这种纯培养菌种发酵的酸奶与藏灵菇发酵奶在感官、主要风味成分以及优势菌株数量的差异。HPLC检测结果表明,这2种发酵奶的乳酸产量分别为7.62 g/L和7.85 g/L,无显著差异;GC检测结果表明,微囊化纯培养发酵剂发酵奶中丁二酮的含量明显高于传统藏灵菇奶;GC-MS检测结果表明,2种发酵奶中挥发性风味成分有90%相同;感官评定表明微囊化纯培养发酵剂发酵奶的可接受程度显著高于藏灵菇奶。表明,微囊化纯培养发酵剂发酵奶既保持了藏灵菇奶原有的特征,又在风味上得到了进一步的提高,表明微囊化纯培养发酵剂可以替代藏灵菇进行这类发酵奶的规模化生产。     

Metabolic effects of aspartame in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Data about harms or benefits associated with the consumption of aspartame, a nonnutritive sweetener worldwide consumed, are still controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials aimed to assess the effect of aspartame consumption on metabolic parameters related to diabetes and obesity. The search was performed on Cochrane, LILACS, PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science databases, and on a gray literature using Open Grey, Google Scholar, and ProQuest Dissertations &; Theses Global. Searches across all databases were conducted from the earliest available date up to April 13, 2016, without date and language restrictions. Pooled mean differences were calculated using a random or fixed-effects model for heterogeneous and homogenous studies, respectively. Twenty-nine articles were included in qualitative synthesis and twelve, presenting numeric results, were used in meta-analysis. Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L), insulin levels (μU/mL), total cholesterol (mmol/L), triglycerides concentrations (mmol/L), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L), body weight (kg), and energy intake (MJ) were considered as the main outcomes in subjects that consumed aspartame, and results were presented as mean difference; % confidence interval, range. Aspartame consumption was not associated with alterations on blood glucose levels compared to control (?0.03 mmol/L; 95% CI, ?0.21 to 0.14) or to sucrose (0.31 mmol/L; 95% CI, ?0.05 to 0.67) and on insulin levels compared to control (0.13 μU/mL; 95% CI, ?0.69 to 0.95) or to sucrose (2.54 μU/mL; 95% CI, ?6.29 to 11.37). Total cholesterol was not affected by aspartame consumption compared to control (?0.02 mmol/L; 95% CI, ?0.31 to 0.27) or to sucrose (?0.24 mmol/L; 95% CI, ?0.89 to 0.42). Triglycerides concentrations were not affected by aspartame consumption compared to control (0.00 mmol/L; 95% CI, ?0.04 to 0.05) or to sucrose (0.00 mmol/L; 95% CI, ?0.09 to 0.09). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol serum levels were higher on aspartame compared to control (?0.03 mmol/L; 95% CI, ?0.06 to ?0.01) and lower on aspartame compared to sucrose (0.05 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.09). Body weight did not change after aspartame consumption compared to control (5.00 kg; 95% CI, ?1.56 to 11.56) or to sucrose (3.78 kg; 95% CI, ?2.18 to 9.74). Energy intake was not altered by aspartame consumption compared to control (?0.49 MJ; 95% CI, ?1.21 to 0.22) or to sucrose (?0.17 MJ; 95% CI, ?2.03 to 1.69). Data concerning effects of aspartame on main metabolic variables associated to diabetes and obesity do not support a beneficial related to its consumption.     

混菌发酵玉米秸秆基质蛋白质含量及木质素酶活性的研究

与平菇单菌发酵相比,玉米秸秆经平菇与产朊假丝酵母混菌固态发酵后,其基质粗蛋白含量由8.13%提高到13.41%。为进一步提高混菌固态发酵玉米秸秆基质的粗蛋白含量及木质素酶系的活性,在基础培养基中分别添加豆渣(2%、3%、4%)、(NH4)2SO4(1%、2%、3%)、CuSO4.5H2O(0.04、0.4、4 mmol/L)、MnSO4(0.001、0.01、0.1 mmol/L)。结果表明:所试浓度的豆渣和(NH4)2SO4、0.01 mmol/L MnSO4均显著提高基质的粗蛋白含量,其中2%的豆渣、3%的(NH4)2SO4效果较好;所试浓度的豆渣、(NH4)2SO4和MnSO4均显著提高漆酶、锰过氧化物酶的活性,0.04、0.4、4 mmol/L CuSO4.5H2O显著提高漆酶的活性,而只有0.4和4 mmol/L的CuSO4.5H2O显著提高锰过氧化物酶的活性,其中2%的豆渣、3%的(NH4)2SO4、0.4 mmol/L的CuSO4.5H2O和0.01 mmol/L的MnSO4对漆酶活性提高的幅度最大,当添加的豆渣、(NH4)2SO4、CuSO4.5H2O和MnSO4的浓度分别为3%、3%、4 mmol/L和0.01 mmol/L时,对应的锰过氧化物酶活性最高。漆酶的活性与发酵基质的粗蛋白含量可能呈正相关关系。