浸渍冻结对凡纳滨对虾冻藏过程中品质的影响

为了研究浸渍冻结对凡纳滨对虾冻藏品质的影响,以挥发性盐基氮含量、脂肪氧化值、pH值、盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATP酶活力、多酚氧化酶活力、感官评价为指标,考察浸渍冻结和静止空气冻结对凡纳滨对虾品质特性的影响。结果表明：冻藏期间静止空气冻结对虾的挥发性盐基氮含量、脂肪氧化值、pH值等腐败指标均高于浸渍冻结对虾,并且随着冻藏时间延长而显著性增大（P＜0.05）;盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATP酶活力和多酚氧化酶活力随冻藏时间延长而下降,蛋白质逐渐变性,品质下降,但浸渍冻结对虾的下降程度小于静止空气冻结的。感官评价进一步显示,两种冻结方式处理对虾的组织、气味、色泽和外观4 方面有不同程度下降,品质不断下降,但浸渍冻结对虾的感官评分高于静止空气冻结的对虾。综合以上结果,浸渍冻结更有利于对虾冻藏过程中品质的保持。     

冷冻方式对凡纳滨对虾品质特性的影响

以质构、盐溶性蛋白、ATPase活性、巯基含量、失水率及pH为指标,研究液氮速冻、-75℃超低温速冻和-18℃冷库冷冻3种冷冻方式对凡纳滨对虾品质特性的影响。结果表明:液氮速冻处理组失水率最低,盐溶性蛋白含量、巯基含量、ATPase活性及pH值均显著低于新鲜对虾,却明显高于-75℃超低温速冻和-18℃冷库冷冻;凡纳滨对虾经3种冷冻方式处理后其质构变化不大,其中液氮速冻处理组与新鲜对虾之间的差异最小。     

冻结速率对凡纳滨对虾虾仁贮藏特性的影响

本文以凡纳滨对虾（Penaeusvannamei）虾仁为原料,分别采用-80℃和．20℃两种冻结条件对虾仁进行冻结处理,分析冷冻速率对凡纳滨对虾虾仁贮藏过程中理化、鲜度及色泽特性的影响,明确冻结速率对虾仁解冻后的质量变化特征的影响规律。总体来讲,冻藏过程中虾仁质量变化趋势基本一致,随着冻藏时间的延长,虾肉解冻损失率增加,鲜度降低,pH呈下降后上升的趋势,TVB-N值上升,产品的亮度指标L＊升高。冻结速率对虾仁的贮藏特性影响差异显著,冻藏6d后冻结速率对虾仁解冻损失率、鲜度指标影响出现分化,-80℃速冻处理可明显改善虾仁的解冻失水,保证虾仁鲜度。20d后,pH值、TVB-N值变L‘值变化情况也表明-80℃速冻在一定程度上可以减轻虾仁贮藏过程中的质量劣化程度。     

热处理对凡纳滨对虾虾仁加工品质的影响

为了研究热处理对凡纳滨对虾虾仁加工品质的影响,测定虾仁的菌落总数、颜色、硬度和pH值的变化,并采用电泳技术对虾仁蛋白进行分析。水浴加热温度设置为40～90℃,处理时间均为10min。与对照组相比,热处理显著(P<0.05)减少了虾仁的菌落总数。当温度高于40℃时,虾仁色泽更亮,变得不透明。随温度升高,虾仁的白度(WI)与总色差(ΔE)整体呈增大趋势,而其pH值和硬度呈倒"S"型变化。电泳分析表明,虾仁蛋白质分子间的非共价键交联程度随温度升高而加剧,在60℃条件下低分子质量的蛋白条带增多,而在较高温度下部分变性蛋白通过分子间二硫键发生聚合。以上表明,热处理条件下虾仁蛋白并非通过单一变化过程影响虾仁品质特性。     

静电场结合冰温技术对凡纳滨对虾贮藏期品质的影响

利用静电场结合冰温技术对凡纳滨对虾进行保鲜,通过不同静电场处理,测定凡纳滨对虾贮藏期间多酚氧化酶(PPO)相对酶活、白度值、感官评分、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮、pH值、汁液流失率、K值和流变学特性的变化,研究不同静电场(1.5,2.5,3.5kV)结合冰温[(-1±1)℃]技术对凡纳滨对虾的保鲜效果。结果表明:冰温条件下,静电场处理的凡纳滨对虾的PPO酶活有所抑制,感官色泽等指标明显优于单纯冰温样品。贮藏后期,虾肉中菌落总数因电场的作用得到抑制,TVB-N值与K值都有不同程度的减缓,虾肉的汁液流失率在贮藏后期也保持在较低水平。通过流变学特性的测试,发现静电场对延缓虾肉软化也有一定的效果。总体上,2.5kV静电场保鲜效果较优,可延长凡纳滨对虾保质期至8d。     

超高压处理对凡纳滨对虾品质的影响

研究不同超高压处理条件下对虾质构、颜色差异、水分活度、水分含量、可析水分量、粗蛋白含量、挥发性盐基氮、微观结构的变化。通过对虾硬度、弹性、色彩色差、水分含量、水分活度和挥发性盐基氮的测定,研究超高压和热加工处理对对虾的新鲜度的影响,从而进一步研究超高压处理对对虾的保鲜作用;同时通过微结构的观察研究超高压对对虾结构的影响。试验发现,超高压处理后对虾的颜色特性发生变化,随处理压力和保压时间的增大,对虾的颜色变淡,出现轻微的类似蒸煮的成熟风味;其质构也发生了明显的变化,硬度随之增大,弹性先在低压区域出现下降的趋势,继而随着压力的增大和保压时间的延长,弹性也增大。在压力为500 MPa,保压时间为25 min的处理条件下,对虾虾肉的显微组织结构变化明显,虾肉肌纤维的网状结构的间隙变小。试验结果表明,超高压处理使对虾的品质发生了显著变化。     

加热方式对凡纳滨对虾滋味成分的影响

以凡纳滨对虾为原料,通过仪器分析法对微波加热与水煮处理的对虾的游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、有机酸、甜菜碱和无机离子这些主要滋味成分进行了分析。结果表明:凡纳滨对虾经微波加热与水煮处理后,游离氨基酸总量均有减少,分别下降了15.81%,20.19%;呈味核苷酸总量也均有减少,分别降低了25.07%,25.89%,其中含量最高的腺苷酸(AMP)有所提高,分别增加了4.01%,5.95%;乳酸含量大幅降低,分别减少了53.64%,77.24%;甜菜碱的含量也有明显的差异,分别减少了7.26%,8.83%;呈味无机离子含量差异明显,且微波虾的要高于水煮虾。通过研究分析发现,微波虾中除AMP含量略低于水煮虾外,游离氨基酸、有机酸、甜菜碱和无机离子的含量均高于水煮虾,表明微波虾的滋味优于水煮虾。     

凡纳滨对虾蛋白体外降脂作用分析

为了考察凡纳滨对虾蛋白的体外降脂作用,以胆酸盐吸附能力、胰脂肪酶抑制率、降胆固醇作用、胆固醇酯酶反应作用等为研究指标,对凡纳滨对虾蛋白不同pH沉淀组分降脂特征进行研究。结果表明,凡纳滨对虾蛋白含量为18.40%,不同分离组分蛋白对胆酸盐有很好的吸附能力,其中对牛磺胆酸钠吸附能力最强的是pH6组分(91.3%),对甘氨胆酸钠吸附能力最强的是pH6组分(75.1%),对脱氧胆酸钠吸附能力最强的是pH4组分(63%);pH7组分对胰脂肪酶的抑制率高达76.8%;降胆固醇作用最高是pH9组分(83.9%),最低为pH7组分(67.3%);而不同组分对胆固醇酯酶的抑制率存在较大差异,最高为pH10组分(83%),最低为pH4组分(23%)。综上,凡纳滨对虾蛋白有一定的体外降脂功效。     

凡纳滨对虾肌肉盐溶蛋白提取工艺研究

本实验以凡纳滨对虾肌肉为原料,盐溶蛋白得率为指标,研究盐溶蛋白最佳提取工艺参数,得到其最佳提取条件:NaC1浓度0.6 mol/L;抽提时间25 h;料液比1∶4; pH值7.此条件下盐溶蛋白含量为105.73 mg/g,提取率为83.34％.     

超微浒苔对凡纳滨对虾消化酶活力的影响

目的研究超微浒苔的不同添加量对凡纳滨对虾消化酶活力的影响。方法取凡纳滨对虾幼虾450尾,采用简单随机抽样的方法分成18个组放入18个相同规格的养殖水箱中。对照组不添加浒苔,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组浒苔添加量分别为1%、2%、3%、4%、5%,各组饲粮营养水平除代谢能有微小差异外均完全一致。试验期42 d,于42日龄进行凡纳滨对虾胃肠道消化酶活性的测定。结果 2%、3%、4%的浒苔添加量可显著提高凡纳滨对虾的胃蛋白酶、胃脂肪酶、胰肠蛋白酶和胰肠脂肪酶的活性。各浒苔添加水平对胃、肠淀粉酶的活性影响均不显著。结论本试验条件下,以凡纳滨对虾饲料中超微浒苔添加量为3%最好。     

等离子体活化冰对东方对虾保鲜及品质的影响

以等离子体活化冰与自来水冰室温下(20℃)贮藏对虾,对比二者pH、TBA、TVB-N、菌落总数、细菌群落、质构和色差等指标的变化。结果表明:试验期间,等离子体活化冰处理对虾的TBA和pH值增长速率减缓,TVBN值的升高速度远小于自来水冰组,且等离子体活化冰处理虾的硬度下降幅度也小于自来水冰处理的;等离子体活化冰能够明显抑制对虾中细菌的生长,贮藏第6天时,自来水冰处理虾中菌落总数比等离子体活化冰处理的高2lg CFU/g;二代高通量测序结果表明,等离子体活化水主要对弧菌具有抑制效果,贮藏6d时对照组弧菌属占比62.52%,而试验组仅为40.45%。     

不同冰衣量对冻虾品质的影响

目的分析不同冰衣量对冻虾品质的影响。方法对新鲜全虾和虾仁进行冷冻后包冰衣处理,分为对照组和10%、20%、30%和40%冰衣量组,分析不同组样品在-18℃冻藏后持水力、pH、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)、丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)、弹性和硬度的变化情况。结果包冰衣能显著抑制冻全虾和冻虾仁的TVB-N值的增加(P0.05),对持水力、pH、MDA、弹性和硬度没有显著影响作用。不同冰衣量对冻全虾和冻虾仁的持水力、pH、TVB-N、MDA、弹性和硬度的影响作用无显著性差异。结论冰衣量对对虾品质的影响无显著性差异,建议冷冻产品不要过度包冰,能够达到保护产品品质目的即可。     

Icy affairs: Understanding recent advancements in the freezing and frozen storage of fish

Freezing methods have evolved over the last 30 years. This review states the effect of various freezing methods on the quality of fish and seafood. Freezing temperatures, freezing, and frozen storage temperatures were also analyzed and reviewed. The changes in the ice crystal, protein, and lipid affect the fish quality and nutritional value during freezing and frozen storage. Freezing methods when combined with various additives or preprocessing approaches help improve the efficacy of freezing and frozen storage. Several experimental or emerging methods also have positive effects on the products' quality. According to the metadata reanalysis of quality markers, freshly frozen fish using different freezing methods may vary much in terms of ice diameter, but not others. High pressure freezing or immersion freezing-derived fish retains the best quality through frozen storage. More data are required on freezing methods (electrical-assisted freezing, microwave-assisted freezing, magnetic-assisted freezing, radiofrequency-assisted freezing, and the commercial's application and investment should be considered in the future. This review sheds light on finding a balanced initial shear force during freezing and the use of certain additives to control freezing-related damages. Focusing on ice diameter alone may be futile (e.g., liquid N₂ freezing). Future optimization of technologies should be in a way that several processes along the farm to fork such as freezing, frozen storage, thawing, thermal processing of fish, and even refabrication of food should mutually complement each other's needs to deliver safe and high-quality fish to the consumer's plate, even after a prolonged shelf-life.     

不同冻结和解冻方式对猪肉品质的影响

为探究冻结和解冻方式对猪肉品质的影响,以解冻汁液流失率,p H,脂类氧化（TBARS）值,蛋白质溶解度,滋味及微观结构的变化作为猪肉品质的评定指标。采用-18、-27、-70℃三种冻结温度进行冻结,冻结后-18℃冻藏3 d,每个冻结组解冻时均分别采用4℃低温空气、25℃静水、25℃空气三种方式进行解冻。结果表明:冻结方式与解冻方式对猪肉品质均有不同程度的影响。通过多因素方差分析可以得出,解冻汁液流失、蛋白质溶解度同时受冻结、解冻方式影响显著（p<0.05）。p H受冻结、解冻方式影响不显著（p>0.05）;TBARS受解冻方式影响显著（p<0.05）,受冻结方式影响不显著（p>0.05）;解冻方式是影响滋味变化主要因素;-70℃冻结和4℃低温解冻能够较好地保持猪肉品质。      

Effect of storage temperature on quality of light and full-fat ice cream

Ice cream quality is dependent on many factors including storage temperature. Currently, the industry standard for ice cream storage is −28.9°C. Ice cream production costs may be decreased by increasing the temperature of the storage freezer, thus lowering energy costs. The first objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of 4 storage temperatures on the quality of commercial vanilla-flavored light and full-fat ice cream. Storage temperatures used were −45.6, −26.1, and −23.3°C for the 3 treatments and −28.9°C as the control or industry standard. Ice crystal sizes were analyzed by a cold-stage microscope and image analysis at 1, 19.5, and 39 wk of storage. Ice crystal size did not differ among the storage temperatures of light and full-fat ice creams at 19.5 or 39 wk. An increase in ice crystal size was observed between 19.5 and 39 wk for all storage temperatures except −45.6°C. Coldness intensity, iciness, creaminess, and storage/stale off-flavor of the light and full-fat ice creams were evaluated at 39 wk of storage. Sensory evaluation indicated no difference among the different storage temperatures for light and full-fat ice creams. In a second study, light and full-fat ice creams were heat shocked by storing at −28.9°C for 35 wk and then alternating between −23.3 and −12.2°C every 24 h for 4 wk. Heat-shocked ice creams were analyzed at 2 and 4 wk of storage for ice crystal size and were evaluated by the sensory panel. A difference in ice crystal size was observed for light and full-fat ice creams during heat-shock storage; however, sensory results indicated no differences. In summary, storage of light or full-fat vanilla-flavored ice creams at the temperatures used within this research did not affect quality of the ice creams. Therefore, ice cream manufacturers could conserve energy by increasing the temperature of freezers from −28.9 to −26.1°C. Because freezers will typically fluctuate from the set temperature, usage of −26.1°C allows for a safety factor, even though storage at −23.3°C did not affect ice cream quality.     

宰后不同时间冷冻和冻结速率对牛肉食用品质的影响

采用均匀实验设计,以宰后时间和冻结速率为考察因素,以牛背最长肌为原料,探讨宰后放置不同时间进行冷冻和不同冻结速率对解冻后牛肉食用品质的影响规律。结果表明,宰后时间和冻结速率对冻结肉样的蒸煮损失、p H、a*值和剪切力值均有显著影响(p<0.05),但对肉样的L*值、b*值影响不显著(p>0.05)。当保持冻结速率一定时,肉样解冻后的蒸煮损失和p H均随着宰后时间的增加而增加,a*值和剪切力随宰后时间的延长而降低,宰后时间对肉样的解冻汁液流失无显著影响(p>0.05);当保持宰后时间一定时,冻结肉样的解冻汁液流失、蒸煮损失、p H、a*值和剪切力值均随着冻结速率的增大而降低。      

速冻食品的冰晶形态及辅助冻结方法研究进展

文章简述了食品速冻技术以及不同冻结速度下形成的冰晶形态及观测冰晶的方法,综述了压力辅助冻结、电场辅助冻结以及磁场辅助冻结等技术在近几年的研究进展。直接法能直接观察到冻结过程形成的冰晶,而间接法则是通过观察冻结后冰晶在食品内部留下的间隙来分析冰晶特征。压力辅助冻结能提高过冷度,在压力释放时水分瞬间冻结,使形成的冰晶细小且分布均匀;电场辅助冻结能降低成核温度促使形成更小尺寸的冰晶;磁场辅助冻结能增强氢键抑制冰晶的生长,3种辅助冻结方式有利于提高冷冻食品的品质,具有良好的应用前景。     

不同保鲜剂结合微冻技术对虹鳟鱼块在贮藏期间品质的影响

为延长虹鳟鱼块货架期,本实验将新鲜虹鳟鱼块分别用蒸馏水、乳酸链球菌素(0.5 g/kg)、虾仁宝(2.5 g/kg)、海淡水鱼虾蟹贝通用保鲜剂(3.0 g/kg)处理30 min后,结合微冻技术(-3℃贮藏30 d),探究3种保鲜剂对虹鳟鱼块微生物指标、理化指标及质构特性的影响。研究结果表明:在30 d微冻货架期内,乳酸链球菌素在贮藏前23 d抑菌效果明显,23 d后三种保鲜剂抑菌效果基本相同,在相同条件下通用保鲜剂在前20 d贮藏过程中相比于其它两种保鲜剂在降低2-硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、pH、汁液损失方面有显著效果,保证了较好的质构特性,保鲜鱼肉品质效果最佳。本研究结果为虹鳟鱼肉在贮藏期的品质保持技术的发展提供了参考依据。     

冻结温度对南极磷虾品质的影响

以持水力、盐溶性蛋白质、冻结速率、Ca2+-ATP酶活性和最大剪切力为指标,结合感官评分和组织切片,研究了不同温度(-18、-23、-28、-40℃和-50℃)冻结的南极磷虾的品质变化。实验结果表明:经过冻结后的南极磷虾持水力、盐溶性蛋白质、Ca2+-ATP酶活性、感官评分和最大剪切力都有下降,肌肉组织变化较明显,-18、-23℃和-28℃冻结后的南极磷虾品质变化较大,快速冻结(-40℃和-50℃)更适合保证南极磷虾的品质。     

Effect of freezing time on the quality of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) during frozen storage

The present study aims to find the effect of freezing methods on the quality of mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) in commercial plate and air blast freezers during freezing and subsequent frozen storage (-18 degrees C). Total time for freezing was significantly different (P < 0.05) between the plate and air blast freezers (90 and 220 min, respectively). This difference in the freezing time could be attributed to the varied quality of the 2 samples. Upon freezing, the moisture content decreased in air blast frozen samples compared to plate freezer where protein content decreased in both the samples. Upon freezing and during frozen storage, lipid oxidation products (peroxide value, thiobarbutiric acid value, and free fatty acid value) and volatile bases (total volatile base nitrogen and trimethyl amine nitrogen) showed an increasing trend in both the samples with values slightly higher in air blast frozen samples compared to plate frozen samples. The total plate counts showed a significantly (P < 0.05) decreasing trend in both the samples. K value did not show any significant (P < 0.05) difference between the samples where as the histamine formation was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in air blast frozen samples compared to plate frozen samples. The taste and overall acceptability was significantly different (P < 0.05) in plate frozen samples compared to air blast frozen samples on 3rd month. Both samples were in acceptable condition up to 3 mo but the plate frozen samples quality was slightly better than the air blast frozen samples.