生防芽孢杆菌对果蔬采后病害防治的研究进展

果蔬在采后贮藏运输过程中易受到病原菌的侵染而腐烂变质,采后病害的控制主要依赖化学合成杀菌剂,但长期使用会导致环境污染和食品安全等问题。生物防治具有绿色环保的特点,正在逐渐被应用。芽孢杆菌作为重要的生防菌,在果蔬采后病害防治中发挥了重要作用,目前国内外已有大量生防杆菌在果蔬采后病害防治中的研究。本文对生防芽孢杆菌防治采后病害的种类、作用机制和在采后病害的应用现状进行了综述,以期为生防芽孢杆菌在果蔬采后病害的发展和创新提供借鉴思路。     

激发子诱导培养提高拮抗酵母对水果采后病害生防效力的研究进展

对引起水果贮藏期间腐烂的病原真菌,多采用化学杀菌剂,考虑到环保以及人体健康等因素,人们将目光转向了生物防治—酵母拮抗菌,而其防治效力的稳定性和广谱性与化学杀菌剂相比还存在很大的差距,防治成本较高。为此,研究者们加入添加物(激发子)对酵母进行培养,以提高酵母的生防效果。对激发子诱导培养酵母菌以提高其生防效果的研究进展进行综述。     

葡萄采后病害生防制剂用拮抗酵母的筛选

本研究通过对比5种拮抗酵母在抑制葡萄采后病害中的效果,以及在正常葡萄表面的生长适应性,从中筛选出适合开发成牛防制剂的种类.结果表明:罗伦隐球酵母和季也蒙假丝酵母的抑菌效果较好,从生长适应性方面比较,季也蒙假丝酵母最适合开发成生防制剂.     

拮抗酵母对北疆冬枣采后病害生防效果的研究

研究一株假丝酵母属拮抗菌对于北疆冬枣采后病害的生防效果。试验表明,采用1×109 CFU/mL假丝酵母菌悬液处理的冬枣在室温下贮藏效果优于无菌蒸馏水处理的对照组。假丝酵母菌悬液对果实的可滴定酸、光泽、硬度、抗坏血酸和可溶性固形物含量有保持作用,能显著降低冬枣腐烂率。同时,对冬枣的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量有不同程度的影响。研究结果说明,该假丝酵母能够较好的控制北疆冬枣采后的病害。     

一株桃褐腐病生防酵母菌活性冻干粉的制备及保鲜应用

为研究出一种能有效防治水蜜桃采后褐腐病的生防制剂,以一株间型假丝酵母菌Y-17为研究对象,通过单因素实验和响应面中心组合设计对间型假丝酵母菌Y-17冷冻干燥保护剂的配方进行筛选和优化,考察了所制备的活性冻干粉的生防效力和存放效力,并研究了其对水蜜桃的蜜桃采后贮藏的保鲜效果。结果表明,山梨醇5.43 g/100 mL、海藻糖12.45 g/100 mL、谷氨酸钠13.56 g/100 mL时,组合保护效果最好,酵母菌存活率可达84.21%±0.87%,且冻干后的菌粉仍具有较高的生防效力,-20 ℃贮藏180 d酵母存活率为34.66%。保鲜应用实验表明,酵母菌Y-17活性冻干粉能够有效抑制水蜜桃腐烂,25 ℃贮藏至第9 d时,腐烂指数仅为6.28%。酵母冻干粉还能减少桃果实贮藏期间水分流失,减缓果实软化速度,25 ℃贮藏7 d后,桃果实可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量、可滴定酸含量分别为10.67%、2.15 mg/100 g、0.17%,均高于对照组,且能有效维持果皮细胞膜完整性,对水蜜桃采后的贮藏保鲜具有积极作用。     

甜菜碱诱导卡利比克毕赤酵母对苹果灰霉病控制效果的影响

卡利比克毕赤酵母(Pichia caribbica)是一株安全无害且对水果采后病害具有生物防治效果的酵母,但其生防效力与化学杀菌剂相比,仍存在一定差距。研究了甜菜碱诱导培养P.caribbica,从而提高P.caribbica对苹果采后灰霉病的防治效力,并初步探讨了甜菜碱诱导培养提高P.caribbica生物防治效力的机制。结果显示,1 mmol/L甜菜碱诱导培养后,显著提高了P.caribbica对苹果灰霉病及自然腐烂的防治效果,卡利比克毕赤酵母处理未对苹果的贮藏品质造成影响。甜菜碱诱导后的P.caribbica能够显著提高苹果果实抗性酶的活力,如多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT),这些酶与苹果自身的抗病性和防御机制相关。     

部分食品专利介绍

专利名称胶红酵母、在水果采后病害防治的应用及方法专利申请号：CN201010198131．7公开号：CNl01892167A申请日：2010．06．10公开日：2010．11．24申请人：江苏大学本发明公开了一种对水果采后病害具有防治效力的胶红酵母（Rhodotorulamueilaginosa）,及在水果贮藏保鲜中的用途和使用方法。     

提高生防菌对水果采后病害防治能力的研究进展

水果采后病害的生物防治已成为一个研究热点,但微生物防治的效果往往不如化学杀菌剂的效果,这限制了微生物生防菌的应用。近年来,学者们提出了许多措施来提高生防菌对水果采后病害的防治能力,本文对这些措施进行了综述。     

罗伦隐球酵母冻干粉在贮藏期的活性及安全性研究

罗伦隐球酵母对许多水果的采后病害具有显著的抑制作用。要想将拮抗酵母商品化，应用于水果的采后病害防治，需要得到酵母菌体干粉制剂。另外，拮抗菌的安全性是其作为水果防腐保鲜剂的前提。研究了罗伦隐球酵母冻干粉在贮藏期的活性，并对其安全性进行了急性毒理实验评价。结果表明，罗伦隐球酵母冻干粉在4℃下保存的前5个月，其活性保存较好，但第6个月，其活性失去加快。罗伦隐球酵母冻干粉制剂经小鼠急性经口毒性实验，结果证实属于实际无毒类。     

冷冻保护剂和储藏条件对海洋酵母冻干粉活性的影响

海洋拮抗酵母Rhodosporidium paludigenum作为生防保鲜剂在控制水果采后真菌类病原菌中表现出了良好的抑制效果,然而生防制剂要真正取代化学杀菌剂,必须以产品的形式投入市场,即实现其商品化生产。实验将该拮抗酵母制成冻干粉,研究冻干保护剂和储藏条件对海洋酵母干粉稳定性的影响。结果显示,海藻糖作为保护剂可以显著地提高酵母干粉的存活率和生防活性,用5%的海藻糖作保护剂,存活率为42%,而对照仅为3%。研究还发现,酵母细胞的存活率与其胞内海藻糖含量具有一定的相关性。另外,储藏实验表明,低温(4℃)可以较好地保持酵母干粉的存活力。而常温(25℃)下储藏1个月,每克干粉中酵母活细胞数下降5个数量级,因此常温不适合储藏该新型拮抗酵母生防制剂。     

拮抗酵母控制果蔬采后真菌病害研究进展

果蔬采后的真菌病害会造成巨大经济损失,部分病原菌还可能会产生危害人畜健康的真菌毒素。化学防治方法存在一定的毒性,并且容易造成环境污染,使用面临着越来越多的限制,生防酵母防治作为可以替代化学杀菌剂防治的新手段已被广泛研究。本文将从拮抗酵母种类、防控效果、拮抗机制以及如何提高其生防效率等几个方面进行综述,并对其商业化前景进行了展望。     

Exploitation of microbial antagonists for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits: a review

Fungal diseases result in significant losses of fruits and vegetables during handling, transportation and storage. At present, post-production fungal spoilage is predominantly controlled by using synthetic fungicides. Under the global climate change scenario and with the need for sustainable agriculture, biological control methods of fungal diseases, using antagonistic microorganisms, are emerging as ecofriendly alternatives to the use of fungicides. The potential of microbial antagonists, isolated from a diversity of natural habitats, for postharvest disease suppression has been investigated. Postharvest biocontrol systems involve tripartite interaction between microbial antagonists, the pathogen and the host, affected by environmental conditions. Several modes for fungistatic activities of microbial antagonists have been suggested, including competition for nutrients and space, mycoparasitism, secretion of antifungal antibiotics and volatile metabolites and induction of host resistance. Postharvest application of microbial antagonists is more successful for efficient disease control in comparison to pre-harvest application. Attempts have also been made to improve the overall efficacy of antagonists by combining them with different physical and chemical substances and methods. Globally, many microbe-based biocontrol products have been developed and registered for commercial use. The present review provides a brief overview on the use of microbial antagonists as postharvest biocontrol agents and summarises information on their isolation, mechanisms of action, application methods, efficacy enhancement, product formulation and commercialisation.     

Unravelling the fruit microbiome: The key for developing effective biological control strategies for postharvest diseases

Fruit-based diets are recognized for their benefits to human health. The safety of fruit is a global concern for scientists. Fruit microbiome represents the whole microorganisms that are associated with a fruit. These microbes are either found on the surfaces (epiphytes) or in the tissues of the fruit (endophytes). The recent knowledge gained from these microbial communities is considered relevant to the field of biological control in prevention of postharvest fruit pathology. In this study, the importance of the microbiome of certain fruits and how it holds promise for solving the problems inherent in biocontrol and postharvest crop protection are summarized. Research needs on the fruit microbiome are highlighted. Data from DNA sequencing and “meta-omics” technologies very recently applied to the study of microbial communities of fruits in the postharvest context are also discussed. Various fruit parameters, management practices, and environmental conditions are the main determinants of the microbiome. Microbial communities can be classified according to their structure and function in fruit tissues. A critical mechanism of microbial biological control agents is to reshape and interact with the microbiome of the fruit. The ability to control the microbiome of any fruit is a great potential in postharvest management of fruits. Research on the fruit microbiome offers important opportunities to develop postharvest biocontrol strategies and products, as well as the health profile of the fruit.     

Review: Utilization of antagonistic yeasts to manage postharvest fungal diseases of fruit

Significant losses in harvested fruit can be directly attributable to decay fungi. Some of these pathogenic fungi are also the source of mycotoxins that are harmful to humans. Biological control of postharvest decay of fruits, vegetables and grains using antagonistic yeasts has been explored as one of several promising alternatives to chemical fungicides, the use of which is facing increasingly more stringent regulation. Yeast species have been isolated over the past two decades from a variety of sources, including fruit surfaces, the phyllosphere, soil and sea water, and their potential as postharvest biocontrol agents has been investigated. Several mechanisms have been proposed as responsible for their antagonistic activity, including competition for nutrients and space, parasitism of the pathogen, secretion of antifungal compounds, induction of host resistance, biofilm formation, and most recently, the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in defense response. It has been recognized that a biocontrol system is composed of a three-way interaction between the host (commodity), the pathogen and the yeast, all of which are affected by environmental factors. Efficacy and consistent performance in controlling postharvest diseases are the hurdles that must be overcome if the use of yeast biocontrol agents and other alternatives are to be widely used commercially. Therefore, attempts have been made to combine alternative treatments in order improve their overall performance. The current review provides a brief overview of the topic of the use of yeasts as postharvest biocontrol agents and includes information on the sources from which yeast antagonists have been isolated, their mode of action, and abiotic stress resistance in yeast as it relates to biocontrol performance. Areas in need of future research are also highlighted.     

拮抗酵母菌对果蔬采后病害生防增效途径及机理研究进展

本文在总结拮抗酵母菌特点的基础上,针对限制其商业化应用的主要原因,重点阐述增强拮抗酵母菌对果蔬采后病害生防效力的途径及机理,最后进一步提出拮抗酵母菌增效技术未来的研究方向。以此,为拮抗酵母菌的商业化推广和应用及生物防治技术在控制采后果蔬病害中的应用提供指导。     

Recent developments in the enhancement of some postharvest biocontrol agents with unconventional chemicals compounds

BackgroundProduce are susceptible to microbial attack from diverse sources and the use of novel BCAs has gained recognition as alternative and sustainable applications to lessen the current emerging problems with synthetic fungicide use. Most researchers recommend the combination of two or more biocontrol agents in postharvest diseases control. To this end, the enhancement of biocontrol agents and the mechanisms of action in biocontrol systems have attracted many research interests. In this regard, there have been remarkable efforts to develop a multifaceted system approach for disease control.Scope and approachIt has been recognized that the various methods of biological control act together additively or synergistically to achieve significant commercial level of 97–99% disease control. The integration of microbial agents with a wide range of unconventional chemicals and their corresponding mechanisms of action to controlling postharvest fungal pathogens of fruits has been proven be successful.Key findings and conclusionsIn this review, the combined strategy of unconventional chemical compounds and other BCAs have contributed to varied degree of postharvest diseases control. The beneficial effects of these methods depend on the appropriate combination of the agents based on adequate knowledge of their mechanisms of action in the biocontrol system. Lastly, efforts to upscale these methods to commercial implementation level must be given the necessary consideration.     

生防菌解淀粉芽孢杆菌抗菌蛋白的研究进展

生防解淀粉芽孢杆菌具有强烈抑制真菌和细菌的能力,在果蔬采后病害防治方面具有巨大的应用潜力。该文对解淀粉芽孢杆菌产生的抗菌蛋白、蛋白的分离纯化、抑菌机理和生防应用等方面进行了综述,并对其在果蔬采后病害防治应用前景进行了展望。     

Yeast biocontrol of fungal spoilage of pears stored at low temperature

To reduce the use of fungicides, biological control with yeasts has been proposed in postharvest pears. Most studies of antagonists selection have been carried out at room temperature. However, in regions like North Patagonia where fruits are stored at − 1/0 °C during 5-7 months the selection of potential antagonist agents must be carried out at low temperature. In this study, 75 yeast cultures were isolated from healthy pears from two Patagonian cold-storage packinghouses. Aureobasidium pullulans, Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus difluens, Pichia membranifaciens, Pichia philogaea, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast species were identified. Additionally, 13 indigenous isolates of Penicillium expansum and 10 isolates of Botrytis cinerea were obtained from diseased pears, characterized by aggressiveness and tested for sensitivity to postharvest fungicides. The yeasts were pre-selected for their ability to grow at low temperature. In a first biocontrol assay using the most aggressive and the most sensitive isolate of each pathogen, two epiphytic isolates of A. pullulans and R. mucilaginosa were the most promising isolates to be used as biocontrol agents. They reduced the decay incidence by P. expansum to 33% and the lesion diameter in 88% after 60 days of incubation in cold. Foreign commercial yeast used as a reference in assays, only reduced 30% of lesion diameter in the same conditions. Yeasts were not able to reduce the incidence of B. cinerea decay. The control activity of the best two yeasts was compared with the control caused by the fungicides in a second bioassay, obtaining higher levels of protection against P. expansum by the yeasts. These two regional yeasts isolates could be promising tools for the future development of commercial products for biological control.