嗜酸乳杆菌发酵生产低脂干酪凝乳工艺的优化

以脱脂乳为原料,采用嗜酸乳杆菌发酵进行预酸化,对其生产的低脂干酪凝乳工艺条件进行了研究。实验选取凝乳pH、氯化钙添加量、凝乳酶添加量、凝乳温度4个影响因素,以干酪产率、乳清中非脂乳固体物质残留量、嗜酸乳杆菌活菌数为指标,采用L₉（3⁴）正交实验进行优化。结果表明,凝乳的最佳工艺参数为凝乳pH6.0,氯化钙添加量0.02%（w/w）,凝乳酶添加量0.01%（w/w,酶活20000u/g）,凝乳温度35℃,以此条件生产的低脂干酪脂肪含量小于5%,干酪产率29.41%,乳清中非脂乳固体物质残留量5.66%,嗜酸乳杆菌活菌数在10⁹cfu/mL以上。     

协同发酵对发酵乳中益生菌活菌数及酸乳品质的影响

益生菌因能够改善肠道健康而逐渐被应用于发酵乳中,但由于部分益生菌在牛乳中生长缓慢、难以凝乳,因此益生菌发酵乳的产业化受到限制。通过复合菌种的协同发酵法能够实现益生菌发酵乳的制备,但无法保障功能性益生菌的高活菌数。该研究以2株功能性益生菌——罗伊氏乳杆菌CCFM1175和副干酪乳杆菌CCFM1176为研究对象,以发酵乳pH、酸度及活菌数变化为参考,筛选适宜与益生菌协同发酵的发酵菌株,制备益生菌发酵乳,并测定其贮藏特性及感官品质变化。结果表明,通过与保加利亚乳杆菌5L6的协同发酵,罗伊氏乳杆菌CCFM1175和副干酪乳杆菌CCFM1176在发酵乳中的产酸速率及活菌数显著增加,发酵12 h后滴定酸度分别为(68.17±0.42)°T、(62.51±0.84)°T,活菌数分别为(8.24±0.05) lg CFU/mL、(8.61±0.08)lg CFU/mL,实现快速凝乳及高活菌数。同时,协同发酵法有效改善了发酵乳的后酸化现象并提高持水力,制备得到的益生菌发酵乳具有良好的贮藏特性及感官评价。该研究解决了2株功能性益生菌在发酵乳中难以凝乳或发酵速率较慢的问题,为促进功能性益生菌在发酵乳产业中的...     

植物乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌对契达干酪的抗氧化活性及模拟胃肠道活菌数研究

植物乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌抗氧化活性正在受到人们的重视。本文将这两种菌添加到契达干酪中,采用清除DPPH自由基,还原力及清除羟自由基3种方法,研究这两种菌对干酪抗氧化活性的影响。利用契达干酪作载体,研究干酪中益生菌在通过模拟胃肠道后菌的活性情况。结果表明:在8℃成熟时,分别加入植物乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌和同时加入这两种益生菌干酪的DPPH自由基清除能力及羟自由基清除能力均在第16周达到最大值,分别为47.30%,46.19%;48.65%,46.66%和51.72%,47.43%,而还原力在第20周达到最大值0.479,0.515,0.656,显著高于空白组的45.05%,43.86%,0.366(P0.05)。另外,干酪成熟24周后,活菌数分别为7.58 lg(CFU/g),7.65 lg(CFU/g),7.78 lg(CFU/g),低于酸奶发酵4周后的活菌数,而干酪在模拟胃肠道后活菌数均达到6.5 lg CFU/g以上,显著高于酸奶和直接通过模拟胃肠道后的活菌数,起到益生的作用。以上结果表明两种菌能够显著提高干酪的抗氧化活性,同时,干酪作为载体能够保护益生菌,使其通过对菌有破坏作用的胃肠道环境,并达到益生作用。     

温度对嗜酸乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌发酵羊奶的影响

以鲜羊奶为原料,保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热乳链球菌为基础发酵剂,在此基础上分别添加嗜酸乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌,研究温度对两菌株发酵羊奶过程中酸度、pH、活菌数及总活茵数的影响.结果表明:嗜酸乳杆菌酸羊奶的最佳发酵温度为37℃,此时凝乳时间为4h,酸度、pH、嗜酸乳杆菌数和总活菌数分别为97.8 0T、3.88、1.8×107 CFU/mL和1.38×109 CFU/mI,感官评价总分可达到8.35分;干酪乳杆菌羊奶的最佳发酵温度为39℃,此时酸羊奶凝固时间为4.5h,酸度、pH、干酪乳杆菌数和总茵数分别为79.2 °T、4.48、1.56×108 CFU/mL和1.81×109 CFU/mL,感官评价总分可达到7.00分.     

干酪乳杆菌纯种发酵水苏糖合生元酸奶的菌种筛选与工艺

针对目前我国合生元功能性乳制品研发水平低,大多采用益生菌与传统酸奶菌混种发酵的现状,以分离自天然发酵食品、保健品和微生物制剂等的18株新型益生菌和3种商品化发酵剂中所含益生菌为试验菌株,以传统酸奶发酵菌株保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌为对照菌株,研究菌株发酵牛乳的凝乳时间、产酸能力、感官品质,分析菌株利用水苏糖的增殖效果,筛选能利用水苏糖作为益生元生产合生元酸奶的益生菌菌株;测定了菌株在纯牛乳基础培养基中的生长曲线;研究了益生元增殖培养基中水苏糖的最适添加量;优化了水苏糖合生元酸奶产品的发酵工艺条件;检测了0 d和贮藏21 d合生元酸奶产品的质量。结果表明：新型益生菌干酪乳杆菌07-211具有发酵牛乳的能力,可利用水苏糖进行显著增殖,活菌数由3.19×108 CFU/mL增至2.05×109 CFU/mL;益生元增殖培养基中水苏糖的最适添加量为0.8%;干酪乳杆菌07-211纯种发酵水苏糖合生元酸奶的最佳工艺条件是：接种量3%,蔗糖添加量4%,发酵温度42 ℃,合生元酸奶凝乳时间4.15 h,pH 4.65,滴定酸度64.27 °T,活菌数3.96×109 CFU/mL,感官品评得分8.78分（10分制）。其中,0 d和贮藏21 d的合生元酸奶的质量均优于国标。本研究结果为工业化生产干酪乳杆菌纯种发酵水苏糖合生元酸奶产品提供理论依据,也为其它功能性合生元乳制品的研发提供借鉴。     

干酪乳杆菌纯种发酵大豆乳培养基的优化调配

从益生菌乳制品中自行分离选育出的生长繁殖力强、发酵活力高的干酪乳杆菌(05-20)为试验菌株,研究了牛乳和蔗糖在大豆乳中的添加量对干酪乳杆菌在大豆乳中发酵的凝乳时间、凝乳时活菌数、pH值、滴定酸度及产品感官风味的影响,通过方差分析确定了发酵培养基中牛乳和蔗糖的最适添加量分别为20%和7%,完成了以大豆乳作为干酪乳杆菌最佳载体的初步探索,为进一步研制开发益生菌发酵大豆乳制品奠定了基础.     

添加乳酸片球菌AS185的益生菌Ricotta干酪品质评价

将一株益生性乳酸片球菌（Pediococcus acidilactici）AS185添加到Ricotta干酪中,通过理化指标、质构特性、乳酸菌活菌数、挥发性成分分析等评价AS185对干酪品质的影响。结果表明,经4 ℃冷藏21 d后,添加乳酸片球菌AS185的益生菌乳清干酪的脂肪、蛋白质和水分质量分数分别为17.60%、27.47%和49.95%,pH值为4.75,均与未添加益生菌的对照干酪无显著差异。贮藏21 d,乳酸菌活菌数为7.45 log CFU/g,符合益生菌产品要求;益生菌乳清干酪的硬度、粘聚性、胶着度和咀嚼度分为723.85 N、0.97 mm、699.58和699.61 mJ,均高于对照干酪,其质地更为结实,更具有咀嚼感。在挥发性成分的种类和含量方面,益生菌乳清干酪共检测出15类成分,其中酸类、醇类、酮类的相对含量较高,分别为38.56%、24.64%、13.76%,均高于对照组;在外观色泽、滋气味和组织状方面,益生菌干酪与对照干酪无显著差异（p>0.05）,但整体可接受性方面优于对照组,说明益生菌乳酸片球菌AS185的添加对干酪风味的形成有积极作用。乳酸片球菌AS185具有适合Ricotta乳清干酪加工的技术特性,是一株有应用前景的益生菌菌株。     

干酪乳杆菌LcS■发酵青稞植物饮料研究

研究了干酪乳杆菌LcS■在发酵青稞植物饮料中的生长动力学情况、pH变化和代谢组学分析,并对其进行了感官评价。结果表明：干酪乳杆菌LcS■发酵以青稞为主要原料的植物饮料延滞期为0～5 h,5～18 h活菌数从6.92 lg（CFU/mL）增加到9.52 lg（CFU/mL）,pH从5.40降至3.50。发酵完的青稞植物酸奶在色泽、风味口感和组织状态都具有较好的评分,口感酸甜适中,顺滑细腻。代谢组学分析显示,大豆皂苷、奎宁酸、多糖等具有抗肿瘤、增强免疫、抗氧化作用的功能性代谢产物在发酵前后的差异表达倍数值均＞1,发酵后表达量显著高于发酵前。综合考虑,干酪乳杆菌LcS■发酵的青稞植物饮料可作为一种功能性植物发酵饮品开发。     

不同乳酸菌对发酵桑葚汁酚类物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响

为提高桑葚（Morus alba L.）精深加工潜力,以嗜热链球菌（Streptococcus thermophilus）（ST）、保加利亚乳杆菌（Lactobacillus bulgaricus）（LB）、干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）（LC）、植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）（LP）为发酵菌种,比较不同乳酸菌发酵桑葚汁的理化性质、单体酚类物质含量及抗氧化能力。结果表明,桑葚汁是四种乳酸菌优良的生长基质,发酵结束添加不同乳酸菌发酵的桑葚汁中活菌数皆超过11 lg（CFU/mL）。发酵过程总糖及还原糖含量明显下降,总酚及总黄酮含量显著提高。综合比较四种菌种的发酵能力,菌株LP的发酵性能最佳,发酵后桑葚汁中活菌数为12.5 lg（CFU/mL）,总酚、总黄酮含量分别为7.4 mg没食子酸当量（GAE）/mL、4.5 mg芦丁当量（RE）/mL,1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除率为65.3%,铁离子还原力（FRAP）为25.3 mg抗坏血酸当量（AAE）/mL,其抗氧化能力最强,菌株LP可作为桑葚发酵的最佳菌种应用于实际生产。     

瑞士乳杆菌对契达干酪成熟期间所产ACE抑制肽的影响及其消化稳定性

为明确瑞士乳杆菌对契达干酪中血管紧张素转换酶（angiotensin-converting enzyme,ACE）抑制肽活性的影响,以蛋白质水解度和ACE抑制率为指标,与干酪乳杆菌组、鼠李糖乳杆菌组和空白组干酪进行对照,研究瑞士乳杆菌对干酪成熟期间蛋白质水解及ACE抑制活性的影响,并对ACE抑制活性最高时期的干酪进行消化稳定性研究。结果表明：成熟期间,3 组益生菌干酪的活菌数无明显差异（P＞0.05）,但均高于空白组;益生菌干酪的蛋白质水解程度和ACE抑制活性显著高于空白组（P＜0.05）,其中瑞士乳杆菌干酪的蛋白质水解程度最强,活性最高（79.71%）。模拟消化后,瑞士乳杆菌干酪活菌数降低14.30%,ACE抑制活性显著增加（P＜0.05）,达到86.06%,多肽质量浓度增加至2.81 mg/mL;研究不同分子质量超滤组分消化后的ACE抑制活性发现,其中大于10 kDa的多肽活性升高,小于10 kDa的活性下降。此外,添加瑞士乳杆菌不影响干酪的整体可接受性。因此,瑞士乳杆菌能促进干酪ACE抑制肽的产生并提高其活性,消化后活性的升高主要与大分子肽的降解有关。     

Use of wild Lactobacillus strains in an adjunct culture for a Roncal-type cheese

The effect of an added adjunct culture consisting of facultatively heterofermentative lactobacilli (FHL) on the volatile compounds and sensory characteristics of a Spanish ewes'-milk cheese was examined. Three cheese batches were prepared using a commercial starter, one from raw milk, another from pasteurized milk, and a third from pasteurized milk with an added culture of wild Lactobacillus. paracasei+Lb. plantarum. Analysis of the volatile compounds was carried out by the purge and trap method and gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer and disclosed a total of 86 compounds belonging to the chemical families hydrocarbons, fatty acids, esters, ketones, aldehydes, and alcohols. After ageing for 120 and 240 days, the cheese samples underwent sensory analysis by a panel of expert assessors. The attributes evaluated were characteristic odour and odour intensity and characteristic aroma and aroma intensity. Pasteurization of the milk had an effect on the formation of certain volatile compounds, adversely affecting the characteristic flavour of the cheese. Use of the adjunct culture in addition to the commercial starter improved the flavour of the cheese made from the pasteurized milk, which earned sensory scores similar to those awarded to the cheese made from the raw milk. Use of adjunct cultures consisting of indigenous FHL strains could help to conserve the traditional characteristics of Roncal cheese made from pasteurized milk, although some technical adjustments to the Regulations would be needed.     

原料乳体细胞数对硬质干酪蛋白水解及风味与质构品质的影响

干酪成熟过程中蛋白质的水解是风味形成的重要途径。在中国自由放养和小规模奶牛养殖仍占有一定比例,这其中的手动挤奶方式会导致原料乳中含有一定数量具有蛋白酶活性的体细胞,影响干酪成熟及风味。目前关于体细胞通过蛋白水解作用对脱脂干酪挥发性风味物质的影响尚未明确。本研究选取3 种不同体细胞数的原料乳,解析体细胞的细胞组成并制作脱脂干酪,在90 d的干酪成熟期中测定干酪的蛋白酶活性、蛋白水解水平、成熟后干酪的挥发性风味物质组成及其质构特性,评价不同体细胞数、干酪的蛋白质水解程度及其对干酪风味和品质的影响。结果表明：体细胞数越高的干酪蛋白酶活性越高,αs2酪蛋白水解程度越高,对干酪风味和质构也有不同程度的影响;使用体细胞数适量增加的原料乳（10×104～30×104 个/mL）有利于干酪风味的形成;中等体细胞数组中干酪特征风味物质3-羟基-2-丁酮含量最高（34.57%）,是低体细胞数组含量（28.64%）的1.2 倍、高体细胞数组含量（20.72%）的1.6 倍;原料乳中过多体细胞（多于86×104 个/mL）则会导致干酪过度水解并产生不良风味,高体细胞数组中检测到会引起不良风味的风味物质如辛醛、壬醛、仲辛酮、己醛。     

Microbiological,chemical, textural and sensory characteristics of Hispánico cheese manufactured using frozen ovine milk curds scalded at different temperatures

Hispánico cheese is a semi-hard variety, manufactured in Spain from a mixture of pasteurized bovine and ovine milk. To study one strategy for overcoming a seasonal shortage of ovine milk in summer and autumn, curds made from ovine milk, scalded at 32, 35 or 38 °C, were pressed for 30 min and frozen at ?24 °C for 4 months. After thawing, they were added to fresh bovine milk curd for the manufacture of experimental Hispánico cheeses. Control cheese was made from a mixture of pasteurized bovine and ovine milk in the same (80:20) proportion. No significant effect of the addition of frozen ovine milk curd or scalding temperature was found for lactic acid bacteria counts, dry matter content, hydrophilic and hydrophobic peptides, 45 out of 65 volatile compounds, texture, and sensory characteristics throughout a 60-day ripening period. Differences between cheeses, of low magnitude and little practical significance, were found for pH value, aminopeptidase activity, proteolysis, free amino acids, free fatty acids, and the remaining 20 volatile compounds. Thus, the addition of frozen ovine milk curd to fresh bovine milk curd does not alter the main physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Hispánico cheese.     

牦牛乳软质干酪成熟期挥发性风味成分分析

采用固相微萃取- 气相色谱- 质谱联用(SPME-GC-MS)对不同成熟时期(30、60、90d)牦牛乳软质干酪挥发性风味物质进行分离鉴定,共检测出45 种化合物,并用峰面积归一化法确定各种化合物的相对百分含量。通过对固相微萃取纤维头和萃取温度的筛选优化实验条件,采用75μm CAR/PDMS(碳分子筛- 聚二甲基硅氧烷)萃取纤维头,50℃条件下吸附不同成熟时期(30、60、90d)干酪的挥发性风味物质效果较好。检测出的挥发性风味物质主要是酸类、醇类、酮类,其次为酯类和醛类化合物,酸类物质构成了牦牛乳软质干酪的主体特征风味。乙酸、丁酸、己酸成为干酪中的优势风味物质。     

Short communication: Norbixin and bixin partitioning in Cheddar cheese and whey

The Cheddar cheese colorant annatto is present in whey and must be removed by bleaching. Chemical bleaching negatively affects the flavor of dried whey ingredients, which has established a need for a better understanding of the primary colorant in annatto, norbixin, along with cheese color alternatives. The objective of this study was to determine norbixin partitioning in cheese and whey from full-fat and fat-free Cheddar cheese and to determine the viability of bixin, the nonpolar form of norbixin, as an alternative Cheddar cheese colorant. Full-fat and fat-free Cheddar cheeses and wheys were manufactured from colored pasteurized milk. Three norbixin (4% wt/vol) levels (7.5, 15, and 30 mL of annatto/454 kg of milk) were used for full-fat Cheddar cheese manufacture, and 1 norbixin level was evaluated in fat-free Cheddar cheese (15 mL of annatto/454 kg of milk). For bixin incorporation, pasteurized whole milk was cooled to 55°C, and then 60 mL of bixin/454 kg of milk (3.8% wt/vol bixin) was added and the milk homogenized (single stage, 8 MPa). Milk with no colorant and milk with norbixin at 15 mL/454 kg of milk were processed analogously as controls. No difference was found between the norbixin partition levels of full-fat and fat-free cheese and whey (cheese mean: 79%, whey: 11.2%). In contrast to norbixin recovery (9.3% in whey, 80% in cheese), 1.3% of added bixin to cheese milk was recovered in the homogenized, unseparated cheese whey, concurrent with higher recoveries of bixin in cheese (94.5%). These results indicate that fat content has no effect on norbixin binding or entrapment in Cheddar cheese and that bixin may be a viable alternative colorant to norbixin in the dairy industry.     

Effect of lactobacillus adjunct cultures on the microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of Roncal-type ewes'-milk cheese

The effect of two different experimental adjunct cultures composed of native facultatively heterofermentative lactobacilli (FHL) on the development of various groups of micro-organisms in Roncal-type ewes' milk cheese was studied. Four cheese batches were manufactured from raw milk (C), pasteurized milk (P), pasteurized milk and an adjunct culture of Lactobacillus paracasei (PP); and pasteurized milk and adjunct culture of Lactobacillus paracasei plus Lactobacillus plantarum (PPP). Retention of the two adjunct cultures in the cheeses was good, and population levels remained constant at around 10(7) cfu g(-1) of cheese throughout ripening. Levels of Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci fell off more abruptly in the batches made with the Lactobacillus adjunct cultures, suggesting competition between the added lactobacilli and those groups of micro-organisms. The inhibitory effect was greater for the adjunct culture composed of L. paracasei plus L. plantarum. Lactococcal levels were higher in the batches made with added FHL, which may be indicative of a synergistic effect between these two groups.     

The influence of milk pasteurization temperature and pH at curd milling on the composition, texture and maturation of reduced fat cheddar cheese

Reduced fat milks were pasteurized, for 15 s, at temperatures ranging from 72 to 88°C to give levels of whey protein denaturation varying from ˜ 3 to 35%. The milks were converted into reduced fat cheddar cheese (16–18% fat) in 500 litre cheese vats; the resultant cheese curds were milled at pH values of 5.75 and 5.35. Raising the milk pasteurization temperature resulted in impaired rennet coagulation properties, longer set-to-cut times during cheese manufacture, higher cheese moisture and moisture in the non-fat cheese substance, lower levels of protein and calcium and lower cheese firmness. Increasing the pH at curd milling from 5.35 to 5.75 affected cheese composition and firmness, during ripening, in a manner similar to that of increasing milk pasteurization temperature. Despite their effects on cheese composition and rheology, pasteurization temperature and pH at curd milling had little influence on proteolysis or on the grading scores awarded by commercial graders during ripening over 303 days .     

Volatile compounds produced in cheese by Enterobacteriaceae strains of dairy origin

The formation of volatile compounds in fresh cheese by 10 Enterobacteriaceae strains of dairy origin (4 Hafnia alvei, 2 Serratia liquefaciens, 1 Enterobacter cloacae, 1 Enterobacter sakazakii, and 2 Escherichia coli strains) was investigated. Small cheeses were made from pasteurized cow's milk separately inoculated with 1-3 x 10(3) CFU/ml of each of the Enterobacteriaceae strains, with glucono-8-lactone added to achieve a pH value of 5.2 in the curds. All strains reached counts close to 10(8) CFU/g in 1-day-old cheeses and survived well from day 1 to day 8. Cheeses were analyzed for volatile compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, after extraction by dynamic headspace using a purge and trap apparatus. Sixty-one volatile compounds were determined in cheeses, 31 of which were further investigated. Significant increases of aldehydes, sulfur compounds, and aromatic compounds were recorded from 2-h curd to 1-day-old cheese, and of ketones, alcohols, and acids from 2-h curd to 8-day-old cheese. Acetaldehyde, 2-methyl propanal, and 3-methyl butanal predominated among aldehydes; 2,3-butanedione, 2,3-pentanedione, and 3-hydroxy 2-butanone among ketones; ethanol, 2-methyl propanol, and 3-methyl butanol among alcohols; and ethyl acetate among esters. Hierarchical cluster analysis of strains using the data of 31 volatile compounds separated clearly the strain of E. sakazakii, which produced high amounts of volatile compounds, from the other Enterobacteriaceae strains.     

乳清添加对马苏里拉奶酪成熟过程中风味物质及其品质的影响

该研究以未添加乳清的马苏里拉奶酪为对照,考察乳清对马苏里拉奶酪成熟期内（0 d、30 d、60 d、90 d）乳酸菌活菌数、油脂析出性、挥发性风味物质及氨基酸含量的影响,并对挥发性风味物质与氨基酸进行相关性分析。结果表明,在奶酪成熟期内,两种奶酪的活菌数均呈先增加后减少的趋势,油脂析出性均增加,且乳清奶酪均高于对照奶酪;两种奶酪的挥发性风味物质存在差异,从2种奶酪中共检测到61种挥发性风味物质,其中对照奶酪中共检出43种,乳清奶酪中共检出55种。乳清奶酪中的醇、酸、醛、酮、酯类物质的含量及种类均高于对照。两种奶酪成熟期间均分别检测到15种游离氨基酸,乳清奶酪成熟90 d时的氨基酸含量（848.92 mg/kg）高于对照奶酪（663.44 mg/kg）。除精氨酸、丝氨酸、酪氨酸、天冬氨酸外,其余氨基酸对20种挥发性风味物质具有积极作用。综上,乳清添加可提升马苏里拉奶酪的风味。