8种典型成熟干酪挥发性风味差异性研究

利用固相微萃取—气相色谱质谱联用仪对8种典型天然成熟干酪的挥发性风味成分进行分析对比,并通过相对气味活力值阐明8种干酪之间风味的差异情况。结果表明:8种干酪共检测到74种挥发性物质,总体上呈现奶香味和果香味。切达干酪、高达干酪、帕玛森干酪、山羊乳干酪中异戊醛和乙酸乙酯赋予干酪果香味,十一酮和丁酸的修饰作用赋予干酪奶香味;艾达姆干酪中乙酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯和癸酸乙酯使得干酪果香味比较浓郁;布里干酪和蓝纹干酪果香味浓郁,但布里干酪果香味的来源是十一酮等酮类,同时这两种干酪中己酸、壬酮和苯乙醇赋予了臭味和哈喇味,布里干酪特有的1-辛醇也是造成不适气味的原因;安达文干酪中丁酸活力最强,在8种干酪中有最强的奶香味,同时己酸和2-壬酮的高活力赋予了干酪一些臭味和哈喇味。     

酱油滋味的感官剖面分析研究

利用感官剖面分析方法对3种酱油滋味的感官特性进行了评价研究,绘制了3种酱油滋味的雷达图,并用F检验对酱油的感官特征进行了方差分析,结果表明:3种酱油在鲜味的感官强度上有显著差异,在咸味、酸味、甜味、苦味、酒精味的感官强度上无显著差异,该法适合对酱油产品滋味的感官特征强度进行分析,为酱油的感官评价提供参考依据。     

蓝纹牦牛干酪成熟特性及其风味分析

牦牛乳具有高蛋白、高脂肪的营养特性以及较好的抗疲劳等功能特性。然而,由于牦牛乳产量较低,且产地分散,其在干酪产品开发等精深加工方面研究较少。采用娄地青霉为次级发酵剂,开发蓝纹牦牛干酪,并对其成熟特性以及风味物质进行分析。研究结果显示,娄地青霉能够在牦牛干酪中迅速生长,促进蛋白质的降解并形成大量的多肽、氨基酸等。牦牛干酪成熟末期游离氨基酸,尤其是鲜味氨基酸含量显著升高(P＜0.05)。利用SPME-GC/MS技术在牦牛干酪中共检测出53种风味物质。正交偏最小二乘分析(OPLS-DA)分析显示,与成熟初期相比,蓝纹牦牛干酪风味物质构成在成熟未期发生显著变化,挥发物总含量显著增加(P＜0.05)。牦牛干酪中酯类风味物质主要以脂肪甲酯类为主,且在成熟后期(25、46d)含量相对稳定;脂肪酸类化合物含量在成熟中期最高,但是在成熟末期显著降低(P＜0.05);酮类化合物尤其是甲基酮类,在成熟后期含量显著增加(P＜0.05)。2-壬酮、2-庚酮、辛酸甲酯、2-戊酮、癸酸乙酯、癸酸甲酯、己酸、2-辛酮、丁酸等风味化合物是蓝纹牦牛干酪的主要风味物质。研究表明,娄地青霉能够良好地促进牦牛干酪的成熟,且对牦牛干酪的营养特性以及特征风味的形成具有显著影响。研究结果旨在为我国牦牛乳等特色乳品的深加工奠定理论基础,同时为我国特色乳品产业发展提供参考。     

腐乳滋味物质的研究

提取六种腐乳中的滋味物质，结合理化分析与感官评定建立滋味物质与感官之间的联系。研究发现，鲜味和咸味是腐乳中最为明显的滋味，咸味的来源主要是钠钾离子，鲜味则主要来源于谷氨酸和天冬氨酸。     

传统炭烤羊肉特征滋味成分解析

文章旨在研究传统炭烤羊肉特征滋味物质组成,为传统烤羊肉品质提升提供基础数据。以3个具有代表性的炭火烧烤店加工的传统炭烤羊腿为研究对象,对其进行感官评定,测定游离氨基酸、核苷酸及降解产物的组成,采用滋味活性值(Taste Active Value,TAV)与等鲜强度(Equivalent Umami Concentrations,EUC)评价的方法,鉴别不同强度的滋味物质,解析其特征滋味物质。结果表明:鲜味、咸味为传统炭烤羊腿的主要滋味,3个品牌炭烤羊腿的鲜味的呈味强度与谷氨酸的TAV值呈极显著和显著相关;炭烤羊腿中咸味主要由外源氯化钠提供,其TAV值为24.84～31.45;总游离氨基酸含量为212.27～267.71 mg/100 g,其中鲜味氨基酸占总游离氨基酸的73.5%～74.9%,在鲜味氨基酸中谷氨酸含量为157.85～196.31 mg/100 g,TAV为5.32～6.54。3个品牌炭烤羊腿的EUC为1.75～15.85 g MSG/100 g。总之,鲜味是传统炭烤羊腿的主要滋味,谷氨酸是特征物。     

基于游离氨基酸、挥发性组分和感官评价的2 种酸化技术加工乳饼的滋味特征差异分析

为明确传统酸水乳饼和发酵型乳饼的特征呈味物质,利用氨基酸分析仪和气相色谱仪分别对传统酸水乳饼和发酵型乳饼中的特征呈味物质（游离氨基酸、游离脂肪酸）进行测定,采用滋味活度值（taste activity value,TAV）判定特征呈味物质,同时进行感官评价;并且结合游离氨基酸和挥发性成分分析特征呈味物质与感官属性之间的相关性。结果表明,谷氨酸、组氨酸和癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、油酸、亚油酸的TAV大于1,对乳饼的滋味有着重要贡献。在感官和呈味物质组成方面,2 种工艺加工的乳饼明显区分开。发酵型乳饼的总体滋味强度高于传统酸水乳饼（P＜0.05）,感官属性以酸味、甜味、苦味和鲜味为主,而传统酸水乳饼伴有不愉悦的异味。偏最小二乘法对特征呈味物质与感官属性之间的相关性分析表明,感官属性与游离氨基酸相关性高,传统酸水乳饼的咸味与精氨酸,异味与甘氨酸、癸酸和棕榈烯酸呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）;发酵型乳饼的酸味与硬脂酸和亚油酸,甜味与天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸以及亚油酸,苦味与缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸以及肉豆蔻酸,鲜味与天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸均呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。发酵酸化技术促进蛋白质和脂肪的分解,改善乳饼的滋味。     

重庆水豆豉发酵过程中NaCl、还原糖和氨基酸变化与滋味的形成

为探究重庆水豆豉独特滋味形成的影响因素,对水豆豉自然发酵过程中呈味物质变化与其滋味形成的关系进行了研究。以重庆本地大豆为原料,采用自然发酵工艺生产水豆豉,对其发酵过程中NaCl、还原糖、总酸、游离氨基酸等组成变化进行了测定,并对其感官评价结果进行了相关性分析。结果表明,水豆豉滋味主要形成于后发酵阶段,发酵结束时游离氨基酸含量增加了11. 25倍,其中鲜味氨基酸占比13. 45%,水豆豉鲜味主要来源于鲜味氨基酸;甜味氨基酸占比22. 25%,甜味氨基酸和还原糖共同构成了其略有回甜的滋味;咸味来源于NaCl质量分数增加;总酸增加形成一定的弱酸味。这些与添加的辣椒、姜等混合最终形成了重庆水豆豉独特的鲜咸酸辣略有回甜的滋味。研究结果对重庆地方调味品的滋味研究有一定意义。     

双孢菇提取物对三种肉汤的协助减盐效果研究

本文试图验证双孢菇提取物对鸡汤、鱼汤、骨汤三种肉汤的减盐效果。通过感官确定三种肉汤中双孢菇提取物协助减盐后的食盐添加量;测定三种肉汤中游离氨基酸、5′-核苷酸的含量,利用描述性感官分析、时间强度感官评价及电子舌比较双孢菇提取物协助减盐前后三种肉汤的咸味强度及其口感差异;研究双孢菇提取物协助减盐对三种肉汤总体滋味及减盐增鲜的影响。结果表明：双孢菇提取物协助减盐能显著提高肉汤中游离氨基酸和5′-核苷酸的含量且TAV值有所增加;感官实验表明,双孢菇提取物对三种肉汤均能起到减盐作用,且能延长咸味在口腔中的持续时间,总体风味强度增强。这说明双孢菇提取物在三种肉汤中均能起到减盐效果,其中在鱼汤中应用效果最佳,直接减盐可达33%。实现在三种肉汤减盐不减咸的目标。     

红腐乳发酵过程中滋味化合物分析及电子舌鉴别

采用离子色谱、氨基酸分析仪和电子舌对不同发酵阶段红腐乳的滋味化合物及滋味特征进行检测,并对结果进行主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）和层次聚类分析（hierarchical cluster analysis,HCA）。结果表明,发酵过程中红腐乳样品共鉴定出17 种游离氨基酸,6 种有机酸和8 种滋味属性。总游离氨基酸含量在前酵和后酵阶段显著增加,而总有机酸含量在前酵和后酵中期显著增长（P＜0.05）。大多数的游离氨基酸和有机酸的含量在前酵和后酵阶段均显著增加（P＜0.05）。电子舌结果表明鲜味、咸味、苦味和丰富度是红腐乳的主要滋味属性。此外,滋味化合物及滋味属性的相关性分析结果表明,游离氨基酸（谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、色氨酸、苯丙氨酸、甲硫氨酸、缬氨酸）、有机酸（乳酸、乙酸、琥珀酸）及理化成分（还原糖、氨基酸态氮、氯化钠）对红腐乳的滋味特征起着重要作用。PCA和HCA结果表明,滋味化合物及滋味特征可以用来判别红腐乳的成熟度,电子舌可以作为快速评价红腐乳滋味的有效工具。     

面筋蛋白咸味肽的分离纯化及结构鉴定

为了明确面筋蛋白酶解液中的咸味肽序列，对面筋蛋白咸味酶解物进行了分离纯化和结构鉴定。对酶解物脱盐处理后进行分离纯化。经过分级超滤，选择咸味最高、分子质量1 000 Da以下的组分进行葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex G-15过滤层析，结合感官评定结果筛选出咸味最强的组分，并利用液相色谱-串联质谱鉴定其氨基酸序列。最终得到面筋蛋白中咸味肽氨基酸序列为PFGQQ、PFSPQ、QPFP、PDFP、FDDP，分子质量分别为576.28、575.28、488.25、475.22、493.21 Da。本研究为面筋蛋白咸味肽的开发提供了一定理论依据。     

Evaluation of isolated starter lactic acid bacteria in Ras cheese ripening and flavour development

Eighteen cultures of starter lactic acid bacteria with or without added adjunct cultures, isolated from Egyptian dairy products, were evaluated in experimental Ras cheese for flavour development. Chemical composition of experimental cheeses was within the legal limit for Ras cheese in Egypt. All cultures used in this study had no effect on chemical composition of Ras cheese. Very significant variations in free amino acids, free fatty acids and sensory evaluation have been found among the cultures used in Ras cheesemaking. The levels of free amino acids and free fatty acids were correlated well with flavour development in Ras cheese. Seven of the tested cultures produced acceptable flavour and texture of Ras cheese. The highest overall score of flavour intensity, flavour and texture acceptability were in cheese made using YY47 lactic culture in addition to adjunct culture of Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis and Enterococcus faecium. This culture can be recommended for Ras cheese manufacture using pasteurized milk.     

Accelerated ripening of Ras cheese using cell free extract,freeze- and heat-shocked Leuconostoc spp. cultures

Ras cheese was manufactured with cell free extract, freeze- and heat-shocked cultures of Leuconostoc spp. to enhance flavour development and accelerated ripening. Cheese analysis (pH, acidity, dry matter, fat, protein, soluble nitrogen, volatile acidity, free fatty acids) were carried out for 3 months. No significant differents were observed between the experiment cheeses and control, however, the cheese flavour was enhanced in cheeses with addition of heat treated Leuconostoc cells. Bitter taste was decreased in all experimental cheeses.     

Consumer acceptance and sensory evaluation of Monti Dauni Meridionali Caciocavallo cheese

Twelve Caciocavallo cheeses were collected from 6 factories (A, B, C, D, E, F) located in the Monti Dauni Meridionali area (Southern Italy) that adopted different protocols for cheese production. A total of 160 consumers were involved in the sensory evaluation of Caciocavallo cheese after 180 d of ripening. Cheese attributes were used to describe the flavor, texture, and appearance of cheeses. The highest scores for the shiny attribute were assigned to cheeses B, C, and E, whereas color intensity was the highest in cheeses B, D, and F. Strength, salty, and piquant attributes were higher in cheeses F and A because of the use of raw milk (F), rennet paste (A), and percentage of salt in the brine (A, F). Consumers perceived a more granular structure during the second half of chewing of Caciocavallo cheese F, as evidenced by the highest value for the grainy attribute. A positive correlation was found between overall flavor and odor intensity and water-soluble nitrogen, low molecular weight peptides, and free fatty acids and between piquant and butyric and caproic acids. A principal components analysis applied to the sensory attributes accounted for 65% of the total variance. The score plot showed that cheeses F and A were located in a well-defined zone of the plot, with cheeses in this zone displaying higher levels of strength, piquant, and salty attributes. The preference test assigned 40% of the preference to Caciocavallo cheese A, 38% to cheese F, 9% to cheese E, 8% to cheese D, and 7% to cheeses B and C. Sensory evaluation of Monti Dauni Meridionali Caciocavallo cheeses is a useful analysis to highlight the principal attributes able to influence consumers' liking that are related to biochemical features of the cheese.     

开菲尔直投式发酵剂在益生菌干酪生产中的应用研究

该研究主要将开菲尔粒制备成直投式发酵剂应用于干酪的生产。 以FD-DVS R-704商业干酪发酵剂制作的干酪为对照,对其 理化指标、挥发性香气成分、质构特性和感官指标进行测定与评价。 结果表明,与对照干酪相比,开菲尔干酪的水分含量、pH4.6-可溶 性氮（SN）及12%三氯乙酸（TCA）-SN的含量极显著增高（P＜0.01）,pH值极显著低（P＜0.01）,而粗脂肪比例和总游离氨基酸（TFAA） 含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）,不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）含量显著增高（P＜0.05）;醇类和酯类物质的种类增多;硬度和咀嚼性极显著降低（P＜0.01）,胶黏性极显著增大（P＜0.01）,内聚性和弹性无明显差异（P＞0.05）;开菲尔粒益生菌干酪呈乳白色,表面有光泽,不仅具 有干酪特有的滋味和气味,且具有开菲尔发酵乳的特有风味,带有适宜的酒香味。     

Study of taste-active compounds in the water-soluble extract of mature Cheddar cheese

The chemical composition of the water-soluble extracts of mature Cheddar cheese were identified, with the emphasis on understanding the interplay of compounds contributing to the savoury taste in Cheddar. The ultra-filtered water-soluble extracts of two mature Cheddar cheeses were fractionated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). By sensory evaluation, two taste-active GPC fractions were identified from each cheese. On the basis of chemical profiling of these fractions, aqueous model tastant mixtures were prepared and sensory omission tests carried out. Glutamic acid, organic acids and mineral salts were the main tastants, whereas the other amino acids had a limited impact on taste. The characteristic umami taste was explained by a synergistic effect of glutamic acid and salts. Matching umami taste intensities were obtained from different concentrations of glutamic acid and salts. Unmasking of a bitter or sweet taste from mixtures of sub-threshold concentrations of amino acids without glutamic acids was also observed.     

Influence of adjunct cultures on volatile free fatty acids in reduced-fat Edam cheeses

The effects of the adjunct cultures Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis, Brevibacterium linens BL2, Lactobacillus helveticus LH212, and Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 23272 on volatile free fatty acid production in reduced-fat Edam cheese were studied. Lipase activity evaluation using p-nitrophenyl fatty acid ester substrates indicated that L. lactis ssp. diacetylactis showed the highest activity among the 4 adjunct cultures. Full-fat and 33% reduced-fat control cheeses (no adjunct) were made along with 5 treatments of reduced-fat cheeses, which included individual, and a mixture of the adjunct cultures. Volatile free fatty acids of cheeses were analyzed using static headspace analysis with 4-bromofluorobenzene as an internal standard. Changes in volatile free fatty acid concentrations were found in headspace gas of cheeses after 3-and 6-mo ripening. Acetic acid was the most abundant acid detected throughout ripening. Full-fat cheese had the highest relative amount of propionic acid among the cheeses. Certain adjunct cultures had a definite role in lipolysis at particular times. Reduced-fat cheese with L. lactis ssp. diacetylactis at 3-mo showed the highest levels of butyric, isovaleric, n-valeric, iso-caproic, and n-caproic acid. Reduced-fat cheese with Lactobacillus reuteri at 6 mo produced the highest relative concentration of isocaproic, n-caproic, and heptanoic, and the highest relative concentration of total acids.     

Changes in the free amino acid content during ripening of Idiazabal cheese: influence of starter and rennet type

The effect of starter and rennet type on free amino acid release during ripening of Idiazabal cheese was studied. Four batches of cheeses were manufactured depending on the rennet used, commercial calf rennet or artisanal lamb rennet, and the addition or not of starter culture. Cheese samples contained 24 individual free amino acids Leu, Glu, Val and Phe showing the highest contents during the ripening. The results indicated that the release of the free amino acids during ripening was strongly affected by starter added to the cheeses, and that this effect varied markedly with the rennet used for cheesemaking. Total amounts of free amino acids were higher for the cheeses made with commercial calf rennet than for those made with artisanal lamb rennet, regardless of starter addition. Likewise, the highest total free amino acid levels were found in the cheeses made with starter, regardless of the type of rennet used.     

大豆奶酪的风味研究

对3种不同的大豆奶酪的风味进行了研究,分析了大豆奶酪的营养和感官特性。游离氨基酸分析表明,采用组合发酵剂制备的大豆奶酪游离氨基酸总量最高,单菌种L.rhamnosus发酵制备的大豆奶酪的游离氨基酸以谷氨酸(Glu)和精氨酸(Arg)为主,单菌种S.carnosus发酵制备的大豆奶酪的游离氨基酸以色氨酸(Trp)为主,组合菌种发酵制备产品的游离氨基酸以色氨酸(Trp)为主;脂肪酸分析表明,大豆奶酪中亚麻酸的含量比较高,组合发酵剂制备的产品中C20以上的长链脂肪酸含量明显低于单菌种制备的产品,表明组合菌种具有更强的脂肪降解能力;挥发性组分分析表明,大豆奶酪后熟过程中产生了多种风味物质,在匹配度超过60%的28种物质中,主要是酸和酯,还有少数的醇和醛类物质。在这些物质当中,n-十六酸的相对百分含量是最高的,达到56.72%,其它风味物质含量相对较低。     

Influence of the season on proteolysis and sensory characteristics of Idiazabal cheese

The present study examined the influence of the manufacturing time on proteolysis and sensory characteristics of Idiazabal cheese. Samples of Idiazabal cheeses made using traditional manufacturing methods at two different times of year were collected at a plant operating under the auspices of the Idiazabal Cheese Appellation of Origin. The cheeses were made in February and June, roughly the beginning and the end of the manufacturing season. Chemical analyses were performed on d 1, 90, and 180 of ripening and sensory analyses on d 90, 120, and 180 of ripening. Higher nitrogen fraction (soluble and nonprotein nitrogen) levels and free amino acid contents were observed in the cheeses manufactured during the month of June. Degradation of the alphas- and beta-caseins was also greater in the cheeses made at that time of year. The cheeses manufactured in February earned higher sensory analysis scores for characteristic odor and taste and higher total sensory scores. The cheeses manufactured in June earned higher scores for the sensory attributes sweet flavor and bitter taste.     

Changes of composition and free fatty acid contents of Urfa cheeses (a white-brined Turkish cheese) during ripening: Effects of heat treatments and starter cultures

The influences of heat treatments (at 65 °C for 20 min or 72 °C for 5 min) applied to the milk and addition of mesophilic or thermophilic starter cultures, prior to cheese-making, on the composition and free fatty acid contents of Urfa cheeses were evaluated throughout the ripening period. Sensory evaluation of cheese samples was also performed on 90th day. The basic composition of ripened cheese samples was not significantly affected by the heat treatments and starter cultures. Heat treatments adversely affected the lipolysis and sensory properties of Urfa cheeses, particularly at 72 °C. The FFA contents of cheeses made from mesophilic and thermophilic cultures were similar. Cheese made from raw milk had a higher level of lipolysis than the cheeses made from milk inoculated with mesophilic or thermophilic lactic starters (p < 0.05).