多重与单一耐药的副溶血性弧菌在纯培养及南美白对虾中生长动力学的参数比较研究

为比较多重与单一耐药的副溶血性弧菌生长动力学差异,并探索"细菌耐药性"与"风险"之间的关联,本研究应用Bioscreen全自动微生物生长曲线分析仪结合梯度稀释法,对不同耐药程度的副溶血性弧菌在纯培养条件(TSB)下的最大比生长速率(μmax)进行了比较分析。进一步选取六重耐药的VPD18菌株与单一耐药的VPD43菌株接种于南美白对虾中,构建不同温度下的生长曲线,采用Baranyi模型进行拟合得出生长动力学参数。结果显示:在纯培养条件下,多重与单一耐药的副溶血性弧菌的μmax间并无显著性差异(P0.05)。而在南美白对虾中,单一耐药的副溶血性弧菌的μmax更大,但六重耐药的菌株却具有更短的延滞期(λ)。基于该现象提出假设:细菌耐药程度的增加可能导致其延滞期缩短,但对其最大比生长速率影响不显著。该结果可为我国开展副溶血性弧菌的定量风险评估提供基础数据。     

不同致病性副溶血性弧菌在南美白对虾中的生长动力学参数比较研究

为了探讨不同致病性副溶血性弧菌(pathogenic Vibrioparahaemolyticus,pVp)在南美白对虾及其他生长基质(培养基和三文鱼)中生长动力学参数的差异.测定了12℃和35℃下,三株pVp(含有tdh基因):ATCC33847、F13、临床分离株(Clinical Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain,CV)在南美白对虾中的生长曲线,采用不同一级模型拟合得出生长动力学参数并与同类研究进行比较.结果显示,Baranyi模型对三株致病性副溶血性弧菌生长曲线的拟合效果最好.通过将本研究结果与同类研究相比可知,血清型为O3:K6的致病性副溶血性弧菌CV在12℃和35℃下在南美白对虾中的μmax均大于同类研究中的pVp在培养基和三文鱼中的μmax.不同的pVp菌株在12℃、不同生长基质中的生长动力学参数存在较大差异.由此可见,在构建副溶血性弧菌的生长预测模型及进行风险评估时,应充分考虑不同菌株之间以及不同生长基质之间的差异对微生物生长动力学参数的影响.     

不同耐药性致病性副溶血性弧菌的生长特性比较研究

用K-B纸片扩散法分析了8株致病性副溶血性弧菌菌株对10种抗生素的耐药性,发现6株菌株具有耐药性,其中,1株耐3种抗生素,1株耐2种抗生素,其余4株耐1种抗生素。比较了20、25、37℃下这8株菌株在TSB(含3%NaCl,pH8.0)中的生长特性。通过Bioscreen全自动微生物生长曲线分析仪建立了这8株菌的一级生长模型,并比较其最大比生长速率(μmax),延滞期(λ)及最大生长量(a)。同时比较了这8株菌的ERIC-PCR图谱的差异性。结果显示,不同耐药性致病性副溶血性弧菌菌株的生长参数存在一定的差异性,但是菌株的各个生长参数的大小与菌株的耐药性之间没有明显的对应关系。并且发现ERIC-PCR图谱与菌株的耐药性之间也没有明显的对应关系。本研究为耐药性致病副溶血性弧菌的风险评估提供参考依据。     

不同来源副溶血性弧菌耐药情况比较

为了比较不同来源以及不同致病性副溶血性弧菌耐药性差异,通过改良K-B纸片法对44株副溶血性弧菌进行抗生素耐药性检测,应用PCR技术对其耐药基因(Antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)进行检测。结果表明:从海水虾和淡水虾分离的副溶血性弧菌菌株的耐药表型无明显差异,其耐药率分别为100%和95.5%;但是致病性菌株多重耐药性高达73.7%,显著高于非致病性菌株(其为16%);不同来源以及不同致病性菌株所含耐药基因种类和数量并无显著差异。本研究为副溶血性弧菌耐药多样性普查提供基础数据,并对进一步研究耐药菌风险评估提供相关的帮助。     

胁迫温度下两株高致病性副溶血弧菌的生长差异比较分析

为了比较胁迫温度下高致病性副溶血性弧菌的生长差异,作者选用致病性副溶血性弧菌ATCC 33847(tlh~+/tdh~+/trh~-)和F 18(tlh~+/tdh~+/trh~-),测定其在南美白对虾上4~30℃的生长情况,采用修正一级模型拟合其生长曲线,并基于最优模型拟合得到的最大比生长速率(μmax)、延滞期(LT)比较分析两株菌的生长特性。结果表明,20~30℃时,两株副溶血性弧菌并未呈现出明显生长差异,而4~15℃时的生长差异较大。修正Gompertz模型为ATCC 33847和F 18在15~30℃的生长曲线的最优模型(R~20.99),Baranyi模型为ATCC 33847在4~7℃以及F 18在7℃下最优模型(R~20.935),而F 18在4℃和10℃的生长模型有待于进一步研究。15~30℃,F 18的μmax大于ATCC 33847,差值约从0.2 lg(cfu/mL)/h增至0.8 lg(cfu/mL)/h,ATCC 33847的LT大于F 18,差值从2.5 h变化到7 h。比较其他同类文献的μmax二级模型发现高致病性菌株存在显著性生长差异(P0.05),且差值随着温度的升高而变大。因此,胁迫温度下相同致病性副溶血性弧菌的生长存在较大的异质性,而结合微生物实际生活环境,建议考虑建立以混合菌株为研究对象的预测模型,为风险评估提供更准确的数据基础。     

波动温度模拟蟹肉副溶血性弧菌生长模型

研究模拟蟹肉在4℃~28℃范围内副溶血性弧菌的生长动力学曲线,采用Belehradek方程描述温度对副溶血性弧菌的生长动力学影响。通过在设计的波动温度下模拟蟹肉中副溶血性弧菌的生长动态模型而得到预测值,并与在此波动温度下副溶血性弧菌的实测值进行比较,本文同时采用了偏差因子和准确因子来验证模型对波动温度的预测适用性。     

2018年贝类来源副溶血性弧菌毒力基因及耐药性分析

目的 对2018年从产地和市售贝类样品中分离的140株副溶血性弧菌的毒力基因和耐药性进行分析。方法 采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增法检测毒力基因和耐药基因,采用药敏纸片法测试菌株的耐药性。结果 140株副溶血性弧菌均不含有tdh基因,1株菌含有trh基因;所有菌株对氨苄西林耐药,部分菌株对头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛钠、链霉素、阿米卡星、复方新诺明、四环素和氟苯尼考耐药,所有菌株对头孢吡肟、庆大霉素、亚胺培南、美罗培南、氧氟沙星和强力霉素敏感,6株菌呈现耐受2类及以上抗菌药的多重耐药性;耐链霉素菌株检出耐药基因strA、strB,耐四环素菌株检出耐药基因tetA,耐复方新诺明菌株检出耐药基因sul2,耐氟苯尼考菌株检出耐药基因floR。结论 大多数副溶血性弧菌不含有毒力基因,菌株呈现不同程度的耐药性,少量菌株含有多个耐药基因,表现出多重耐药性,提示应继续加强水产品中副溶血性弧菌的致病性和耐药性监测。     

辽宁省市售水产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染状况及耐药性分析

分析辽宁市售水产品副溶血性弧菌污染状况、毒力基因分布及耐药情况。方法 共采集420份水产品,应用国标方法和基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)对水产品中分离的副溶血性弧菌进行鉴定,并对分离菌株进行毒力基因及耐药性检测。结果 经国标方法和MALDI-TOF MS鉴定分离得到123株副溶血性弧菌,总检出率为29.29%(123/420)。不同种类、不同类别水产品副溶血性弧菌检出率差异均有统计学意义,海水产品检出率为33.44%,其中海水贝类检出率最高为49.51%;另外淡水产品中河蟹检出率较高为61.29%。分离的123株菌tlh基因全部阳性,未检测到tdh和trh基因,对氨苄西林耐药性显著,耐药率为94.31%。结论 辽宁省市售水产品不同程度受到副溶血性弧菌污染,尤其在河蟹中存在较高检出,应引起重视,并采取有效措施预防由水产品引起的副溶血性弧菌食源性疾病。同时,MALDI-TOF MS作为一种快速、准确、高通量的全新微生物鉴定技术,实现了对副溶血性弧菌的特异性快速鉴定。     

运用Real-time PCR建立即食虾中副溶血性弧菌分子预测模型

运用Real-time PCR方法建立不同贮藏温度(4~30℃)下即食虾中副溶血性弧菌分子预测模型。将四株副溶血性弧菌混合接种于即食虾中,利用Real-time PCR定量4~30℃下虾中副溶血性弧菌数量,选用Gompertz模型拟合得到10~30℃下副溶血性弧菌最大比生长速率,并用Linear、Square Root和Ratkowsky模型拟合获得二级分子模型,然后对其验证;选用Weibull、Log-linear及Logistic模型拟合4℃及7℃下副溶血性弧菌的失活曲线。结果表明Gompertz模型R2均在0.97以上,可较好地拟合Real-time PCR定量的副溶血性弧菌生长数据;二级分子模型的R2均在0.94以上,准确因子(Af)和偏差因子(Bf)均在接受范围内,可较好地描绘即食虾中副溶血性弧菌的生长速率与贮藏温度之间的关系,其中Linear模型为最适二级模型;但Real-time PCR方法不适用于建立低温下副溶血性弧菌的失活模型。运用Real-time PCR方法可以建立可靠的一、二级分子预测模型,为实际样品中目标菌株的预测模型建立提供研究基础。     

一株多重耐药副溶血性弧菌的耐药分子机制研究

目的从养殖半滑舌鳎肠道分离到一株副溶血性弧菌Vp1107,对该菌株进行耐药性及耐药分子机制研究。方法通过K-B法进行药敏试验,PCR扩增及测序法对耐药基因及整合子进行检测与分析。结果 Vp1107菌株耐受氨苄西林、阿莫西林、头孢唑啉、四环素、土霉素和氯霉素,对头孢呋辛钠、链霉素、卡那霉素、萘啶酸、环丙沙星中度敏感,其多重耐药系数为0.33。菌株携带blaTEM、strA、strB、tetB、tetM、catⅢ、intI1耐药相关基因,1类整合子不含基因盒,gyrA和parC基因的喹诺酮类耐药决定区未发生点突变。结论副溶血性弧菌Vp1107耐药程度较为严重,其耐药性主要由耐药基因编码的耐药性酶类和外排泵作用引起,提示应加强对副溶血性弧菌耐药性的监控及渔用药物的管理。     

乳源性表皮生长因子和胰岛素样生长因子I研究进展

主要概述了乳源性表皮生长因子(EGF)和胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)的发现、来源、结构、理化性质、作用机制及对细胞增殖的影响.     

零级随机Dirichlet级数的增长性

研究右半平面内零级Dirichlet级数的正规增长性和零级随机Dirichlet级数的增长性.研究发现,零级随机Dirichlet级数的许多增长性质类似于零级Dirichlet级数.     

GROWTH OF AEROBIC WILD YEASTS

Wild yeasts of the genera Debaryomyces, Hansenula and Pichia are commonly considered to be associated with spoilage only under aerobic conditions. However, in pure cultures in either wort or a synthetic medium of yeast nitrogen base + 10% glucose, yeasts of these genera grew as well as a brewing strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under anaerobic conditions. Growth of S. cerevisiae was increased by the addition of unsaturated fatty acid (Tween 80) or ergosterol to the medium for anaerobic culture. No equivalent requirement was observed for the wild yeasts examined. Indeed, growth of the wild yeasts was often reduced by the addition of Tween 80, which as a surfactant prevented formation of the surface film of growth. Even under anaerobic conditions, these yeasts grew best with a surface pellicle. Although capable of good anaerobic growth in pure culture, growth of the wild yeasts was suppressed under anaerobic conditions in mixed culture with S. cerevisiae, simulating a contaminated brewery fermentation. However, the contaminants competed successfully with S. cerevisiae under aerobic conditions. There was no evidence of a “killer” effect, but prevention of pellicle formation, or production of inhibitory levels of pH or ethanol under anaerobic conditions could explain the suppression of wild yeasts under anaerobic fermentation conditions.     

Individual variation in the milk yield response to bovine somatotropin in dairy cows

The objective was to relate the short-term milk yield response (MYR) following use of exogenous bovine somatotropin (bST) to changes in plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones. Twenty-four Holstein cows (52 +/- 4.1 d postpartum) received daily subcutaneous injections of saline for 1 wk followed by subcutaneous injections of 33 mg/d of bST for 2 wk (Trial 1). The difference in milk yield between wk 1 and 3 for each cow was used to determine the 5 cows with the highest (HR) and 5 with the lowest responses (LR) to bST. These 10 cows were then used in 3 further trials of the same design (Trials 2, 3, and 4, conducted at 122, 181, and 237 +/- 7.6 d postpartum, respectively). Blood samples were taken 2 h after the administration of bST on d 1, 3, 5, 15, 17, and 19 of each trial. The HR group had consistently greater MYR to bST than the LR group throughout their lactation. The LR group had a higher milk yield and lower plasma insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations during the saline treatment in all trials. The increase in plasma somatotropin concentrations following injections of bST was greater for the LR group, whereas the difference in plasma IGF-I level between wk 1 and 3 was greater for the HR group. The HR group had lower levels of 3-hydroxy-butyrate and nonesterified fatty acids before bST treatment. Low short-term response to bST was associated with plasma concentrations of hormones and metabolites that indicate negative energy balance, although other factors may be involved.     

Rice protein concentrate partially replaces dried whey in the diet for early‐weaned piglets and improves their growth performance

BACKGROUND: Recently, rice protein concentrate (RPC), a much cheaper source of dietary protein, has become commercially available for use in the feed industry. Importantly, dietary supplementation with RPC can increase feed intake by early‐weaned pigs. The objective of this study was to determine whether RPC can replace milk protein in the diet for early‐weaned pigs. RESULTS: Neither average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), nor the feed/gain ratio differed among the treatment groups in weeks 1 and 2. In week 3, the addition of 5 or 10% RPC to diets increased (P < 0.05) ADFI and ADG of pigs compared to those in the control group fed a 60% dried whey diet. During the entire 21‐day trial, ADFI and ADG were greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the 5 and 10% RCP diets than in pigs fed the 60% dried whey and 15% RCP diets. There were no differences in the serum concentrations of growth hormone on days 14 and 21, serum concentrations of insulin growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) on day 14, or IGF‐I gene expression in liver and skeletal muscle on days 14 and 21 among the dietary treatments. Serum concentrations of IGF‐I in pigs fed the 5, 10 and 15% RPC diets were greater than those in pigs fed the 60% dried whey diet. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that up to 10% RPC can be used to replace dried whey in the diet for 7‐ to 21‐day‐old weaned piglets and can improve their growth performance. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

pH、水分活度和NaCl对腐败希瓦氏菌生长/非生长界限及生长动力学参数的影响

以有氧贮藏养殖大黄鱼的特定腐败菌腐败希瓦氏菌为研究对象,通过p H、Aw、Na Cl和温度调控其生长/非生长状况,并分析其对生长动力学参数的影响,为有效抑制特定腐败菌增殖,延长产品货架期提供支持。将腐败希瓦氏菌接种于TSB中培养,测定不同调控因子下OD动态数据,确定生长/非生长界限,在生长范围内用修正的Gompertz方程进行拟合,对模型的拟合优度及调控因子对动力学参数的影响进行研究。实验表明,15℃时,p H≤5.0或Aw≤0.930或Na Cl≥7%时,腐败希瓦氏菌不生长;25℃时,p H≤5.0或Aw≤0.920或Na Cl≥12%时,腐败希瓦氏菌不生长;37℃时,腐败希瓦氏菌均不生长。腐败希瓦氏菌生长模型拟合显示,不同p H、Aw和Na Cl对其最大比生长速率和迟滞期有较大影响,模型的R2、偏差度和准确度接均接近1,均方根误差接近0,表明模型能较好地拟合不同条件下的腐败希瓦氏菌的生长。     

胁迫生长条件下副溶血性弧菌的生物特性分析

为了解副溶血性弧菌在不同环境应激条件下的生长情况,以副溶血性弧菌标准菌株（Vibrio parahaemolyticus,CICC21617）为研究对象,使其在低盐度（0.9?g/100?mL?NaCl）、低pH值（pH?5.0）和高温（50?℃）条件下适应性传代培养后,通过测定菌株生存能力、生物被膜生成能力、溶血素活力和胞外蛋白酶产量等指标分析胁迫条件下副溶血性弧菌的生物特性。结果显示,经过胁迫传代的菌株较原始菌株,其生存能力和生物被膜生成能力有所增强,而溶血素活力和胞外蛋白酶产量却明显下降,外膜蛋白的种类和表达量亦有所不同。结果说明副溶血性弧菌可能是通过改变自身生物学特性来适应外界的不利生存环境,且菌株经应激适应后对逆境生存环境的耐受性明显增强。     

基于模糊理论的酵母发酵动力学模型

在模糊理论基础上,提出了一种描述菌体生长的模糊动力学模型,将专家对发酵过程的定性经验描述和精确的数学模型联系起来.模型分析发现,对数期隶属度函数就是菌体的相对比生长速率,从而提供了一种划分菌体发酵阶段的方法.最后针对酵母发酵过程,精确地确定了划分对数生长期的开始时间和结束时间.     

The relationship between Norwegian Red heifer growth and their first-lactation test-day milk yield: A field study

Today's Norwegian Red (NR) is markedly different from the one that existed 25 yr ago due to the continuous genetic improvement of economically important traits. Still, current national recommendations on replacement heifer rearing largely are based on results from Danish studies from the late 1980s to the mid 1990s. The objectives of the present study were to gain information on (1) growth and growth profiles of modern NR replacement heifers in commercial dairy herds and (2) how growth during the rearing period affects the heifers' milk yield during their first lactation. To this end, we conducted a field study on 5 high-producing and 5 low-producing commercial dairy farms from each of 3 geographical regions in Norway. On these 30 farms, we combined repeated onsite registrations of growth on all available females from newborn to calving with registrations deriving from the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording System. Each herd was visited 6 to 8 times over a period of 2 yr. At each visit, heart girth circumference on all available young females was measured. Registrations were made on a total of 3,110 heifers. After imposing restrictions on the data, growth parameters were estimated based on information from 536 animals, whereas 350 of these animals had the required information needed to estimate the relationship between growth and test-day milk yield. Our findings pointed toward an optimal ADG of 830 g/d from 10 to 15 mo of age that would optimize first-lactation yield of heifers in an average Norwegian dairy herd. The optimum will likely increase from selection over time. Utilizing simple proportionality, the ADG between 5 and 10 mo of age ideally should be 879 g/d, taking into account the fact that animal growth rate is higher at low ages and that a high prepubertal growth rate had no negative effect on first-lactation yield. When such a rearing practice is used to meet the requirements of today's genetically improved NR heifer, heifers can both optimize production in their first lactation and enter the milking herd earlier than the current average age of 24.8 mo.