魔芋葡甘聚糖及其衍生物肠道益生性的体外发酵评价

目的：评价魔芋葡甘聚糖（konjac glucomannan,KGM）及其衍生物脱乙酰基魔芋葡甘聚糖（D-KGM）、魔芋葡甘露低聚糖（konjac oligosaccharide,KOS）的肠道益生性。方法：分别以1 g/100 mL的KGM、KOS和D-KGM为碳源,通过小鼠盲肠内容物体外厌氧发酵,测定发酵液的pH值、微生物和短链脂肪酸,评价肠道益生效果。结果：与阳性对照组（以葡萄糖作为碳源）相比,KGM和KOS发酵液pH值明显降低,短链脂肪酸（short-chainfatty acids,SCFAs）和乳酸菌、双歧杆菌的数量显著增加,肠道潜在致病菌（大肠杆菌、梭状杆菌、拟杆菌）的增殖不明显,而D-KGM发酵液中pH值、肠道微生物、SCFAs与阴性对照组（不含碳源）均无显著性差异。结论：KOS和KGM具有显著的肠道益生性,而D-KGM没有肠道益生性。     

OPO乳脂粉对肠道微生物体外发酵的影响

为进一步明晰1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯（1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl triglyceride,OPO）乳脂粉的营养机制,扩大OPO的食用范围,以健康大学生粪便为菌源,采用体外厌氧发酵模式,结合传统培养技术和气相色谱法,研究不同含量OPO乳脂粉24 h体外发酵过程中pH值、短链脂肪酸的变化,并分析肠道微生物,计算益生元指数和B/E（Bifidobacterium/Enterobacter）值。结果显示：OPO乳脂粉的添加,能迅速降低发酵液的pH值,下降幅度与OPO含量呈正比;能大幅度增加总短链脂肪酸含量,其中,乙酸和丁酸含量增加明显;能显著促进双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌的生长,抑制肠杆菌和拟杆菌的生长,提高益生元指数和B/E值,其中OPO含量50 g/kg组在24 h发酵过程中益生元指数最高,在发酵12 h内双歧杆菌增加数量、B/E值均与OPO含量呈正比。因此,综合考虑益生效率,推荐添加组为50 g/kg组。     

荞麦蜂花粉多糖对人体粪便菌群代谢的影响

本文主要研究荞麦蜂花粉多糖（WFPP）在体外发酵过程中对人体粪便菌群代谢产物的影响。通过建立体外发酵模型,测定发酵液中pH值、总糖含量、NH3-N含量及短链脂肪酸含量,分析WFPP体外酵解规律,探究WFPP对人体肠道菌群的有益作用。随着发酵时间的延长,发酵液中pH值和总糖含量不断降低,发酵24 h后,WFPP-H组pH值由7.26降至4.64,多糖组总糖消耗量均在80%以上。添加WFPP能明显减少培养液中NH3-N的积累,且添加量越高效果越明显。乙酸、丙酸、正丁酸是发酵液中主要的短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）,在发酵过程中其含量都显著增加,各组发酵产物中短链脂肪酸含量高低排序为WFPP-H>WFPP-M>WFPP-L。结论：荞麦蜂花粉多糖能被人体肠道菌群酵解,在产生短链脂肪酸的同时降低培养液中pH值,减少NH3-N的积累,并具有一定的剂量关系。荞麦蜂花粉多糖具有潜在的益生元作用。     

大蒜果聚糖对乳杆菌的体外增殖作用研究

通过体外实验,研究了三种不同聚合度的大蒜果聚糖Garlic Fructans(GF1、GF2、GF2)对九株乳杆菌的增殖作用.以大蒜果聚糖为唯一碳源进行乳杆菌的体外发酵实验,并与2种商业益生元-低聚果糖Fructo-oligosaccharides(FOS)和菊糖(Inulin)做对比,以48h发酵液的pH和益生指标Prebiotic Index(PI)值作为评价指标,对大蒜果聚糖的益生元效应做出评估.结果显示,GF1对九株乳杆菌的PI值均达到0.6以上,且发酵液的pH有明显下降,优于FOS和Inulin,而GF2和GF3发酵液PI值以及pH的下降与FOS和Inulin基本相当,说明三种大蒜果聚糖均具有一定的益生元作用,且聚合度越低,益生元功能越强.结果还显示,副干酪乳杆菌对五种果聚糖(GF、FOS、Inulin)的PI值均达到0.6以上,且同型发酵产生大量乳酸,显示其利用果聚糖增殖和产酸能力突出.     

体外分析一些寡糖的益生元作用

目的:通过体外静置培养,分析褐藻胶寡糖(AOS)、来自Klebsiella的微生物寡糖(KOS)、瓜尔豆胶寡糖(GOS)、魔芋胶寡糖(KGO)以及不同分子量的卡拉胶寡糖(COSa和COSb)的益生元活性.方法:取三位健康志愿者新鲜粪便,分别制成菌悬液,按10%的体积接入静置培养基,厌氧发酵.分别在不同时间取样,测定不同肠道菌及总菌教的变化,以计算益生元指教(PI值);同时分析产气情况及短链脂肪酸(SCFA)含量,综合判断不同寡糖的益生元作用.结果:益生元作用分析中,AOS的PI值最高,依次为AOS＞KOS＞GOS＞KGO;产气量测定中,COSb最高,其它均低于葡萄糖;SCFA测定中,AOS和GOS最高,COSa最低.结论:AOS、GOS、KGO、KOS均可作为益生元;COSa的益生元作用不明显;COSb不宜作为益生元.     

益生元复合制剂对小鼠肠道微生物及短链脂肪酸的作用效果

探究由低聚果糖、低聚异麦芽糖、大豆肽粉以及沙棘粉组成的益生元复合制剂对小鼠肠道微生物及短链脂肪酸的作用效果。60只4周龄雄性BALB/c随机分为空白组,益生元复合制剂低、中、高剂量组以及大豆肽粉组,分别灌胃无菌水,1 g/kg体质量、2 g/kg体质量、6 g/kg体质量的益生元复合制剂以及1.15 g/kg体质量的大豆肽粉溶液28 d。采用平板计数法检测小鼠粪便中肠球菌、肠杆菌、乳杆菌、双歧杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌的数量,采用16S r DNA高通量测序分析肠道菌群的变化,采用气相色谱法检测粪便中乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的含量。灌胃大豆肽粉以及低剂量益生元复合制剂后,乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量极显著提高（P<0.01）,中、高剂量的益生元复合制剂也可以使双歧杆菌的数量大幅提高（P<0.01）。16S r DNA高通量测序结果显示,灌胃的大豆肽粉和益生元复合制剂分别可以使Prevotellaceae＿UCG-001和Prevotellaceae＿NK3B31＿group的丰度提高（P<0.05）,并且在高剂量组中致病菌Helicobacter的丰度明显降低（P<0.05）。短链脂肪...     

改性葡萄皮渣膳食纤维体外发酵特性研究

采用人粪便提取液为接种物,通过体外发酵技术研究不同改性处理的葡萄皮渣膳食纤维在模拟人体大肠环境条件下的发酵过程,测定不同发酵时间的pH值和短链脂肪酸(SCFA)的含量。结果表明：葡萄皮渣膳食纤维是一种理想的可被大肠微生物所利用的碳源,能够在体外模拟环境下发酵产生乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和异丁酸等短链脂肪酸;葡萄皮渣膳食纤维经过不同改性处理后对其发酵液pH值的变化无明显影响,但对发酵液中短链脂肪酸的总量和各组分含量均有一定影响。     

中性大蒜果聚糖体外发酵产短链脂肪酸

大蒜果聚糖是大蒜深加工后废弃蒜渣中的主要成分,不能被人体消化利用,可选择性增殖肠道益生菌,具有开发成新型益生元的潜力。体外发酵产短链脂肪酸的分析对进一步评价大蒜果聚糖对肠道微生态的影响有重要意义。方法:本研究通过体外模拟人体肠道系统的pH、温度和营养条件,接种人体新鲜粪便悬浮液进行间歇式静态厌氧培养,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析不同聚合度(平均DP为11、16、21)的中性大蒜果聚糖为唯一碳源,培养0、4、8、12、24 h产短链脂肪酸的情况。结果:发酵12 h时短链脂肪酸浓度达到最高,之后便开始下降。其中样a(平均DP为11)的发酵液中总SCFA浓度最高,达86.38μmol/mL。总短链脂肪酸产量为样a(DP 11)>样b(DP16)>样c(DP 21)。24 h时,各发酵液的短链脂肪酸中丁酸和乳酸的比例较乙酸和丙酸高。结论:大蒜果聚糖能被人体肠道微生物发酵利用在体外产短链脂肪酸。其中丁酸和乳酸的摩尔浓度较乙酸和丙酸高。聚合度低的大蒜果聚糖产酸高于聚合度高的果聚糖。     

魔芋葡甘低聚糖毒理学及肠道益生性评价

目的：研究以半干法酶解制备的魔芋葡甘低聚糖（konjac oligosaccharides,KOS）的毒理学特性和肠道益生性。方法：以小鼠急性毒性实验,小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验和小鼠精子畸形实验对KOS急性毒性和遗传毒性进行研究、评价;通过小鼠盲肠内容物体外厌氧发酵评价KOS的肠道益生性。结果：KOS对雌、雄小鼠急性经口半致死量（LD50）均大于21 500 mg/kg,属无毒级;小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验及小鼠精子畸形实验均呈阴性;体外厌氧发酵实验表明KOS可被肠道菌群有效利用,明显增加肠道益生菌（双歧杆菌、乳酸菌）和短链脂肪酸的数量,而对大肠杆菌的增殖效果不明显。结论：KOS的安全性高,是一种功能显著的肠道益生元。     

魔芋葡甘低聚糖对大鼠肠道环境的影响

目的：研究以半干法酶解制备的魔芋葡甘低聚糖（konjac oligosaccharides,KOS）对大鼠肠道环境的影响。方法：将KOS掺入到饲料中饲喂Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠,30 d后测定大鼠盲肠内容物各项指标和盲肠、小肠的理化指标。结果：KOS可以明显增加大鼠粪便含水率及盲肠壁表面积、小肠的拉伸性能、盲肠内容物中双歧杆菌和乳酸菌的数量;降低盲肠内容物pH值及含水率、游离氨及挥发性醛类和含氮类物质含量;抑制大肠杆菌和梭状芽孢杆菌的生长,增加短链脂肪酸的产生量。结论：KOS可以调节大鼠肠道菌群组成,改善肠道环境,促进肠道健康,是一种优良的益生元。     

Effects of gamma radiation on sensory qualities, microbiological and chemical properties of salted and fermented squid

The effects of gamma radiation on sensory quality, microbial population, and chemical properties of salted and fermented squid were investigated. Squid (Todarodes pacificus) was sliced, washed, and then salted with 5, 10, and 20% (wt/wt) sodium chloride. Salted squid was irradiated with dosages of 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10 kGy of gamma radiation and fermented at 15 degrees C for 50 days. Proximate composition, salinity, water activity, sensory evaluation, and total microbiological populations were examined. Chemical analyses providing information on degree of fermentation, such as amino nitrogen (AN), volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), trimethylamine (TMA), and hypoxanthine (Hx) were also conducted. Irradiated squid was not different in proximate composition, salinity, and water activity from nonirradiated squid. Sensory evaluation scores, total bacteria populations, and pH values were variable depending on salt concentration and irradiation dose. During fermentation, AN, VBN, TMA, and Hx contents increased rapidly as the salt concentration and irradiation dose decreased. Specifically, these chemical compounds of salted and fermented squid prepared with 10% salt and 10 kGy of gamma radiation maintained the appropriate level of fermentation. The present results showed that the combination of low salt concentration (10%) and gamma radiation was effective in processing salted and fermented squid and extending its shelf life compared to control (20% of salt) without adding any food additives.     

Gamma Ray Processing to Destroy Staphylococcus aureus in Mechanically Deboned Chicken Meat

Gamma radiation doses of 0.26 kGy and 0.36 kGy, administered in vacuo at 0°C, destroyed 90% of log-phase and stationary-phase colony forming units (CFU) of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13565 (FDA 196E), respectively, in mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM). Samples inoculated with 10^3.9 CFU/g of S. aureus were treated with gamma radiation in vacuo at 0°C and then held for 20 hr at 35°C (abusive storage). Viable CFU were found in samples irradiated to 0.75 kGy but not in those irradiated to 1.50 kGy either before or after storage. Enterotoxin was not detected in irradiated MDCM. A predictive equation was developed for the response of S. aureus in MDCM to radiation dose and irradiation temperature.     

Mold and Aflatoxin Reduction by Gamma Radiation of Packed Hot Peppers and Their Evolution during Storage

The effect of gamma radiation on moisture content, total mold counts, Aspergillus counts, and aflatoxins of three hot pepper hybrids (Sky Red, Maha, and Wonder King) was investigated. Whole dried peppers packed in polyethylene bags were gamma irradiated at 0 (control), 2, 4, and 6 kGy and stored at 25°C for 90 days. Gamma radiation proved to be effective in reducing total mold and Aspergillus counts in a dose-dependent relationship. Total mold counts in irradiated peppers immediately after treatments were significantly lowered compared with those in nonirradiated samples, achieving 90 and 99% reduction at 2- and 4-kGy doses, respectively. Aspergillus counts were significantly reduced, by 93 and 97%, immediately after irradiation at doses of 2 and 4 kGy, respectively. A radiation dose of 6 kGy completely eliminated the population of total molds and Aspergillus fungi. The evolution of total molds in control and irradiated samples indicated no further fungal proliferation during 3 months of storage at 25°C. Aflatoxin levels were slightly affected by radiation doses of 2 and 4 kGy and showed a nonsignificant reduction of 6% at the highest radiation dose of 6 kGy. The distinct effectiveness of gamma radiation in molds and aflatoxins can be explained by the target theory of food irradiation, which states that the likelihood of a microorganism or a molecule being inactivated by gamma rays increases as its size increases.     

Reduction of Carcinogenic N-Nitrosamines and Residual Nitrite in Model System Sausage by Irradiation

Gamma irradiation was used to reduce the N‐nitrosamines and residual nitrite in model system sausage during storage. Aerobic or vacuum packaged sausage was irradiated at 0, 5,10, 20, and 30 kGy. The residual nitrite levels were significantly reduced by gamma irradiation, and, in vacuum packaging, the reduction was dose dependent. The N‐nitrosodimethylamine of the sausage irradiated at 10 kGy or above reduced in aerobic packaging, while a dose of 20 kGy was needed in vacuum packaging. The N‐nitrosopyrrolidine reduction was found at 20 and 30 kGy‐irradiation. Results indicated that high dose irradiation (> 10 kGy) was needed to reduce the carcinogenic N‐nitrosamine and nitrite levels in pork sausage during storage.     

Influence of competitive microbial flora and inoculum size of Penicillium purpurogenum on the production of rubratoxin-B in corn medium before and after exposure to gamma radiation

The influence of inoculum size on the production of rubratoxin-B by P. purpurogenum was estimated on unirradiated and irradiated corn stored for prolonged periods at 28 °C and at a moisture content of 25%. Irradiation at doses of 1.0–3.0 kGy reduced the level of mould growth greatly relative to unirradiated controls. Rubratoxin-B production in corn grains at all doses after 40 days was less than the unirradiated control level and was below the detection limit above 4.0 kGy. Non-sterile corn that was inoculated with conidia of the fungus and then irradiated with 2.0 kGy gamma rays, produced lower rubratoxin-B levels compared with unirradiated controls. When corn was inoculated with 10⁵ spores per gram after irradiation, the spore count and rubratoxin-B level were higher than the unirradiated control after 60 days. The total viable counts of endogenous fungal flora in the corn were reduced by the 2-kGy radiation dose, but after 20 days of incubation the numbers of P. purpurogenum increased with greater enhancement of rubratoxin-B production.     

Production of Low Salted and Fermented Shrimp by Irradiation

ABSTRACT: Shrimp ( Acetes chinensis ) were sliced, washed, and then salted with 15 and 20% (w/w) sodium chloride. Salted shrimp was 0, 5, and 10 kGy-irradiated at 2 different stages: 1) irradiated immediately after processing salted shrimp, 2) irradiated at optimum fermentation period, and fermented at 15 °C for 10 weeks. Nonirradiated shrimp with 30% salt were also prepared as a control. Irradiated shrimp were not different in proximate composition, salinity, and water activity from nonirradiated shrimp with the same salt addition and the same irradiation time. During fermentation, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) contents increased as the salt concentration and irradiation dose decreased. From results of sensory analysis, total bacterial count, and pH, the combination of low salt concentration (15% or 20%) and gamma irradiation (5 or 10 kGy) was effective in processing low-salted and fermented shrimp. Results provided no adverse sensory quality and improved micro-bial shelf-stability compared to control (30% of salt addition).     

Sensorial and chemical quality of gamma-irradiated fresh-cut iceberg lettuce in modified atmosphere packages

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of various doses of irradiation on the quality of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce and to determine a suitable maximum dose. Fresh-cut iceberg lettuce packaged in film bags was exposed to 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 kGy of gamma radiation and stored at 3 degrees C for 14 days. CO2 levels were higher and O2 levels were lower in packages containing irradiated lettuce than in those containing nonirradiated lettuce for most of the storage period. Comparison with nonirradiated lettuce indicated that total ascorbic acid (ascorbic acid plus dehydroascorbic acid) content and firmness were not significantly influenced by irradiation at 1 or 2 kGy. The overall visual appearance was best for lettuce irradiated at 1 or 2 kGy. This improved quality may be related to the high CO2 and low O2 levels observed for the irradiated samples. Electrolyte leakage for lettuce increased with higher radiation doses and was correlated (R2 = 0.99) with a soggy appearance. The leakage for lettuce irradiated at > or = 2 kGy was significantly more extensive than that for nonirradiated lettuce. The irradiation of fresh-cut lettuce in modified atmosphere packages at doses of 1 kGy and perhaps 2 kGy for safety enhancement and quality improvement is feasible.     

EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SHELL EGGS AND MAYONNAISE PREPARED FROM IRRADIATED EGGS

Shell eggs were irradiated at doses of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kGy of gamma irradiation. Immediately after irradiation, bacterial, physical and chemical analyses of eggs and sensory evaluation of the mayonnaise prepared from irradiated egg yolk were performed. Results indicated that all doses of gamma irradiation reduced the total counts of mesophilic bacteria and total coliforms of eggs. The radiation dose required to reduce the Salmonella load one log cycle (D₁₀) in eggs was 448 Gy. Eggs irradiated with 1.5 kGy may be suitable microbiologically to prepare safe mayonnaise. There were no significant differences in saturated fatty acids (C14:0; C16:0; C18:0) and thiobarbituric acidvalues between the yolk lipid extracted from irradiated eggs and that of nonirradiated ones. Gamma irradiation reduced the viscosity of egg whites. Sensory evaluation showed no significant differences between mayonnaises prepared from irradiated and nonirradiated egg yolks.     

Physio-chemical behavior of γ-irradiated garlic bulbs under ambient storage conditions

The present study was undertaken to study the effect of different gamma irradiation doses on storage life of garlic bulbs under ambient storage conditions. Garlic bulbs (cv. PG-18) were irradiated with gamma rays in dose range of 0–0.2 kGy and stored under ambient conditions (Temp 27–35 °C and RH 34–76%). Physical and chemical quality parameters i.e. physiological loss in weight (plw), rotting, sprouting, total soluble solids, firmness, ascorbic acid and allicin content of garlic bulbs was determined fortnightly to assess its storage life. On 195th day of ambient storage, the weight loss of bulbs ranged from 32.22 to 38.48% in all irradiation doses. It was observed that upto 30 days and 150 days, there was no rotting and sprouting, respectively in all the treatments. Firmness, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and allicin content were significantly different with storage period and irradiation dose levels. It is concluded that garlic bulbs irradiated @ 0.12 kGy of gamma radiation resulted in minimum post-harvest losses along with maintaining their marketable shelf life for 4 months under ambient storage conditions.